millbrook infant school march 2017 · pdf filerule examples ai the ai digraph ... plurals can...
TRANSCRIPT
Millbrook Infant School
March 2017
2
Contents
Page 2 –3 Terminology
Page 5-8 The 44 Phonemes
Page 9-17 Sound Families
Page 18 Phases of Phonics
Page 19 Sound Buttons
Page 20 Prefixes
Page 21-24 Suffixes
Page 25 Plural words
Page 26 Compound words
Page 27-28 Homophones
Page 29 Homographs
Page 30 Contractions
Page 31 High Frequency Words
Page 32 Common Exception Words
Page 33-40 Ways to help children learn
spelling
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Terminology Phoneme A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in
speech. When we teach reading, we teach children which letters represent those sounds. For example – the word ‘hat’ has 3 phonemes – ‘h’ ‘a’ and ‘t’.
Grapheme A letter or group of letters representing one sound, e.g. sh, ch, igh.
GPC Grapheme Phoneme Correspondence—the relationship between sounds and the letters which represent those sounds; also known as letter– sound correspondences.
Digraph A digraph is a 2 letter grapheme (the clue is in ‘di’) e.g. ‘ch’ in ‘chip’.
Consonant digraphs
Consonant digraphs are 2 letters that are consonants that spell 1 sound e.g.: ‘s’ and ‘h’ together spell ‘sh’.
Vowel digraphs Vowel digraphs are vowel sounds spelled by more than 1 letter e.g: ‘oo’ or ‘ai’.
Split digraphs Two letters, that are split, making one sound, e.g. a-e as in make or i-e as in site.
Trigraph A trigraph is a 3 letter grapheme (the clue is in ‘tri’) e.g. ‘igh’ in ‘high’.
Consonant Trigraph or cluster
Consonant digraphs are 3 letters that are consonants that spell 1 sound e.g: scr or str.
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Terminology
Vowel trigraph Vowel trigraphs are vowel sounds spelled by more than 1 letter e.g: ‘igh’.
Blending To draw individual sounds together to pronounce a word, e.g. s-n-a-p, blended together, reads snap.
Segmenting To split up a word into its individual phonemes in order to spell it.
Pure sound Pronouncing each letter sound clearly and distinctly without adding additional sounds to the end e.g. ‘f’ not ‘fuh.’
Vowel The letters a, e, i, o and u.
Consonant Most letters of the alphabet (excluding the vowels: a,e,i,o,u)
VC, CVC, CVCC, CCVC The abbreviations for vowel-consonant, consonant-vowel-consonant, consonant-vowel-consonant-consonant, consonant-consonant-vowel-consonant, which are used to describe the order of letters in words.
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The 44 Phonemes
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7
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9
Sound Families
Long
vowel a
Rule Examples
ai The ai digraph is normally used in
the middle and is rarely used at the
end.
rain, wait, train, paid, afraid
oil, join, coin, point, soil
ay The ay digraph is used at the end of
words and at the end of syllables.
day, play, say, way, stay
a-e This is called a split digraph. This is
one of the more common split
digraphs.
made, came, same, take, safe
a In some words of more than one
syllable, you just need the letter a.
acorn, agent, data, basin
ei Only a few words use this sound.
They normally go in the middle of a
word.
reindeer, vein, veil,
eigh Only a few words use this sound. It
can go at the beginning, middle or at
the end.
eight, weight, sleigh,
ey This is normally used at the end of a
word.
grey, prey, they, obey
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Sound Families
Long
vowel e
Rule Examples
ee Use ee in the middle and sometimes
at the end.
see, green, speech, seed,
weed, leek, feel, week,
sheep
ea The next most common spelling of ea.
It can be used at the start, in the
middle and at the end.
each, eat, peach, lead, sea,
pea
e-e This is called a split digraph. There
are not many words that use this
sound. Most words have more than
one syllable in.
these, theme, Pete, com-
plete, delete
e This is occasionally used at the end of
words.
he, be, me, she, we
y This sound only appears at the end of
the word. Most times it makes a long
e sound.
Happy, sunny, copy, lady
y Sometimes the y can be a suffix. sleep – sleepy
shine- shiny
ie This is only used for some words. Chief, believe, field
ey This is normally used at the end of a
word.
Monkey, donkey, key, mon-
ey
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Sound Families
Long
vowel i
Rule Examples
igh This is the most common spelling
for this sound. It is used in the
middle or at the end.
high, night, light, bright,
right
ie Only four words use this sound. lie, tie, pie, die
ie The ie words are made by adding
suffix to words ending in y. cries, tries, fried,
dried i In some words of more than one
syllable, you just need the letter i.
item, idea, pilot, final
i-e This is called a split digraph. five, ride, like, time,
side y This is by far the most common
spelling for this sound at the end
of words.
cry, fly, dry, try, reply,
July
y Sometimes a y is used in the
middle of words.
rhyme, cycle, pylon
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Sound Families
Long
vowel o
Rule Examples
oa This is the most common spelling
for this sound. It is used in the
middle and is rarely used at the
end.
boat, coat, road, coach
ow This digraph is most commonly
used at the end of a word. own, blow, snow, show
oe A few words end with oe. Joe, toe, hoe, woe,
oboe o In some words of more than one
syllable, you just need the letter o.
bonus, hotel total, robot,
only
o Some short words have just o at
the end.
go, no, so, ago
o-e This is called a split digraph. home, those woke, hope
ough Sometimes this sound is used at
the end of a word.
dough, though, although
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Sound Families
Long
vowel u
Rule Examples
ue At the end of some words we use
ue.
cue, due, argue, tissue
ew At
the end of some words we use ew
but occasionally it is used at the
start.
flew, blew, chew, drew,
ewe
oo This sound is used in the middle or
at the end. It is rarely used at the
start.
