MIGRATIONMIGRATION

MovementMovement

Mobility Mobility ranging from local to ranging from local to global and daily to once a global and daily to once a lifetimelifetime

MovementMovement is a good example of is a good example of the spatial process (spatial the spatial process (spatial interaction; diffusion; interaction; diffusion; distribution; patterns).distribution; patterns).

What isWhat is activity spaceactivity space?? The great majority of The great majority of

people have a daily routine people have a daily routine that takes them through a that takes them through a sequence of short moves sequence of short moves that geographers call that geographers call activity spaceactivity space..

AmericaAmerica is the world’s is the world’s most mobile society.most mobile society.

TechnologyTechnology has greatly has greatly expanded activity space, expanded activity space, particularly in wealthier, particularly in wealthier, more developed countries.more developed countries.

Types of movementTypes of movement

Cyclic movementCyclic movementPeriodic movementPeriodic movementMigrationMigration

Types of MovementTypes of Movement CYCLIC MOVEMENT:CYCLIC MOVEMENT: movement that movement that

has a closed routehas a closed route ExamplesExamples

Commuting: Home to work and Commuting: Home to work and back homeback home

Seasonal: “Sunbelt” StatesSeasonal: “Sunbelt” States Nomadism: Movement over Nomadism: Movement over

territory for survival repeated territory for survival repeated time and againtime and again

Daily classes Daily classes

Types of MovementTypes of Movement

PERIODIC MOVEMENT:PERIODIC MOVEMENT: movement movement away from home for a longer period.away from home for a longer period.

ExamplesExamples Migrant labor: moving across borders for Migrant labor: moving across borders for

workwork Transhumance: moving livestock to Transhumance: moving livestock to

pastures based on season (rain, pastures based on season (rain, temperature)temperature)

Military serviceMilitary service College attendanceCollege attendance

What is Migration?What is Migration?

Definition:Definition: the long-term the long-term relocation of an individual, relocation of an individual, household, or group to a new household, or group to a new location outside the community location outside the community of origin; a purposeful of origin; a purposeful movement involving a change of movement involving a change of permanent residencepermanent residence

MigrationMigration is a complex is a complex phenomenon that raises phenomenon that raises

many questions.many questions. Why do Why do

people people movemove?? All migration All migration

is a is a combination combination of of pushpush and and pull factorspull factors..

What are What are push factorspush factors of of migration?migration?

Defined:Defined: unfavorable unfavorable characteristics of a locale characteristics of a locale that contribute to the that contribute to the dissatisfaction of its dissatisfaction of its residents and impel their residents and impel their emigrationemigration

Examples:Examples: widespread widespread unemployment; poverty; unemployment; poverty; discrimination; political discrimination; political unrest; war; famine and/or unrest; war; famine and/or drought; land shortage; drought; land shortage; overpopulationoverpopulation

What are What are pull factorspull factors of of migration?migration?

Defined:Defined: characteristics of characteristics of a locale that act as a locale that act as attractive forces, drawing attractive forces, drawing migrants from other migrants from other placesplaces

Examples:Examples: employment employment opportunities; political opportunities; political and/or personal freedoms and/or personal freedoms (speech; religion, right to (speech; religion, right to vote, etc.); land; vote, etc.); land; amenities (e.g. amenities (e.g. retirement)retirement)

Important to note:Important to note: Many Many people move based on people move based on excessively positive excessively positive images and expectations images and expectations (not always accurate).(not always accurate).

Most people Most people migrate for migrate for economiceconomic reasons.reasons. Search for better paying jobsSearch for better paying jobs

To find new jobs/employmentTo find new jobs/employment To escape poverty or low To escape poverty or low

standards of standards of livingliving

Catalysts of Migration:Catalysts of Migration: What causes it to happen?What causes it to happen?

