millennium assessment (ma) 2003 typology of ecosystem goods and services regulating benefits...
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Millennium Assessment (MA) 2003 Typology of Ecosystem Goods and Services
RegulatingBenefits obtained from
regulation of ecosystem processes
• climate regulation• disease regulation• flood regulation
ProvisioningGoods produced or
provided by ecosystems
• food • fresh water• fuel wood• genetic resources
CulturalNon-material benefits
from ecosystems• spiritual • recreational • aesthetic• inspirational• educational
SupportingServices necessary for production of other ecosystem services
• Soil formation• Waste Treatment and Nutrient cycling• Primary production
Adapted from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well Being (2003)
Ecological/Spatial Scale
Types of Services
Ease of Calculation
Accrual of Benefits
Probable Importance
Population/ Individual Wetland
•Species habitat•Food and fiber harvesting
Ecosystem/Landscape
•Flood mitigation•Storm abatement•Aquifer recharge•Water quality improvement•Aesthetics•Species dispersal
Biosphere/Global •Nitrogen cycle•Sulfur cycle•Carbon cycle•Phosphorus cycle
Structure
biomass, soils, flora and fauna communities
Processes
photosynthesis , nutrient cycling, colonization,
succession
Goods
food & fiber products, water supply
Services
flood control, groundwater recharge,
waste assimilation
Direct Use
productivity loss, hedonics, travel cost,
replacement cost, contingent valuation
Indirect Use
production functions, hedonics, replacement
cost, contingent valuation
Nonuse
Stated preference techniques: e.g.
contingent valuation
Ecology of wetlands
Societal benefits of wetlands
Economic valuation of wetlands
Provisioning• food • fresh water• fuel wood• genetic resources
Regulating
• climate regulation• disease regulation• flood regulation
Cultural• spiritual • recreational • aesthetic• educational
Classification of ecosystem (goods and) services
Structure
biomass, soils, flora and fauna communities
Processes
photosynthesis , nutrient cycling, colonization,
succession
Goods
food & fiber products, water supply
Services
flood control, groundwater recharge,
waste assimilation
Non-monetary Evaluation
Landscape and socio-economic indicators
Indirect Use
production functions, hedonics, replacement
cost, contingent valuation
Nonuse
Stated preference techniques: e.g.
contingent valuation
Ecology of wetlands
Societal benefits of wetlands
Methods for valuing wetland services
Provisioning• food • fresh water• fuel wood• genetic resources
Regulating
• climate regulation• disease regulation• flood regulation
Cultural• spiritual • recreational • aesthetic• educational
Classification of ecosystem (goods and) services
Direct Use
productivity loss, hedonics, travel cost,
replacement cost, contingent valuation
Supporting
• Soil formation
Structure
biomass, soils, flora and fauna communities
Processes
photosynthesis , nutrient cycling, colonization,
succession
Goods
food & fiber products, water supply
Services
flood control, groundwater recharge,
waste assimilation
Non-monetary Evaluation
Landscape and socio-economic indicators
Indirect Use
production functions, hedonics, replacement
cost, contingent valuation
Nonuse
Stated preference techniques: e.g.
contingent valuation
Ecology of wetlands
Societal benefits of wetlands
Methods for valuing wetland services
Provisioning• food • fresh water• fuel wood• genetic resources
Regulating
• climate regulation• disease regulation• flood regulation
Cultural• spiritual • recreational • aesthetic• educational
Classification of ecosystem (goods and) services
Direct Use
productivity loss, hedonics, travel cost,
replacement cost, contingent valuation
Supporting
• Soil formation
Ecological Indicators
bio-physical equivalence
Structure
biomass, soils, flora and fauna
communities
Processes
photosynthesis, nutrient cycling,
colonization
Goods
food & fiber products, water
supply
Services
flood control, water purification
Non-monetary Evaluation
Revealed Preferences
Stated Preferences
Ecology of wetlands
Societal benefits of wetlands
Methods for valuing wetland services
Markets
bio-physical equivalence
Functional Indicators
Prioritization of wetlands
socio-economic equivalence
Ecosystem Service Indicators
Crediting and trading of wetlands
Structure
soils, flora and fauna communities
Processes
nutrient cycling, plant colonization
Goodsfood & fiber
products, water supply
Services
flood control, water purification
Non-monetary Evaluation
Revealed Preferences
Stated Preferences
Ecology of wetlands
Societal benefits of wetlands
Methods for valuing wetland services
Markets
bio-physical equivalence
Functional Indicators
Prioritization of wetlands
socio-economic equivalence
Ecosystem Service Indicators
Crediting & Trading for wetland mitigation
ES Science and Theory
Applied Science (Valuation or Prioritization)
Management
Monitoring
Policy & Regulations
Accounting/Crediting
Implementation
ES/B ES
ESB ES
B
B
1 2
3 4
Wetland area remains the same but functional capacity and wetland quality is reduced with increasing human population and stressors.
