migration, globalization and demographic change
DESCRIPTION
Sociology of Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change: International movement of people in a globalizing world Possible accompaniment to the superb 'Sociology' Giddens and Sutton (2013) (left) Chapter 16, with an extensive assortment of additional accompanying resourcesTRANSCRIPT
Migration, Globalization and
Demographic ChangeInternational
movement of people in a globalizing world
Accompaniment to the superb Giddens and Sutton (2013) (left) Chapter 16, with an assortment of additional accompanying resources
Migration in a Global Age: introduction
Movement of people has been taking
place since “the earliest stages of written history”;
but it is “accelerating as part of the process of
global integration”
.
E______, c_______ and p_______ ties between are reflected in increasing migration
Around 1/33 people globally is a migrant; 214 million, which is expected to rise to
405 million by 2050
International Organization for Migration (2012)
Here we examine migration to and from Britain in history and in contemporary society; before taking a more global perspective and finally considering affects on
demographicsActivity:
Would you consider emigrating at some point in your life? Why?
.Immigration = people migrating _____ a country
Emigration = people migrating ______ a country
Country of origin = where a
migrant was born; usually somewhere in the “developing” world
Country of destination = where a migrant moves to; usually somewhere in the “developed” world
Activity:
Think of an example of a common form of migration from the developing world to the developed; and vice-versa
Please enlarge (above)
.“Migration adds to ethnic and cultural diversity in many societies and helps shape
demographic, economic and social dynamics.” (G&S2013)
Activities:
(i)How integrated into the wider society and culture are migrants where you are?
(ii)Review the ‘melting pot/salad bowl’ analogy: which is more accurate your country?
http://www.thanhniennews.com/commentaries/expats-tourists-and-western-superiority-24817.htmlThis article may help…
.
Activity:
Telling terminology…
“Expat” “Immigrant”
what different
connotations do these terms have?
Why?
.
International
migration intensified after WW2, and is now –especially in developed nations- a
contentious political issue.
Activity:
Why might migration be controversial politically? Answer with
reference to the country you live
in, and to another country
worldwide.
In developed nations, recent decades have seen waves of
anti-immigration sentiment
.
Activities:(i)Are these ‘right-wing’ or ‘left-wing’ views?(ii)Why might people identify with this type of politics?
.Often, racial tensions can be raised by
highly visible, provocative incidents that are well-covered by the media
…such as the brutal, public murder of a soldier Guardian a barracks in Woolwich, London by Nigerian Islamic extremists
Video: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/lee-rigby-murder-video-timeline-2942005
.
The Woolwich murders
were very different to the
9/11 “attacks” but they have had comparable
effects on racial tensionActivity: How
can Cohen’s classic (1973) ‘moral panic’ theory be applied to racial tension?
.Four models of migration since 1945:
(i)The classic model: migration to
traditional “nations of immigrants”,
e.g. people moving from the UK or France to the USA, Canada or Australia
(this has been taking place since long before 1945, but increased thereafter)
Activity:
Is there a cruel irony in recent anti-immigration policies from Australia, the UK and the USA?
.(ii) The colonial model: migration from
very poor countries to the traditional “nations of immigrants” (see previous slide) and former colonial masters, often by
people from colonies or
former colonies
e.g. people from Africa, Asia or South America to the UK, USA, Canada or Australia
.The UK received lots of migrants from Commonwealth countries e.g. India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Jamaica following their post-war independence
Until relatively recently, this
was encouraged by the British government; with a promise of British
citizenship to any
skilled worker from a former colony
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_uArb9fwwA‘I was there (at the coronation)’, Young Tiger (1953)
Activities:
(i)Why would the British government encourage this?
(ii)Why do you think there has been increased hostility towards migrants since around 1990?
.(iii) The guest workers model :
Workers are permitted what is often
only temporary residence without citizenship in
a country with a labour shortage. Belgium, Switzerland and Germany have a long history of importing such workers; and
(former)Communist countries e.g. Vietnam, Cuba and the Czech Republic often show preference for eachother’s workers
.
(iv) Illegal immigration:
Increasingly common today; migrants reside and usually work
in a foreign country without explicit permission, often smuggled in by boat, and often working in secret
Once in their new country, illegal immigrants have no
citizenship rights, and in many ways are “outside the realm of official society”. (G&S2013)
Activities:
(i)Other than simply to earn more money, why would an individual decide to illegally migrate?(ii)What does Giddens mean by the quotation on this slide? Give examples
.