Economic conditionsEconomic conditions Poverty (push factors)Poverty (push factors) Perceived opportunities Perceived opportunities

in destinations (pull in destinations (pull factors)factors)

Technological advancesTechnological advances Modern transportation Modern transportation

makes migration easiermakes migration easier Allows people to migrate Allows people to migrate

where jobs are availablewhere jobs are available

Other reasons/catalysts for Other reasons/catalysts for migration…migration…

Armed conflict Armed conflict and civil warand civil war Three million people Three million people

drive from their homes in drive from their homes in the former Yugoslaviathe former Yugoslavia

Civil war in Rwanda Civil war in Rwanda (Hutu and Tutsis)(Hutu and Tutsis)

Political Political circumstancescircumstances Oppressive regimesOppressive regimes CubaCuba Vietnam’s “boat people”Vietnam’s “boat people”

Reasons continued…Reasons continued… Environmental Environmental

ConditionsConditions Potato Famine in Ireland Potato Famine in Ireland

(1840s)(1840s) Major earthquakes, volcanic Major earthquakes, volcanic

eruptions, or hurricanes (Gulf eruptions, or hurricanes (Gulf Coast of U.S.—2005)Coast of U.S.—2005)

Culture and Culture and TraditionTradition Muslims migrated from India Muslims migrated from India

when it was partitionedwhen it was partitioned Jews left the former Soviet Jews left the former Soviet

Union for IsraelUnion for Israel

Voluntary MigrationVoluntary Migration Forced Forced MigrationMigration Occurs when people Occurs when people

choosechoose to migrate to migrate Remember: the # 1 reason Remember: the # 1 reason

people migrate: people migrate: ECONOMIC!ECONOMIC!

Any voluntary migration Any voluntary migration flow represents the flow represents the numbers going from the numbers going from the source to the destination source to the destination minus those returning to minus those returning to the source.the source.

Also referred to as Also referred to as involuntary involuntary migrationmigration

Examples:Examples: The The Transatlantic Slave Transatlantic Slave

TradeTrade: largest number of : largest number of slaves were brought to slaves were brought to plantations in the Caribbean plantations in the Caribbean and eastern South America; and eastern South America; black population was one black population was one million in U.S. in 1800million in U.S. in 1800

Convicts shipped from Convicts shipped from Britain to Britain to Australia Australia beginning beginning in 1788in 1788

1800s: 1800s: Native AmericansNative Americans in in U.S. forced to live on U.S. forced to live on reservationsreservations

E.G. RAVENSTEIN (1834—E.G. RAVENSTEIN (1834—1913)1913)

British sociologistBritish sociologist

LAWS OF MIGRATION:LAWS OF MIGRATION:1. Most migrants go only a short distance.1. Most migrants go only a short distance.2. Longer distance migration favors big city destinations. In 2. Longer distance migration favors big city destinations. In

other words, people will travel farther if they are migrating other words, people will travel farther if they are migrating to a city.to a city.

3. Most migration proceeds step-by-step.3. Most migration proceeds step-by-step.4. Most migration is rural to urban.4. Most migration is rural to urban.5. Each migration flow produces a counterflow.5. Each migration flow produces a counterflow.6. Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make 6. Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make

international moves.international moves.7. Most international migrants are young males.7. Most international migrants are young males.

About Ravenstein’s laws:About Ravenstein’s laws:1. He concluded that most move short distances and that the frequency of 1. He concluded that most move short distances and that the frequency of

moves declines with distance moves declines with distance (distance decay).(distance decay).3. 3. Step Migration –Step Migration –

When a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or steps toward a final When a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or steps toward a final destination.destination.

* * intervening opportunityintervening opportunity –at one of the steps along –at one of the steps along the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settlethe path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there. there.

4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.6. Chain migration also needs to be considered.6. Chain migration also needs to be considered.

Defined: a process by which people are given preference for migrating to Defined: a process by which people are given preference for migrating to another country because a relative was previously admitted. Asians are another country because a relative was previously admitted. Asians are know to be the most effective users of know to be the most effective users of chain migrationchain migration..

7. Less valid today than when first proposed. In reality, 7. Less valid today than when first proposed. In reality, women and girlswomen and girls now comprise between 40-60% of all international migrants now comprise between 40-60% of all international migrants worldwide.worldwide.

INTERNAL MIGRATIONSINTERNAL MIGRATIONS Migration that occurs within a single countries bordersMigration that occurs within a single countries borders

Example:Example: African-Americans moved northward African-Americans moved northward during World War I; most migrants came from rural during World War I; most migrants came from rural areas; 1970s—more were leaving the North and areas; 1970s—more were leaving the North and returning to the South because of changing civil returning to the South because of changing civil rights conditionsrights conditions

Varies depending on mobility of countryVaries depending on mobility of country US: Urban to SuburbanUS: Urban to Suburban Peru: Rural to UrbanPeru: Rural to Urban

INTERNAL MIGRATIONSINTERNAL MIGRATIONS

Two Types:

1.Intraregional

2.Interregional

Intraregional MigrationIntraregional Migration Intraregional migrations-Intraregional migrations--people moving or being moved -people moving or being moved

within one geographic realm (region) of a countrywithin one geographic realm (region) of a country

Current examples: Current examples: Rural to urban: Rural to urban:

increases with development, ¾ of core countries increases with development, ¾ of core countries population in urban areaspopulation in urban areas

Urban to suburban: Urban to suburban: lifestyle changeslifestyle changes

Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas: Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas: called counterurbanization, increased technology called counterurbanization, increased technology

allows people to work outside of the cityallows people to work outside of the city

Interregional MigrationsInterregional Migrations

Current USA examples:Current USA examples: Movement North to South, and Movement North to South, and

East to WestEast to West refugees/evacuees from the Gulf refugees/evacuees from the Gulf

Coast region to other parts of Coast region to other parts of the United States, the United States,

rural to urban areas to find rural to urban areas to find jobsjobs

DefinitionDefinition-people moving or being moved from one geographic -people moving or being moved from one geographic realm (region) to another within a countryrealm (region) to another within a country

From SouthFrom South

Interregional MigrationsInterregional Migrations

Current World examples:Current World examples: To Brazil’s interior: To Brazil’s interior:

BrasiliaBrasilia to North in Italy, and to North in Italy, and

North to South in the UK North to South in the UK for Jobsfor Jobs

Islands of development Islands of development are cities with foreign are cities with foreign investment and jobsinvestment and jobs

West African coastWest African coast European colonies in SE European colonies in SE

Asia attracted ChineseAsia attracted Chinese

External MigrationExternal Migration

Movement across country bordersMovement across country borders Also called International migrationAlso called International migration

Emigrant: one who migrates out of a Emigrant: one who migrates out of a countrycountry Subtracts from total populationSubtracts from total population

Immigrant: one who migrates into a Immigrant: one who migrates into a countrycountry Adds to total populationAdds to total population

Major Global Migration FlowsFrom 1500 to 1950

Global Migration Global Migration PatternsPatterns

From less-developed Stage 2 countries into From less-developed Stage 2 countries into more-developed Stage 4 countriesmore-developed Stage 4 countries

3 largest migration flows3 largest migration flows Asia to EuropeAsia to Europe Asia to North AmericaAsia to North America Latin America to North AmericaLatin America to North America

Net In Migration: North America, Europe, Net In Migration: North America, Europe, OceaniaOceania

Net Out Migration: Asia, Latin America, Net Out Migration: Asia, Latin America, AfricaAfrica

US Immigration PatternsUS Immigration Patterns

Three main wavesThree main waves1. Colonial America: 1607-1840 1. Colonial America: 1607-1840

1.1. European settlement- 2 million, European settlement- 2 million, mostly Britishmostly British

2.2. African slaves – 800, 000African slaves – 800, 000

Immigration to the United States, Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 20011820 to 2001

US Immigration PatternsUS Immigration Patterns2. 192. 19thth century (1840-1910) century (1840-1910) 3 European Peaks3 European Peaks

1.1. 1840s and 1850s:1840s and 1850s:-Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, -Northern and Western Europe (Ireland,

Germany)Germany)

2.2. 1880s: 1880s: -Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, -Northern and Western Europe (Ireland,

Germany, Norway, Sweden)Germany, Norway, Sweden)

3.3. 1900-1910: 1900-1910: -Southern and Eastern Europe [Italy, -Southern and Eastern Europe [Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary Russia, Austria-Hungary (Bosnia-(Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine)Ukraine) ] ]

Immigration to the United States, Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 20011820 to 2001

US Immigration PatternsUS Immigration Patterns

3. Second-half of 203. Second-half of 20thth century (1950-2008) century (1950-2008)

Less developed regionsLess developed regions

1.1. Latin America: Mexico, Dominican Latin America: Mexico, Dominican Republic, El SalvadorRepublic, El Salvador

2.2. Asia: China, Philippines, India, Asia: China, Philippines, India, VietnamVietnam

Immigration to the United States, Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 20011820 to 2001

Immigration PoliciesImmigration Policies

USA Quota LawsUSA Quota Laws Quota Act of 1921 and Origins Act of Quota Act of 1921 and Origins Act of

1924: 2% of 1910 population1924: 2% of 1910 population Immigration Act of 1965Immigration Act of 1965

