Migration in History Summer School Universität Siegen & University of Piraeus

September 03, 2015

Department of International & European Studies University of Piraeus

• 2 out of 32 •

Three game changing trends in the Eastern Mediterranean: increased risks to deepening accelerating . My thesis is that factors, such as these , are likely to constitute security threats in the rest of the 21st century. In fact, when they concur, they may even whip up a .

• 3 out of 32 •

The Nobel Committee recognized environmental connections to security by awarding Kenyan activist the

for her work linking sustainable development and human rights.

An emphasis is now given to focuses attention on the who will be

empowered by technology and the interlinked complex social media reality of the 21st century

drawn out of its political isolation and into the mainstream of environmental security policy

(usually neglected under state-centered definitions of security).

• 4 out of 32 •

Essentially, the Nobel Committee expanded its view of security to include conflicts that are caused by

natural resource exploitation unfavorable demographics limited public participation and corruption maldevelopment and inequity. Established institutions such as the

(ECSP) of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, have been examining this link since when civil unrest in Liberia, Rwanda, Somalia, and Haiti offered graphic

illustrations of state failure.

• 5 out of 32 •

It is true that the (MENA) and appear to be in an ideal demographic match (that will deepen over time): MENA has a large supply of young, active (skilled and unskilled) workers Europe has a shortage of youthful (skilled and unskilled) labor that is

necessary to get out of the crisis and sustain its economic competitiveness.

from MENA has hit prime time because the MENA population is exceptionally young and mobile more (if not better) educated less constrained by family responsibilities than preceding generations and political developments have caused a refugee wave.

• 6 out of 32 •

The faces a mixture of contradicting conditions at home most MENA countries have a large enough working-age population to

support the nonworking, older population unlike Europe

young workers (particularly the well-educated) face poor employment conditions at home in part due to failed economic policies (To : does it RING A BELL?)

population density may be growing to untenable levels in several MENA countries pressure on freshwater reserves will exacerbate the problem

unresolved conflicts have cause unprecedented migration within and from the region.

More on the refugee crisis later.

• 7 out of 32 •

Migrants are likely to do less well than expected in their destination countries. Considering the global economic downturn, in the North they are likely to

face the cold and feel the divide that has been characterized as a democracy problem.

The (FPR) is identified as

energy consumption fuel priceFuel poverty ratio

income

If , the household is considered to be fuel poor. Fuel poverty is a inflicted on low income and vulnerable households (containing children, elderly and ill people) as they: pay the most (compared to their income) emit the least benefit the least (from policy interventions).

• 8 out of 32 •

Although it has been opposed by some IR theorists, attention (and research) has shifted to the relationships among the following destabilizing factors: the environment

climate change water pollution and water rights

population large youth populations (skilled and unskilled) migration from MENA to the European North

disease such as HIV/AIDS

economic development and the global recession

political stability and violent conflict. The critics are right in this: Environmental security is not all-encompassing enough to provide a new

template for IR.

• 9 out of 32 •

The hypothesis of a link between the environment and political stability is believable. e.g. decades of population growth in has contributed to

overfarming and deforestation and have tested social cohesion. Some overdid the reporting. ’s influential 1994 piece in The Atlantic Monthly, , contained the hyperbolic claim (motivated by his travels in West Africa) that the environment would become the national security issue of the 21st

century.

• 10 out of 32 •

There are quite a few environmental problems in the Eastern Mediterranean: marine pollution

bilge and ballast (water from ships) nutrients that cause eutrophication increased input of fertilizers and pesticides (agricultural runoff) floating plastic and solid waste toxic substances: tar, persistent organic chemicals, heavy metals contaminants transported to the sea through the atmosphere e.g.

chromium and mercury depletion, degradation and salinization of fresh (potable) water reduced fish yields due to over exploitation

threat to traditional livelihoods forest ecosystems among the most degraded in the world

this, I believe

• 11 out of 32 •

urbanization of coastal and arable lands no win scenario: if food imports are reduced, agriculture will be

intensified poorly designed waste sites

leachate apt to pollute groundwater over the next decades pressure on historical and cultural sites interplay of religion with environmental protection

the Islamic elite may not place environmental protection programs high on their priority list.

I could go on and on, but you get the picture. In reality, I am hopeful that we solve environmental problems almost as fast as we create them.

• 12 out of 32 •

The says that there is severe in many countries of the Mediterranean basin.

I am unsure as to how much of this to believe. Scaremongering is the way the environmental research industry secures its funding. But it does not hurt (i.e. it is a dominant strategy) to take some precaution as long as the cost of measures considered is not out of proportion to the

risk.

• 13 out of 32 •

and the coupled with threaten the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean. Ecological stress is dangerous when exerted over a short amount of time problems such as the global climate change or the depletion of the ozone

layer play out in such slow motion that they can hardly be considered security threats.