Choose, doodle, loose,
room, ooze
ui This vowel digraph is used
infrequently.
fruit, suit, juice
u In some words of more than one
syllable, you just need the letter u.
duty, fuel, music, uni-
form, flu
u-e This is called a split digraph. June, rule, rude, use,
tube, tune
ou This sound is rarely used. you
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Sound Families
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Sound Families
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Sound Families
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Sound Families
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Phases of Phonics Phase 1
Discriminating between sounds, rhyme, alliteration.
Phase 2
vc and cvc words using the following letter
sounds:
s a t p i n m d g o c k ck e u r h b f ff l ll ss
Phase 3
Letter sounds:
j v w x y z zz qu
Graphemes:
ch sh th ng ai ee igh oa oo ar or ur ow oi ear
air ure er
Phase 4
ccvc and cvcc words and some ccvvc words
using sounds learnt in phase 3.
Phase 5
Graphemes:
ay, ou, ie, ea, oy, ir, ue, aw, wh, ph, ew, oe,
au, a-e, e-e, o-e, i-e, u-e.
Also teaches alternative pronunciation of
phonemes.
Phase 6
Suffixes: ing, ed, er, est. ful, ly, y, ment, ness,
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Sound Buttons
Sound buttons are dots or lines that are drawn underneath the
letter/s to represent phonemes. A phoneme is represented with
a dot. A blend, digraph or trigraph is represented with a line.
Split digraphs are represented by a curved line joining the
vowel sound.
time
same
Pete
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Prefixes
Prefixes are letters that go in front of a root word and change its
meaning. The root word is the basic word before it is changed.
In Key Stage 1, the only prefix we need to know if the prefix un.
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Suffixes Suffixes are a string of letters that go at the end of a root
word. It changes or adds to its meaning. The root word is the
basic word before it is changed. Suffixes can show whether a
word is a noun, verb, adjective or adverb.
In Key Stage 1, the children need to learn the rules for ed, ing,
er, est, y, ful, ment, ness, less, and ly.
Often we just add the suffix. tall – taller walk -walked long- longest jump- jumping
Words ending in e. Drop the e and add the suffix.
safe-safer rude- rudest love - loved hike-hiking
shine-shiny
Words ending in y. Change the y for an i and add the suffix.
funny- funnier messy- messiest
cry-cried
Words ending in short vowel and one
consonant. Double the last letter and add the suffix.
big- bigger fat- fattest pat- patted
hum- humming
run– runny
Exception:
When Words end in a y and you add ing, you keep the y.
copy-copying cry– crying
The letter x is never doubled: mixing, mixed, boxer, sixes.
Being– we keep the e.
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Suffixes
Often we just add the
suffix.
Move hands up and down.
Words ending in e. Drop the e and add the
suffix.
Hand moves down in a diagonal action to
show the e is being dropped. Then repeat
the above action.
Words ending in y. Change the y for an i and
add the suffix.
Make a y shape with your hands and then
bring your hands together to make an i
shape. Then repeat the suffix action.
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Suffixes
Words ending in short
vowel and one consonant. Double the last letter and
add the suffix.
Spin hands around to double the consonant
and then repeat the suffix action.
Words ending in a y, you
keep the y and add ing.
Make a y shape and bring hands down to
your chest to pretend to keep it. Then
repeat the suffix action.
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Suffixes
-ment, -ness, -ful, -less and –ly
If a suffix starts with a consonant letter, it is added straight
on to the end of most root words .
Exceptions
1. argue– we drop the e to write argument
2. Root words ending in –y with a consonant before it but only if
the root word has more than one syllable
merry– merriment happy-happiness
plenty-plentiful penny-penniless
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Plural words Plural words tell us there are more than one of something. Using
plurals can affect the nouns or verbs in sentences.
In Key Stage 1, the children need to learn the rules for s, es and
ies.
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Compound words
A combination of two or more individual root words that have a
single meaning.
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Homophones Homophones are words that sound the same but have different
meanings.
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Homophones Homophones are words that sound the same but have different
meanings.
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Homographs
Homographs are words that are spelt the same but have
different meanings.
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Contractions They are short words made by putting two words together and
omitting some letters, which are replaced by an apostrophe.
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High Frequency Words
In Foundation Stage, the children learn to read and spell high
frequency words that link to their phonics phase.
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Common Exceptions Words
In Key Stage 1, the children learn to read and spell common
exception words. The children have access to these words on a
word mat and they are encouraged to use them in their writing.
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Ways to help children
learn spelling 1. Find words within words
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Ways to help children
learn spelling 1. Find words within words
Parents
Parents are not to shout
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Ways to help children
learn spelling 2. Mnemonics– Mnemonics are memory tools to help people recall
information.
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Ways to help children
learn spelling
sad
apples
in
drawers
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Ways to help children
learn spelling 3. Rhyming words—Children will be encouraged to look for rhyming
words to help them spell unknown words.
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Ways to help children
learn spelling 4. Syllables—A sequence of speech sounds in a word.
The number of syllables in a word sounds like the ‘beats’ in the
word, and breaking a word into syllables can help with spelling.
There are 3 rules:
Every syllable has a vowel sound
The number of vowel sounds equals the number of syllables
A one syllable word is never divided
Syllables Words
1
cat
no
ant
fish
2
pencil
chicken
super
rainbow
3
computer
bakery
newspaper
potato
4
February
helicopter
delivery
Cinderella
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Ways to help children
learn spelling 5. Highlighting silent letters-Sometimes words have a silent
letter in them. When this happens, use a highlighter to show it.
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Ways to help children
learn spelling 6. Look, Cover, Say, Write and Check