1968: Hemisphere quotas1968: Hemisphere quotas 1978: Global Quotas1978: Global Quotas Currently: Global Quota of 620, 000 with no Currently: Global Quota of 620, 000 with no

more than 7% from each countrymore than 7% from each country Major Exceptions: family reunification, Major Exceptions: family reunification,

employment, talented, lottery, refugeesemployment, talented, lottery, refugees

Immigration PoliciesImmigration Policies

Brain Drain: large-scale emigration by Brain Drain: large-scale emigration by talented people out of the peripherytalented people out of the periphery

Guest Workers: To Europe from Middle Guest Workers: To Europe from Middle East and North AfricaEast and North Africa Example: 750, 000 Turks employed in Example: 750, 000 Turks employed in

Germany Germany Time-Contract workers: South and East Time-Contract workers: South and East

Asian workers to Southeast AsiaAsian workers to Southeast Asia

What about refugees?What about refugees?

UN definitionUN definition A person who has well-founded fear of A person who has well-founded fear of

being persecuted for reasons of race, being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political particular social group, or political group.group.

UN reports 24 million refugees UN reports 24 million refugees worldwideworldwide

What about refugees?What about refugees?UN definitionsUN definitions

International International refugees:refugees:

Those who have Those who have crossed one or more crossed one or more international borders international borders and are encamped in and are encamped in a country other than a country other than their owntheir own

Intranational Intranational refugees:refugees:

Those who have Those who have abandoned their abandoned their homes but not their homes but not their homelandhomeland

It is difficult to It is difficult to identify identify refugees.refugees.

No mention of natural/enviromental disasterNo mention of natural/enviromental disaster UN must distinguish between refugees and voluntary UN must distinguish between refugees and voluntary

migrants before granting asylum. migrants before granting asylum. Three general characteristicsThree general characteristics, individual or aggregate , individual or aggregate

(collectively):(collectively): Most refugees move without any more tangible property Most refugees move without any more tangible property

than they can carry or transport with them.than they can carry or transport with them. Most refugees make their first “step” on foot, by bicycle, Most refugees make their first “step” on foot, by bicycle,

wagon, or open boat.wagon, or open boat. Refugees move without the official documents that Refugees move without the official documents that

accompany channeled migrations.accompany channeled migrations.

Regions of DislocationRegions of Dislocation Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan

AfricaAfrica Several of the world’s Several of the world’s

largest refugee crises largest refugee crises plagued Africa during the plagued Africa during the 1990s and early 211990s and early 21stst century -8 million century -8 million “official” refugees“official” refugees

Civil wars in Liberia, Civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, and Sierra Leone, Angola, and SudanSudan

Hostilities between the Hostilities between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes in Hutu and Tutsi tribes in RwandaRwanda

Other regions of Other regions of dislocation…dislocation…

North Africa and North Africa and Southwest AsiaSouthwest Asia Israel and the displaced Arab Israel and the displaced Arab

populations that surround itpopulations that surround it Exhibits qualities that are Exhibits qualities that are

likely to generate additional likely to generate additional refugee flow in the futurerefugee flow in the future

The Kurdish population The Kurdish population following the Gulf War following the Gulf War (1991)(1991)

Taliban rule in AfghanistanTaliban rule in Afghanistan Afghanistan after the Soviet Afghanistan after the Soviet

invasion during the 1980sinvasion during the 1980s

Regions of dislocation Regions of dislocation continued…continued…

South AsiaSouth Asia

Pakistan Pakistan accommodated forced accommodated forced emigrants from emigrants from AfghanistanAfghanistan

Major refugee problem Major refugee problem stems from a civil war stems from a civil war in Sri Lanka in Sri Lanka

Regions of dislocation Regions of dislocation continued…continued…

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia ““Boat people” who fled Boat people” who fled

communist rule in communist rule in VietnamVietnam

In the early 1990s, In the early 1990s, Cambodia generated Cambodia generated the region’s largest the region’s largest refugee flowrefugee flow

Today--largest number Today--largest number of refugees come from of refugees come from Myanmar (Burma)Myanmar (Burma)

Regions of dislocation Regions of dislocation continued…continued…

EuropeEurope After the collapse of After the collapse of

Yugoslavia, over 1 Yugoslavia, over 1 million were displacedmillion were displaced

South AmericaSouth America Colombian illegal drug Colombian illegal drug

violence, especially in violence, especially in rural areasrural areas