Human population and stressors levels remain the same but wetland area is lost due to conversion to other land uses.
Low
Hig
h
Tota
l Val
ue
Time
Popu
latio
n
Population
Marginal Value Threshold Low
Hig
h
Tota
l Val
ue
TimeAr
ea o
f Wet
land
s Wetland Area
Marginal Value
Threshold
Ecological/ Spatial Scale
Ecosystem Service Examples
Ease of Measurement
Accrual of Benefits
Probable Importance
Perception of Value of Benefits
Population/ Individual Wetland
•Species habitat•Food & fiber harvesting
Ecosystem/ Landscape
•Flood mitigation•Aquifer recharge•Aesthetics
Biosphere/ Global
Nitrogen, sulfur, carbon cycling
Difficult
Easy Land owner/ Local economy
Local economies
The world
Good
Life-sustaining Poor
Position in Landscape Types of BenefitsIn-stream wetland Fisheries, organic export
Riparian wetland Sediment retention, wildlife corridor, flood control
Isolated basin Groundwater recharge, waterfowl habitat
Coastal wetland Fisheries, waterfowl habitat, storm surge protection
Ecology EconomicsOrganization Operation Outcome
Stock Flows ServicesStructure Functions Goods
Infrastructure Services BenefitsPattern Processes Income
The economic valuation of ecosystem services represent the tradeoffs that individuals make between alternative conditions of these services.
Cost-Benefit Analyses
“Greening” National Income Accounts
Natural Resource Damage Assessments
Valuation Methods:
Direct Use: Goods traded in the market
Non-Direct Use: Hedonic Pricing, Travel Cost, Replacement Cost
Non-Use: Contingent Valuation
Advantages:
Steps in the EcoValue Project
Literature review and collection
Processing the literature into the database
MS Access Database
Integrating the literature database with spatial data in a GIS
Delivery of the values for ecosystem services via the internet
Relationship Between Land Cover and Ecosystem Services
Habitat Refugium
Disturbance Prevention
Climate and Atmosphere Regulation
Forest
Recreation
Land Use/ Land Cover
Ecosystem ServicesEmpirical Study
Empirical Study
Empirical Study
Economic Studies
Current Issues and Future Directions
• Marginal utility• Spatio-temporal context• Spatio-temporal scale
• Quality of original studies• Aggregation of economic values• Limited availability of Land Cover
change-detection data
Supply-side Issues
• What was the initial condition and what is the proposed change?
• Water Quality and Recreation
• Spatial context• Topological elements of a cover type such as area,
connectivity, fragmentation, and proportion of the landscape
• Ecosystem Dynamics• Threshold of service• Non-linear change
Demand-side Issues
• Socio-economic factors• Income• Demographics• Ethnicity and other cultural characteristics• Population
• Substitutability
Scale Issues• Temporal scale
– Distribution of the impact of service– Time lags
• Spatial scale:– Who are the stakeholders? Who are the appropriate
valuers?
• Disjunct between human scales of perception and scales at which services operate or generate impacts
– “Only a fraction of what exists, is perceived and only a fraction of what is perceived is responded to” (Jedrzejczak, 2004)
Thank You!
Treg [email protected]
EcoValue Project website: http://ecovalue.uvm.edu
Funding:The northern forest module of the EcoValue Project was developed with support from the Northeastern States Research Cooperative.