migration, remittances and development in africa
DESCRIPTION
MIGRATION, REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA. Yves CHARBIT Professor at Paris Descartes University Director of the CEPED. 1. AN IMPORTANT ISSUE Do remittances contribute to rural development?. 1. A brief summary of the migration situation in Africa - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
MIGRATION,REMITTANCES AND
DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Yves CHARBIT Professor at Paris Descartes University
Director of the CEPED1
AN IMPORTANT ISSUE
Do remittances contribute to rural development?
1. A brief summary of the migration situation in Africa
2. The macro-economic dimension
(aggregates and indicators)
3. The micro-economic dimension
(family poverty)
I. A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE MIGRATION SITUATION
SOUTH-NORTH or SOUTH-SOUTH
MIGRATION?
TWO-WAY MOBILITY
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
INCREASED BY
INTERNAL MIGRATION
AFRICA IS UNDERGOING RAPID URBANISATION
Total population x 3.3 in 45 years
Urban population x 10 in 45 years
The rural exodus:80 million West Africans
PROJECTIONS FOR WEST AFRICA
15 % city-dwellers in 1960 60 % city-dwellers in 2030
Factors offsetting the imbalance?
A less isolated rural worldMobile phone subscribers in West Africa
Fixed line subscribers
II. THE MACRO-ECONOMIC DIMENSION
(AGGREGATES AND INDICATORS)
Are remittances a source of local wealth and development?
THE PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH DATA
1. No shortage of case studies on remittances to the rural world
2. But no global balance sheet available 3. Analysis by analogy (Charbit, 2009)
Two indicators:
• Remittances per inhabitant• GDP per inhabitant
What is the correlation?
A fairly low correlation
R2 = + 0.33 (for 19 countries)
Interpretation?
A result which is both
predictable and desirable
III. REMITTANCES, FAMILIES, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
(MICRO-ECONOMIC DIMENSION)
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Situation:
• Remittances mean that health, education and housing costs can be met
• Thus benefiting the families, but also the rural communities
CHANGE IN FAMILY
STRUCTURES
Male migration:
almost 40% of women are heads of households in Africa (Lesotho)
A PROBLEM NOT SUFFICIENTLY STUDIED
Feminisation of poverty connected to emigration?
Female heads of household suffer serious disadvantages
• Illiteracy.• Widowhood (or youth in the case of the
husband’s migration). • Non-working, or involved in insecure, low-
productivity work.• More dependents and non-working members.
More acute poverty?
In Senegal, female households are less exposed to cash poverty than those headed by a man (Charbit and Kébé, 2007)
Two accumulative factors
1/ Income from migrants is higherin households headed by women
• emigration of the husband to Europe or the USA
• internal emigration in the other households
2/ Mobilisation of social networks
IV. CONCLUSION
Remittances contribute to development:
• at the macro-economic level (country) • at the micro-economic level (families)
• They exacerbate the urban/rural imbalance
among many other factors,
• all connected to structural development, the urbanisation of Africa
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Yves CHARBIT
Professor at Paris Descartes University
Director of the CEPED 30