milk quality defect

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Page 1: MILK QUALITY DEFECT
Page 2: MILK QUALITY DEFECT

GROUP MEMBERS

SAJID ASLAMSAJJAD HASSAN QADEER

MUHAMMAD AFZAL SOHAILMUHAMMAD FARRUKH HAFEEZ

Page 3: MILK QUALITY DEFECT

WHAT IS MILK ?Milk is defined as the secretion of mammary glands of mammals.I   i   ll  h   i   i d i  h  diIt contains all the nutrients required in human diet.It is “food for life”.Milk  l     d   l  i  b ildi    h l h  Milk plays a tremendous role in building a healthy body.It is perishable commodityIt is perishable commodity.

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COMPOSITION OF MILKComponents Average content in milk

(%w/w)Range (% w/w)

Water 87.1 85.3-88.787.1 85.3 88.7SNF 8.9 7.9-10.0

Lactose 4.6 3.8-5.3Fat 4.0 2.5-5.5

Protein 3.3 2.3-4.4C iCasein 2.6 1.7-3.5

Mineral substances

0.7 0.57-0.83

(Walstra, Pieter., et al, 2006)

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MILK QUALITY DEFECTSMilk defects includes all the changes in flavor, taste, and color of milk.Milk  li      i   f  i  l   h  fMilk quality can not improve after it leaves the farm.Defects on the basis of properties

T  d fTaste defectsFlavor defectsColor defects

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MILK DEFECT DUE TO TASTE Defect of milk due to taste have following points

Defects due to presence of abnormal milks

Defects due to changes in milk constituents 

Defect due to transmitted flavors  

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DEFECTS DUE TO PRESENCE OF ABNORMAL MILKS

Colostral milks or pathological milks 

ABNORMAL MILKS

Colostral milks or pathological milks 

Abnormal mineral 

Abnormal protein composition p p

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DEFECTS DUE TO CHANGES IN MILK CONSTITUENTS

Defects of microbial origin 

f  d    f   id i  Defects due to fat oxidation 

D f  d    h  Defects due to heat treatment

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DEFECTS OF MICROBIAL ORIGINN   f b t i   hi h   d f t  f  ilk  litName of bacteria which cause defect of milk qualityVegetative bacteria

Actinomyces sppActinomyces sppLactococcus lactic sppStreptococcus lactis maltigenes

Spore forming bacteria BacillusPsychrotrophicPsychrotrophic

Fungus that defect the milk quality Mold Mold Yeast

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DEFECTS OF MICROBIAL ORIGIN

Highly favorable culture medium for microbial life 

Taste defect due toB i l  b li• Bacterial metabolism

• Complex enzyme systems• Effect of mastitis Effect of mastitis 

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BACTERIAL METABOLISM

Lactic acid production Volatile compounds productionEffect of enzyme released by bacteriaProteolysis due to extra‐cellular proteasesThermostable enzyme Lipolytic enzymes 

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BACTERIAL DENSITY Correlations between bacterial density and the appearance of defects have been established 

When germ concentration exceeds 10⁶/ml off‐tastes can be detectedcan be detected

When the temperature rises the growth rate is When the temperature rises the growth rate is multiplied by 5.8 for every 10°C rise. 

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EFFECT OF MASTITIS 

Shedding of somatic cell 

Lipolysis and casein hydrolysis will increase  

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DEFECTS DUE TO FAT OXIDATION

Effect of oxygen on the milk phospho‐lipids

Presence of contaminant metal traces  

Page 15: MILK QUALITY DEFECT

DEFECTS DUE TO HEAT TREATMENTTREATMENT

Salt toward insoluble forms

Decomposition of the lactose

Intense heating the fat produces lactone and methyl ketone

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DEFECTS DUE TO TRANSMITTED FLAVOURS

Its high water and lipid contentPresence of foreign chemical substances Feed cause of unpleasant tasteChemical flavors  

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FLAVOR OF MILKFresh milk has a mild, pleasing and slightly sweet and rich flavor

Milk sugar

Richness by the fat

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE FLAVOR OF MILKOF MILK

Feed or Weed FlavorUnclean Cowy‐Barney FlavorRancid FlavorO idi d  lOxidized FlavorMalty FlavorHi h A id FlHigh Acid FlavorForeign FlavorS li htSunlight