Following WW2, the UK experienced waves of
migration, from Commonwealth countries especially
19th century immigrants had been mainly Irish Catholics…but post-1945, most migrants
came from Asia and Africa: the Muslim countries of Bangladesh and Pakistan, and
Hindus from India.
.
Like the Irish a century before , they formed
distinct communities in certain UK cities e.g.
Liverpool, Glasgow and Manchester…and today,
we see “3rd or 4th- generation” migrant communities
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJztXj2GPfk
.
.
This changed the cultural and
religious makeup of British society significantly…
And, as is reflected in right-wing, “nationalist” politics, it raised new
questions about what it meant to be
“British”, and about
ethnic integration
.
Sadly, migrants from the developing world are often
“exploited” by their
new employers; the vast difference in wealth between them and their new employers renders them modern-day
wage slaves.They are not technically imprisoned, but cannot
afford to leave
Slavery, and exploitation of migrant workers
.
.
Sometimes migrant workers are lied
to; promised false contracts as in the
case of immigrant workers from Nepal working on the stadia for the FIFA World Cup 2022 in Qatar
Often, they are trapped in
“bonded labour”, whereby they must
work to pay off the enormous “agent fee” owed to those who tricked them into leaving their home country
.
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/video/2014/mar/01/tetley-tea-maids-real-price-cup-tea-video
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/17/qatar-world-cup-worker-amnesty-report
. In other cases, people are literally
kidnapped by traffickers who sell them into a life of
slavery
The human body is one of the most intricate, complex and versatile
things on Earth; and in an age of
commodification,
everything has a price
.
Promises of jobs in overseas companies, and
individuals posing as potential
friends in public or
online, are common tools used to trap people into what is one
of the most insidious products of
globalization
.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br0Va90I2nY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itqBEEirHEI
(Left) Many young Vietnamese boys are trafficked to the UK, where they are forced to work in cannabis farms
(Left) Thousands of babies are trafficked from Vietnam to China each year, where they help bridge the gender-imbalance gap created partly by the one-child policy
.The most
vulnerable groups
are those most likely to be trafficked
into slavery…women, children, and those
from poor countries; a classic
example of sociological
intersectionality of
factorswww.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2013/jul/20/child-
slavery-india-assam-trafficking#/?picture=413225358&index=6
Migration and demographic theory
1) The gravity model of migration
Based on Isaac Newton’s 2nd law of gravitational pull
Migration between two places (e.g. Vietnam and USA) is:
(i) Directly proportional to the GDP of the two nations combined
(ii) Inversely proportional to the distance between the two nations
Flaw: scientific/mathematical theory that fails to account for
the complexity of human behaviour
.
2) Demographic overspill theory:
Hatton and Williamson (2006) argue that mass
migration is a lagged response to high birth rates in country of origin; which cause a shortage of employment opportunities and a lack
of rewards for education
High demographic pressure in Country A explains migration to B where pressure is
lesser
.Migration flows are proportionate to differences
in: GDP,
income,
employment opportunities,
rewards for education and
political
.Flaw: According to Farques (2011),
demographic overspill theory
applies in the case of developing developed world
migration…
…but not to migration within either the developing or
developed world
3) Farques (2011): Two-way relationship between demographics and migration
Previous theories on migration
assumed a one-way relationship between
demographics in the country of
origin, and rates of migration…
.
…most theorists agree, the (SDT) stage a developing nation has
reached in the demographic transition (DT)
(e.g. still in stage 2: low death rates and high birth rates)
affects (m) migration rates
SDT m
ie Being at stage 2 not only suggests
“increasing overpopulation” but also a
low level of development
Stage 2 SDT = high emigration
Stage 3 SDT = lower emigration
.
Farques (2011) argues that the relationship
is intrinsic and reciprocal…
SDT m SDT m
Yes, SDT affects migration;
but in turn, this migration comes to affect that SDT position in the origin country
.When there is significant emigration from a
developing to developed nation (s), this
actually speeds up the DT process in the developing origin country
Activity: Can you guess why..?
.
Migration, according to Farques (2011) decreases world population in the long-term,
because migrants:
1) Are most often moving from poor-rich countries (ie higher-lower birth rates)
2) Usually adopt the “2 children-nuclear family” norm now near-
universal in the developed world
3) Often maintain close family ties and regular communication with relatives still in the country of origin; through cheap ICT e.g. Skype
4)Pass on their new norms to relatives; informing them of the possibilities that a smaller family open up (e.g. more foreign travel)