mikhail gorbachev: a soviet life, part ii
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Mikhail Gorbachev: a Soviet Life, Part II. March 11, 1985: Gorbachev is elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party. Gorby on need for reform, disarmament http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=595W4JJHa2U. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Mikhail Gorbachev: a Soviet Life, Part II
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March 11, 1985: Gorbachev is elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party
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Gorby on need for reform, disarmament http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=595W
4JJHa2U
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London, 1983. British Premier Margaret Thatcher: “I think we can do business with Mr. Gorbachev”
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Aleksandr Yakovlev
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Edouard Shevardnadze
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Anatoly Chernyaev
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Georgy Arbatov
Georgy Arbatov
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1985-86. The launching of perestroika. Cautious attempts at reforms, with the main emphasis on the economy.
1986-88: A more decisive policy of market reforms, accompanied by glasnost, liberalization, and political reform
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Options for reform Soviet socialism can only be revived through the creation
of a market mechanism and political liberalization (presented as democratization)
Linkages between economic and political reforms At first – priority of economic over political Economic reform impossible without political liberalization Political liberalization leads to the emergence of political
divisions within the Party and society – rise of pluralism as a natural condition
Managing a pluralistic society requires political democracy
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Novoye myshlenie (new thinking) – reform of the international system, also used to refer to reformist thinking in the USSR
Perestroika (restructuring) – a comprehensive overhaul of the Soviet system, involving all areas of public policy
Glasnost – a shift to an open information order Demokratizatsiya (democratization) – building a new
Soviet political system
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Which forces supported the reform process? The spectrum inside the Party: from anarchists to
monarchists The Party-state bureaucracy – mostly conservative, fearful
of change – potential loss of power and privilege The managerial class is interested in greater autonomy,
limited market freedom The intellectuals: overwhelming support for liberal reform,
democratization Rank-and-file Party membership predominantly in favour
of Gorbachev’s reforms The ideological legitimacy of democracy The working class Nationalists in non-Russian republics
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Chernobyl, April 26, 1986
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Negotiating an end to the Cold War The threat of nuclear war as the overriding issue The Cold War was undermining the Soviet system
The economic burden A militarized state ensured bureaucratic paralysis: society
lacked basic freedoms, the state was losing its capacity to govern
The atmosphere of confrontation with the West was stifling impulses for necessary reforms, imposing ideological rigidity
Soviet domination of Eastern Europe was now seen as an obsolete, counterproductive policy. Lessons of Czechoslovakia (1968) and Poland (1980-81). Reforms in Eastern Europe are necessary for Soviet reform.
Solution: New Thinking, a plan to negotiate an end to the Cold War to assure security and free up Soviet and East European potential for reform. “The Sinatra Doctrine”
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Geneva, November 17, 1985: “A nuclear war can never be won and should never be fought”
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Gorbachev on his first meeting with Reagan: “My talks with Reagan were intensive, substantive, and at
times emotional – but, what is very important, frank and, as we were getting to know each other better, friendly. Our debates were especially passionate when we discussed human rights, regional conflicts, and the ill-famous SDI. But by the time our meeting was coming to the end, I felt: we can do business with Reagan.”
Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 2, p. 14
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Results of the Geneva Summit: Start of the dialog Main points of agreement:
No to nuclear war No nuclear superiority
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Hofde House, site of the Reykjavik Summit, October 11-12, 1986
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Results of the Reykjavik Summit: Discovered mutual interest in deep cuts
in nuclear offensive arms Elimination of all INFs a real possibility SDI a major obstacle to agreement
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Washington, December 8, 1987
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Gorbachev and Reagan sign a treaty to ban all medium-range ballistic missiles (The INF Treaty)
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May 1988: Reagan in Moscow, declares the Cold War over
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Addressing students at Moscow State University
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December 7, 1988
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1989: First democratic election in USSR Emergence of democratic opposition Fall of communist regimes in Eastern Europe
1990: Democratic elections in the 15 Soviet republics Republics push for sovereignty Gorbachev’s desperate attempts to maintain control
1991: Escalation of conflict between conservatives and
democratic reformers The August coup and the paralysis of the Soviet state. Dissolution of the Soviet Union.
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Poland, Feb. 1989: Roundtable talks between government and opposition
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June 1989: Solidarity wins all but 1 seat in free elections to Polish Parliament
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June 1989: Hungarian officials open border with Austria
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Gorbachev in Berlin, October 1989
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November 1989: the fall of the Berlin Wall, symbol of Cold War division of Europe
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Prague, November 1989
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Bucharest, December 1989: Ceausescu’s last speech
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Bucharest, December 1989
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Russian miners strike, 1989
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The second bear
Two bears in one lair
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The plotters of August
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London, July 1991: G-7+1
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Moscow, August 1991
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After the coup, Gorbachev was rapidly losing power to Boris Yeltsin
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December 1991: the three men who dissolved the Soviet Union, left to right: Presidents Kravchuk of Ukraine, Shushkevich of Belarus, Yeltsin of Russia
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December 25, 1991: Gorbachev resigns:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=028gd8Sn3m0
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCMin7ffz6g&feature=related
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With daughter Irina and granddaughter Nastya
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March 2, 2011: Russia marks Gorbachev’s 80th birthday: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUWUUnYC0XY
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On his 80th birthday, Gorbachev was awarded an Order of St. Andrei – Russia’s most honourable decoration
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Order of the Red Banner of Labour: Gorbachev got it at age 15
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Gorbachev, March 2, 2011: “I have never expected to live this long. I thought that
eighty years was an impossible age. Raisa and I had a plan to live till year 2000, and that’s it. Because we had already experienced so much, lived so many lives. Not just one life, not two or three, but maybe five or seven exciting lives. That is just too much for one man.”
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Toronto, 2005