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FEED OR WEED FLAVORFEED OR WEED FLAVORFeedstuff consumedFeedstuff consumedTime dependentQuantities  of feedQuantities  of feed

Feed Amount fed (lbs) Time fed before milking (hrs)

Effect on milk flavor

Alfalfa ‐ green hay 5 2 Strong feed flavor

Alfalfa ‐ silage 20 1 Strong feed flavor

Oats 30 1 Very slight feed flavor

Soybean ‐ green 30 1 Slight improved flflavor

Turnip 15 1 Strong feed flavor

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UNCLEAN COWY‐BARNY FLAVOR

Contributing factors

Poorly ventilated barn 

Dirty cows are milked

Improperly cleaned and sanitized milk‐handling equipmentequipment

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RANCID FLAVORRANCID FLAVOR

Sharp, unclean, astringent taste 

Contributing Factors

• Fat globules• Enzyme• Enzyme• Excessive agitation of warm milk in the presence of air

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OXIDIZED FLAVOROXIDIZED FLAVOR

Tallowy, metallic or cardboard like off‐flavor

Contributing Factors

metals contaminating milk (i.e. copper pipe). Hi h f  f d  (i   b   d) High fat feeds (i.e. soybeans, cottonseed) lack of antioxidants  feed rations

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MALTY FLAVORMALTY FLAVOR

Milk has a malty or grape nut like flavor

Contributing Factors

• Bacterial growth

• Contamination of milking machines and other milk handling equipment

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HIGH ACID FLAVORHIGH ACID FLAVOR

The milk has an unpleasant, disagreeable odor and sour taste.Contributing Factors

• milk is heavily contaminated with bacteria and the bacteria is permitted to grow.g

FOREIGN FLAVOR• flavor of milk which has absorbed or been contaminated with chemicals.

Contributing Factors• medications  disinfectants  sanitizers  fly sprays  gasoline and other petroleum • medications, disinfectants, sanitizers, fly sprays, gasoline and other petroleum 

products

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SUNLIGHTSUNLIGHT

Burnt‐protein or burnt‐feathers‐like, "medicinal"‐like

C t ib ti  F tContributing Factor

This defect is caused by UV‐rays from sunlight or This defect is caused by UV‐rays from sunlight or fluorescent lighting catalyzing oxidation in unprotected milk.Photo‐oxidation activates riboflavin which is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of methionine to methanol. 

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MILK DEFECT IN UDDER

Fishy milk Rancid milkSlow creaming milkPremature curdlingGritty milkFlaky milk

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MILK DEFECT WHEN MILK DRAWNMILK DEFECT WHEN MILK DRAWN FROM UDDER

Bitter milkRopy milkSoapy milkFailure to sour and “butter”Turnip like taste

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DEFECT OF COLOURBlue milkRed milkYellow or Orange milkYellowish milkGreenish Yellow milkViolet milk

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CONCLUSIONClean and sanitize all milking equipments

Check ventilation in feeding and housing areasC g g

Keep floors, walls, ceilings clean

Lower the load of pathogen as possible

Milk samples should be tested regularly

Maintain milk quality by keeping the herd SCCq y y p g

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REFERENCESSHARIF, A., AND MUHAMMAD, G., Somatic cell count as an indicator of udder health status under, REVIEW ARTICLE Pakistan Vet. J., 2008, 28(4): 194-200.Sharif, A., T. Ahmad, M. Q. Bilal, A. Yousaf and G. Muhammad, 2007. Effect of severity of subclinical mastitis on somatic cell count and lactose contents of buffalo milk. Pakistan Vet. J., 27: 142- 144.Santos, M.V., et al, Sensory Threshold of Off-Flavors Caused by Proteolysis and Lipolysis in Milk, American Dairy Science Association, 2003. J. Dairy Sci. 86:1601–1607McSweeney, P.L.H., H.E. Nursten, and G. Urbach. 1997. Flavours and off-flavours in milk and dairy products. Pages 403-411 in Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 3: Lactose, water, salts and vitamins. 2nd edition P.F. Fox, ed. Chapman & Hall, London, UK

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