military sociology: past, present, future
TRANSCRIPT
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Military Sociology: Past, Present, Future
Patricia M. Shields, PhDTexas State University
Presented at Norwegian Institute for Defence StudiesSeptember 24, 2013
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Organization
1. Short Scholarly Biography
2. Definitions of Military Sociology
3. History and Leading Military Sociologists
4. Theoretical perspectives
5. Contemporary Dimensions of Military Sociology
6. Future of Military Sociology
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Short Scholarly Biography
J. G. Shields 1914 - 2002
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College Years
• 1969 – Vietnam War
• 1977 – Dissertation “The Determinants of Service in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam Era”
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Early Publications
• 1980 – “Determinants & Consequence of Service in Vietnam” (Veterans focus)
• “Enlistment during the Vietnam Era and the ‘Representation’ Issue of the All Volunteer Force
• 1981 – “The Burden of the Draft: The Vietnam Years” Journal of Political and Military Sociology
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1988 Women in the Military “Sex
Roles in the Military” The Military More than a Job (Moskos & Wood)
1989 Military Privatization“Consequence of Privatization” The Bureaucrat
Shift to All-Volunteer military
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1993 – Socioeconomics“A New Paradigm for Military Policy:
Socioeconomics”
1996 - Family Demographics“Changing Family Demographics” in Future Soldier and the Quality Imperative
Volunteer military
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Applied Pragmatism1996 - 2013
Public AdministrationResearch MethodsDecision-making
John Dewey
(12)
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2001-Present
Operates in the broad intellectual and policy spheres where society and the military meet.
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2003The Bureaucracy in Military Sociology
2009Women’s Contribution to Military and Societal Transformation
Florence Nightingale
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Pragmatism & Peacekeeping
ExpeditionaryMindset (2011)
2013Post Cold War – War on Terror
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2013
2014
Research Methods
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Military sociology is a subfield of the study of armed forces and society that is
focused more narrowly on the relationships between military oganizations and the
larger society.
James Burk
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Military sociology is a broad term to describe the academic field thatstudies the individual within the military institution, and the military profession within its wider society.
BG Nick Jans
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‘In warfare the force of armies is the product of mass multipliedbut something else, an unknown x.’
‘X is the spirit of the Army’
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Opinion polling500,000+
1900 - 1960
Research Arm of Army
Understand X – develop policies
Self aware field
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• Morale• Integration (contact Hypothesis)
• Demobilization (point system)
practical
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1919-1988
1960Standing Army and shift focus Officer
Cold War(Shift from absolutist to pragmatist)
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sociology
Political science
Social Psychology X
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James Burk
David Segal
Mady Segal
Brenda Moore
Bernard Boëne
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1934-2008
1988
1971
Post Vietnam – volunteer military/Post Cold War
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John Butler
1996
1993
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Bernard Boëne
European Journal of Military Studies
‘Military sociology … should be understood in a broad, generic way– cluster of disciplines’ (Boëne, 2000)
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Jacques van Doorn1925 - 2008
Decline of Mass Army
Shift in Center of gravity fromUS to Europe
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Christopher Dandeker
Health/mental health of troopsVeterans
Strategic concerns
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Giuseppe Caforio
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Yagil Levy
Reuvan Gal
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Civil Military RelationsTheories
HuntingtonDemocratic Control
(Hobbes – Political Science)
JanowitzCitizen Soldier
(Aristotle/Dewey - Sociology)
Civil Military RelationsTheoreticalPerspectives
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• Political Science
• Security Studies
• Liberal theory of democratic state
• Problematique -military strong enough to defend the state can threaten the polity
• Objective Control - regime loyalty/Professional autonomy
• Effectiveness
Samuel Huntington
Soldier and the State
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Morris Janowitz
• Sociology
• Civic republicanism theory of democracy
• Citizen Soldier – service & fairness
• Functional Imperative (meet changing threat environment – constabulary force)
• Pragmatic professionalism (focus policy problems )
The Professional Soldier
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Absolutist ViewHuntington
Pragmatist View
Janowitz
War basis of IR War a tool of IR
Total victory More than Victory/Defeat
End of War givenAdjustment between ends
and means
Punitive objective Political objective
States Role in IR –protect own interest
Reinforce commitments to a system of international
alliances
Burk 2005 p. 156-157
Huntington/Janowitz View of International Relations
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Constabulary Force revisited
Definition: “continuously prepared to act, [was] committed to the minimum use of force, and [sought] viable international relations rather than [military] victory” (Janowitz, 1971, 418)
•Approach to the use of force•Does not specify a unique structure
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Pragmatist View of IR Constabulary Force
War a tool of IR tool of IR
More than victory/defeat Success/effectiveness
Adjustment between ends and means
Fluidity between ends and means as context
changes
Political objectiveEmphasize political
objectives
Reinforce commitments to a system of international
alliances
Manage commitments to an international system of
alliances
Implications for force structure
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Philosophy
Pragmatism
• Logic of Inquiry
• Democracy
Social Science
Sociology
• Social Control
• Social Organization
• Institution Building
Applied Fields
Applied to problems in
military realm
Brendel, 2006
Categories useful distinctions, they interpenetrate, process connects them
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Cold War
WWII
All volunteer force
Mass Army
Institutional/Occupational HypothesisConstabulary Force
TRENDS
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Cold War Ends 21st Century911AfghanistanIraq
Institutional/Occupational Hypothesis
Post ModernMilitary
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Institutional Occupational
Traditional values
Market mechanisms
Moskos 1977
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Post Modern military
Decline of Mass ArmyExpeditionary Model
Strategic Private
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Post Modern military
Reform after cold war
Olav Bogen
Small forces w/Global OutreachTorunn Haaland
Anders Sookermany – New Skills
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Topics in Military Sociology
Overlapping and interpenetrating
Useful distinctions
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Working Groups
1. Morale, Cohesion, Leadership
2. Women and gender issues
3. Military Family
4. Military Profession
5. Warriors in Peacekeeping
6. Recruitment/Retention
7. Blurring of Military and Police Roles
8. Veterans
9. Civilian Control of Armed Forces
10.Public Opinion – Mass media & Military
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Morale, Cohesion, Leadership
Samuel Stouffer
Charles Moskos
Diversity in the Ranks• Gays• Racial/ethnic• Women• Transgender• Post modern context
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Women and gender issues
MadySegal
Brenda Moore
Diversity broadly defined
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Military Family
David SegalMady Segal
Both are GreedyInstitutions
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Military Profession
Giuseppe Caforio
Janowitz
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Warriors in Peacekeeping
David Segal
Christopher Dandeker
PostmodernMilitary
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Recruitment/Retention
David Segal
Motivation
Moskos
Butler
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Blurring of Military and Police Roles
Constabulary Force
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Veterans
Christopher Dandeker Vidar Falck
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Civilian Control of the Armed Forces
James Burk
Christopher Dandeker
Overlap Political Science
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Public Opinion – Mass Media & Military
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Future New or different X-factor
• Multi-Polar World – Small Wars• Climate Change – AF “rescuer”• Technology Weapons, Drones, Robots• Nature of communication • Wealth polarization• Veterans
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Multi-Polar World – Small Wars
Decision-making pushed down chain
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Climate Change
Military as “rescuer”
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Technology Weapons, Drones, Robots
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Nature of communication
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Communication During WWII
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Wealth polarization
Who will serve?Place of military in society?
Bridging environment.
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Veterans
Last Civil War Widow2004
1861-1864
PTSDHealth issuesHomelessnessUnemployment
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