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TRANSCRIPT
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MIGRATION
Chapter 3
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What Is Migration? • Movement
– Cyclic movement: Movement away from home for a short period
•Commuting
•Seasonal movement
•Nomadism
– Periodic movement: Movement away from home for a longer period.
•Migrant labor
•Transhumance
•Military service
• Migration: A change in residence intended to be permanent
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International migration: Movement across country borders (implying a degree of
permanence)
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Internal migration: Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a
degree of permanence)
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Why Do People Migrate?
• Forced migration: Movers have no choice
but to relocate
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Kinds of Voluntary Migration
• Step migration: When a migrant follows a series of stages, or steps, toward a final destination.
Intervening opportunity : At one of the steps along
the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there
• Chain migration: Further migration to a place where friends or relatives have already settled
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Voluntary Migration
• Migrants weigh push
and pull factors to
decide
– Whether to move
– Where to go
• Distance decay: Many
migrants settle closer
to their old home than
they originally
contemplate
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Ravenstein’s Laws (Gravity Model)
1. Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration.
2. The majority of migrations move a short distance.
3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.
4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.
5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
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Push and Pull Factors
• Legal status
• Economic conditions
• Power relationships
• Political circumstances
• Armed conflict and civil war
• Environmental conditions
• Culture and traditions
• Technological advances
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Where Do People Migrate?
• Influences on major global migration flows from
1550–1950
– Exploration
– Colonization
– The Atlantic slave trade
• Impacts
– Places migrants leave
– Places to which migrants go
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Major Global Migration Flows
(before 1950)
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Regional Migration Flows
Migration to neighboring
countries
For short term
economic opportunities
To reconnect with
cultural groups across
borders
To flee political conflict
or war Islands of development: Places where
foreign investment, jobs, and
infrastructure are concentrated
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Migration for Economic Opportunity
Chinese migration in
late 1800s and
1900s throughout
Southeast Asia to
work in trade,
commerce, and
finance
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• Migration of about 700,000 Jews to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948
• Forced migration of 600,000 Palestinian Arabs after 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine)
Migration to Reconnect with Cultural Groups
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Internal Migration Flows
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Guest Workers
Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need,
assuming the workers will go “home” once the
labor need subsides
Have short term work visas
Send remittances to home country
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Refugees
People who flee across an international boundary because
of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of
race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social
group, or political opinion
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• Subsaharan Africa
• North Africa and Southwest Asia
• South Asia
• Southeast Asia
• Europe
Regions of Dislocation
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How Do Governments Affect
Migration?
• Immigration laws
• U.S. history
– Little restriction
– Quotas by nationality
– Selective immigration
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Post–September 11