Too much ecological stress coupled with waves of refugees (people crying "Asylum!") and unfavorable demographic changes constitute a political force majeure that may ripen the conditions for authoritarian governments. This is catalyzed to a large extent by the worsening of the

citizens of pressured countries.

• 14 out of 32 •

Depending on the context of a region, ecological stress, demographic shifts and migration flows may even give rise to conflict. e.g. water disputes between and does not have the same

implications with a similar dispute between and . More catastrophic ingredients may be added to the mix in the Eastern Mediterranean basin: and its relationship to and its relationship to the Judeo-Christian world

ISIS. Therefore, it may be warranted to expand the concept of national security so that it includes non-military, issues.

• 15 out of 32 •

What is to be done? I will not talk about policies but I shall outline trends. Odd bedfellows will lie together heads of state directors of UN agencies and the World Bank NGOs and nonstate actors

volunteers army generals and the military political and security analysts demographers and social scientists conservation biologists and environmental engineers post-doc researchers and field workers.

• 16 out of 32 •

Interesting research will be carried out e.g. of the

she has addressed the evolving concept of examples from the Middle East and Central Asia promote the potential of

environmental paths for reaching peace publication by MIT Press (post Soviet Union water issues):

• 17 out of 32 •

and of the at the University of California, Irvine

use environmental security research to develop a broader network of threats and vulnerabilities

they believe that these formulate a new 21st century security agenda.

• 18 out of 32 •

• 19 out of 32 •

“Fortress Europe” the European Union’s increasingly closed-door policy towards migrants

attempting to reach Europe from MENA. Mediterranean coasts of , and they are the EU’s external southern borders like a moat surrounding a medieval fortress, the Mediterranean Sea acts

as a barrier against unwanted intruders. No one puts their children in a boat unless the water is safer than the land.

— , Somali-British writer, poet, editor and teacher.

• 20 out of 32 •

• 21 out of 32 •

Fortress Europe’s Italy’s Alpine border with its northern neighbors 2nd natural line of defense and border control!

thrust to political significance by its geographic location

one of the most important gateways to the other side of the Inner Wall 1370 m above sea level in the middle of the Alps

the lowest and most important mountain pass connecting Italy, Austria and Germany by road and rail

destination of boat migrants pursuing a better life.

• 22 out of 32 •

• 23 out of 32 •

Unintended and disturbing consequences of the increasingly difficult passage to Germany by train driving refugees to the hands of unscrupulous . Four Syrian women, a mother with her teenage daughter and two sisters in their 20s: In , an Eastern European man (with a accent) offered to

drive them to Denmark in his car for They departed at night and crossed the Brenner pass at 3 am Shortly after crossing the border, the smuggler left the motorway, drove

up a remote mountain road, threatened them with a knife and robbed them of all their money and possessions, including their mobile phones, and drove off.

• 24 out of 32 •

Europe's closed-border policies (and ) have dangerous side-effects aid opportunistic criminals. To those who have crossed deserts and seas to flee conflict and deprivation, border patrols are just another obstacle to overcome en route to a better future. Immigration hardliners in northern Europe complain about the porous nature of internal EU borders call for the reintroduction of to keep

migrants out.

• 25 out of 32 •

suspended Schengen for three weeks to identify potential terrorists and violent demonstrators seeking to

disrupt the 2015 G7 summit held in a luxury hotel in Bavaria on June, 7-8.

EU’s applied by Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Iceland states that an asylum application must be handled by the first member

state that a refugee enters. EU’s asylum laws do not mean much to desperate families risking their lives crossing deserts and seas to escape war and poverty. The , and cost of saving migrants’ lives overburdens local communities.

• 26 out of 32 •

• 27 out of 32 •

• 28 out of 32 •

• 29 out of 32 •

Meeting with European Court of Justice remains pro freedom and pro migration free movement within the EU

exploited by refugees who obtain European citizenship or work permit having migration policies and accepting refugees also means deporting

illegal migrants migration in occurring against background of economic crisis and

austerity measures 1 to 1.5% migrants accepted in Germany & Greece in the last year

clans and families who live on the 200-300 euro allowances that prospective refugees receive while they wait for 3 months for a decision on their application when their application is rejected, they go back and send their brother

to try the same.

• 30 out of 32 •

Foreign Minister and Economy Minister have pitched a for a European refugee policy response

(Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung).

• 31 out of 32 •

described by (reordered by me): Migration issues should be dealt at a European rather than national level. The number of migrants must be fairly distributed among European

countries Solidarity and assistance to member states that have been

overwhelmed. People have been seen kissing the soil of Lesvos, i.e. Europe! Treatment of migrants must be up to EU's moral values and standards

The number of deaths is unacceptable. We have to agree on safe countries of origin.

Do we accept claims of political persecution and for which countries? We need to have solid return policies, i.e. return non eligible migrants to

their countries of origin and do the best we can for them to have a good life there.

• 32 out of 32 •

emails: &

University of Piraeus contact details

office telephone: +30 210 4142771 departmental fax: +30 210 4142779

Skype: