milwaukee urban atlas population characteristics · milwaukee urban atlas page 8 of 146 march, 2003...

Milwaukee Urban Atlas

Page 7 of 146 March, 2003

Population Characteristics

Metropolitan Population The City of Milwaukee’s population declined by five percent (31,114 persons) between 1990 and 2000. This compares with a loss of just two percent between 1980 and 1990, and an eleven percent loss between 1970 and 1980. During the 1970 to 2000 period, the metropolitan population increased by about 100,000 persons. Nearly all of that growth took place outside Milwaukee County as Table 1 shows.

Each of the three suburban counties experienced significant growth. In 2000 the population of Waukesha County exceeded the population of suburban Milwaukee County for the first time. Some suburban growth was probably due to the movement of persons from the City of Milwaukee to the suburbs. Currently available census data isn’t detailed enough to estimate how much suburban growth occurred because persons moved from the City. Census data does tell us that the cities of Milwaukee and Waukesha traded about 2,000 persons between 1995 and 2000. Approximately 30,000 persons moved into the City of Milwaukee from the suburban parts of the metro area, not including the city of Waukesha. Just over 20,000 of those persons lived in suburban Milwaukee County in 1995. About 75,000 persons moved to the suburban part of the metro area from Milwaukee or Waukesha. It’s likely the many of those movers lived in the City of Milwaukee in 1995.

County Population Percent Population Percent Population Percent Population Percent

Milwaukee 1,054,249 75.1% 964,988 69.1% 959,275 67.0% 940,164 62.6% City of Milwaukee 717,372 68.0% 636,295 65.9% 628,088 65.5% 596,974 63.5% Suburbs 336,877 32.0% 328,693 34.1% 331,187 34.5% 343,190 36.5%Ozaukee 54,421 3.9% 66,981 4.8% 72,831 5.1% 82,317 5.5%Washington 63,839 4.5% 84,848 6.1% 95,328 6.7% 117,493 7.8%Waukesha 231,365 16.5% 280,326 20.1% 304,715 21.3% 360,767 24.0%

Total 1,403,874 100.0% 1,397,143 100.0% 1,432,149 100.0% 1,500,741 100.0%

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

Total PopulationMilwaukee Metropolitan Area

1970 to 2000

1970 1980 1990 2000

Table 1

Milwaukee Metro Area Population

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Num

ber o

f Per

sons

City Milw Co subs Ozaukee Washington Waukesha



Net migration can be estimated using recent census data with births and deaths occurring to area residents between censuses. As Table 2 shows, approximately 92,000 more persons moved out of the City than into it during the 1990s. There was less out migration during the 1980s, but more during the 1970s. Milwaukee’s manufacturing economy suffered during the 1980s, perhaps making it difficult for households to move to more expensive housing in the suburbs. The remainder of Milwaukee County experienced net in migration for the first time since the 1960s during the 1990s. The three suburban counties experienced net in migration through out the period. .

City of Milwaukee Population Although the City lost five percent of its 1990 population, some parts of the City experienced gains. Map 1 shows 1990 to 2000 population change by census tract. The area south of the Valley and west of I-94 and the north side between Lisbon and Fond du Lac experienced gains as younger families replaced older households. The lower east side and the downtown had gains because of new housing units. Some tracts near the City limits had population increases because of new construction. Central city tracts recorded losses due to housing unit demolition. Tracts nearer the City limits that lost population did so because households became smaller as residents aged. Milwaukee’s east side along with parts of the central city are the most densely populated as shown by Map 2. The east side and the area west of downtown have mostly multifamily buildings. Other tracts with relatively high population density are developed with single family and

Rest of ThreeCity of Milwaukee Suburban Total

Milwaukee County Counties Area

1970 population 717,372 336,877 349,625 1,403,874 1970 to 1980 natural growth 48,564 12,226 29,972 90,762 1970 to 1980 estimated net migration -129,724 -20,325 52,556 -97,493

1980 population 636,212 328,778 432,153 1,397,143 1980 to 1990 natural growth 59,098 9,225 32,965 101,288 1980 to 1990 estimated net migration -67,222 -6,816 7,756 -66,282

1990 population 628,088 331,187 472,874 1,432,149 1990 to 20000 natural growth 60,554 3,597 29,700 93,851 1990 to 2000 estimated net migration -91,668 8,406 58,003 -25,259

2000 population 596,974 343,190 560,577 1,500,741

Natural growth is the total number of births to area residents minus the number of area residents who died between censuses.Estimated net migration is the difference between the 1970 population plus 1970 to 1980 natural growth and the 1980 census population. Same method used for 1980 to 1990 and 1990 to 2000 estimates

Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census, Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services.

Milwaukee Metropolitan Area1960 to 2000

Table 2

Natural Growth and Net Migration



duplex buildings on small urban lots in areas that include little non residential development. The high density tracts on the south side also had recent population increases.



Burleigh

Keef e

Capitol

Congress

Hampton

Villard

Walnut

North

Center

Howard

Morgan

Oklahoma

Cleveland

Lincoln

College

124t

h

Ramsey

Silver Spring

Florist

Mill

Grange

Edgerton

Lay ton

Cold Spring

Burnham

Greenf ield

Schlinger

Fairv iew

Wisconsin

Juneau

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

Bradley

Dean

Brown Deer

Fairy Chasm

County Line 91st

107t

h

124 t

h

84th

92nd

108t

h

76th

60th

68th

Brown Deer

Dean

Fairy Chasm

County Line76th

6 8t h

35th

4 3rd

51st

Mill

Florist

Bradley

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

How

ell

6th

13th

20th

27th

Cle

men

t

Villard

Silver Spring

Hampton

Congress

Capitol

Wisconsin

Pierce

Greenf ield

Lincoln

Burnham

Lay ton

Grange

College

Howard

Oklahoma

Cleveland

Morgan

Boliv ar

Edgewood

Kenwood

Park

North

Brady

Juneau

Change in Population, 1990 to 2000City Change = decrease 5.0% -- Source: US Bureau of the Census

increase 5.0% or moreincrease 2.5% to 4.9%increase less than 2.5%decrease less than 2.5%decrease 2.5% to 4.9%decrease 5.0% to 9.9%decrease 10.0% to 19.9%decrease 20.0% or more

Map 1 – Change in Population 1990 to 2000



Burleigh

Keef e

Capitol

Congress

Hampton

Villard

Walnut

North

Center

Howard

Morgan

Oklahoma

Clev eland

Lincoln

College

124t

h

Ramsey

Silver Spring

Florist

Mill

Grange

Edgerton

Lay ton

Cold Spring

Burnham

Greenf ield

Schlinger

Fairv iew

Wisconsin

Juneau

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

Bradley

Dean

Brown Deer

Fairy Chasm

County Line 91st

107t

h

124 t

h

84th

92nd

108t

h

7 6th

6 0th

68th

Brown Deer

Dean

Fairy Chasm

County Line76th

68t h

35th

4 3rd

51st

Mill

Florist

Bradley

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

How

e ll

6th

1 3th

20t h

27th

Cle

men

t

Villard

Silv er Spring

Hampton

Congress

Capitol

Wisconsin

Pierce

Greenf ield

Lincoln

Burnham

Lay ton

Grange

College

Howard

Oklahoma

Clev eland

Morgan

Boliv ar

Edgewood

Kenwood

Park

North

Brady

Juneau

Persons Per Square Mile, 2000City Average = 6,222 -- Source: PL94-17 data

17,500 to 29,50012,000 to 17,499

9,000 to 11,0006,500 to 8,9994,000 to 6,499

less than 4,000

Map 2 – Persons per Square Mile, 2000



Race, Hispanic Origin Milwaukee became a minority majority city during the 1990s. The Milwaukee metropolitan area continues to be segregated. Forty percent of the metropolitan population lives in the City: 85 percent of the area’s minorities live in the City. Fully 95 percent of the area’s African Americans, 75 percent of the area’s Hispanics, but only about 60 percent of the other racial minorities live in the City. Table 3 summarizes the racial and Hispanic characteristics of the City’s population. The data for 2000 is not comparable with previous censuses because persons were permitted to indicate more than one race in 2000. About two percent of the City’s population indicated more than one race.

Each of the minority groups increased during the 1990s except American Indians. Maps 3, 4, 5, and 6 show the percentage of Hispanic, African American, American Indian, and Asian-Pacific Islanders by census tract respectively. (Note the same color represents different numeric categories on each map.) The maps show that each group is concentrated in different locations in Milwaukee. The area west of downtown is the only area that has a mix of racial and Hispanic persons.

Race, Hispanic Population Percent Population Percent Population Percent

Hispanic 26,487 4.2% 39,409 6.3% 71,646 12.0%

Not Hispanic 609,725 95.8% 588,679 93.7% 525,328 88.0% White 453,970 71.4% 381,714 60.8% 270,989 45.4% African American 145,850 22.9% 189,408 30.2% 220,432 36.9% American Indian 4,859 0.8% 5,213 0.8% 4,313 0.7% Asian or Pacific Islander 4,239 0.7% 11,429 1.8% 17,561 2.9% Other race 807 0.1% 915 0.1% 978 0.2% Two or more races* 11,055 2.1%

Total 636,212 100.0% 628,088 100.0% 596,974 100.0%*2000 census onlySource: 1980, 1990, 2000 census

1980 1990 2000

Table 3

Population by Race and Hispanic OriginCity of Milwaukee

1980 to 2000

Race and Hispanic

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

White Black Am Indian Asian Other Two+ Race Hispanic

Pers

ons 1980 1990 2000



Burleigh

Keef e

Capitol

Congress

Hampton

Villard

Walnut

North

Center

Howard

Morgan

Oklahoma

Cleveland

Lincoln

College

124t

h

Ramsey

Silver Spring

Florist

Mill

Grange

Edgerton

Lay ton

Cold Spring

Burnham

Greenf ield

Schlinger

Fairv iew

Wisconsin

Juneau

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

Bradley

Dean

Brown Deer

Fairy Chasm

County Line 91st

107t

h

1 24 t

h

84th

92nd

108t

h

76th

60th

68th

Brown Deer

Dean

Fairy Chasm

County Line76th

68th

35th

4 3rd

51st

Mill

Florist

Bradley

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

How

e ll

6th

13th

20t h

27th

Cle

men

t

Villard

Silver Spring

Hampton

Congress

Capitol

Wisconsin

Pierce

Greenf ield

Lincoln

Burnham

Lay ton

Grange

College

Howard

Oklahoma

Cleveland

Morgan

Boliv ar

Edgewood

Kenwood

Park

North

Brady

Juneau

Percent Population Hispanic of Any Race: 2000City Average = 12.0% -- Source: PL94-171 data

50.0% to 78.9%25.0% to 49.9%10.0% to 24.9%

5.0% to 9.9%2.5% to 4.9%

less than 2.5%

Map 3 – Percent Population Hispanic, 2000



Burleigh

Keef e

Capitol

Congress

Hampton

Villard

Walnut

North

Center

Howard

Morgan

Oklahoma

Clev eland

Lincoln

College

124t

h

Ramsey

Silver Spring

Florist

Mill

Grange

Edgerton

Lay ton

Cold Spring

Burnham

Greenf ield

Schlinger

Fairv iew

Wisconsin

Juneau

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

Bradley

Dean

Brown Deer

Fairy Chasm

County Line 91st

107t

h

124 t

h

84th

92nd

108t

h

76th

6 0th

68th

Brown Deer

Dean

Fairy Chasm

County Line76th

6 8th

35th

4 3rd

51st

Mill

Florist

Bradley

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

How

ell

6 th

1 3th

20th

27th

Cl e

men

t

Villard

Silver Spring

Hampton

Congress

Capitol

Wisconsin

Pierce

Greenf ield

Lincoln

Burnham

Lay ton

Grange

College

Howard

Oklahoma

Clev eland

Morgan

Boliv ar

Edgewood

Kenwood

Park

North

Brady

Juneau

Percent of Population Single Race African American: 2000City Average = 37.3% -- Source: PL94-171 data

75% or more50.0% to 74.9%25.0% to 49.9%15.0% to 24.9%5.0% to 14.9%

less than 5.0%

Map 4 – Percent Population African American, 2000



Burleigh

Keef e

Capitol

Congress

Hampton

Villard

Walnut

North

Center

Howard

Morgan

Oklahoma

Clev eland

Lincoln

College

124t

h

Ramsey

Silver Spring

Florist

Mill

Grange

Edgerton

Lay ton

Cold Spring

Burnham

Greenf ield

Schlinger

Fairv iew

Wisconsin

Juneau

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

Bradley

Dean

Brown Deer

Fairy Chasm

County Line 91st

107t

h

124t

h

84th

92nd

108t

h

7 6th

60th

68th

Brown Deer

Dean

Fairy Chasm

County Line76th

6 8t h

35th

4 3rd

51st

Mill

Florist

Bradley

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

How

ell

6th

13t h

20th

27th

Cle

men

t

Villard

Silver Spring

Hampton

Congress

Capitol

Wisconsin

Pierce

Greenf ield

Lincoln

Burnham

Lay ton

Grange

College

Howard

Oklahoma

Clev eland

Morgan

Bolivar

Edgewood

Kenwood

Park

North

Brady

Juneau

Percent of Population Single Race American Indian: 2000City Average = 0.8% -- Source: PL94-171 data

2.5% to 5.1%1.0% to 2.4%0.5% to 0.9%less than 0.5%

Map 5 – Percent Population American Indian, 2000



Burleigh

Keef e

Capitol

Congress

Hampton

Villard

Walnut

North

Center

Howard

Morgan

Oklahoma

Clev eland

Lincoln

College

124t

h

Ramsey

Silver Spring

Florist

Mill

Grange

Edgerton

Lay ton

Cold Spring

Burnham

Greenf ield

Schlinger

Fairv iew

Wisconsin

Juneau

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

Bradley

Dean

Brown Deer

Fairy Chasm

County Line 91st

107t

h

1 24t

h

84th

92nd

108t

h

76th

6 0th

68th

Brown Deer

Dean

Fairy Chasm

County Line76th

68th

35th

43rd

51st

Mill

Florist

Bradley

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

How

ell

6th

1 3th

20th

27th

Cle

men

t

Villard

Silver Spring

Hampton

Congress

Capitol

Wisconsin

Pierce

Greenf ield

Lincoln

Burnham

Lay ton

Grange

College

Howard

Oklahoma

Clev eland

Morgan

Boliv ar

Edgewood

Kenwood

Park

North

Brady

Juneau

Percent of Population Single Race Asian and Pacif ic Islander: 2000City Average = 3.0% -- Source: PL94-171 data

15.0% to 27.6%5.0% to 14.9%3.0% to 4.9%1.5% to 2.9%

less than 1.5%

Map 6 – Percent Population Asian or Pacific Islander, 2000



Some minority residents were foreign born. Nearly eight percent of the City’s 2000 population was foreign born. About 24,300 were born in Latin America; 12,100 were born in Asia. This implies that one-third of the City’s Hispanics and almost seventy percent of the City’s Asians were born outside the United States. Both groups may have difficulty speaking English and adjusting to a different culture.

Sex Just under half of the City’s residents were males, 47.8%. The percentage male varied by racial group. African Americans had the lowest percentage male, Hispanics the highest. The percentage may be lower among African Americans because African American males are more likely to be under counted by the census. City white residents were older than other racial groups; older residents are more likely to be females. Asians and Hispanic groups included recent immigrants. Males will often immigrate prior the rest of the family. Map 7 indicates the percentage of males. Area nearest the downtown, along the Milwaukee River and on the south side including and surrounding Walker’s Point had the highest ratio of males to females. The south side includes Hispanic persons. The downtown and River areas are predominately white, however.

Percent Population Male by Race, 2000

40.0%

42.0%

44.0%

46.0%

48.0%

50.0%

52.0%

54.0%

White African Amer Amer Indian Asian Hispanic Total

Race

Perc

ent



Burleigh

Keef e

Capitol

Congress

Hampton

Villard

Walnut

North

Center

Howard

Morgan

Oklahoma

Cleveland

Lincoln

College

124t

h

Ramsey

Silver Spring

Florist

Mill

Grange

Edgerton

Lay ton

Cold Spring

Burnham

Greenf ield

Schlinger

Fairv iew

Wisconsin

Juneau

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

Bradley

Dean

Brown Deer

Fairy Chasm

County Line 91st

107t

h

124 t

h

84th

92nd

108t

h

7 6t h

60th

68th

Brown Deer

Dean

Fairy Chasm

County Line76th

68th

35th

43r d

51st

Mill

Florist

Bradley

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

How

ell

6 th

13th

20t h

27th

Cle

men

t

Villard

Silv er Spring

Hampton

Congress

Capitol

Wisconsin

Pierce

Greenf ield

Lincoln

Burnham

Lay ton

Grange

College

Howard

Oklahoma

Clev eland

Morgan

Boliv ar

Edgewood

Kenwood

Park

North

Brady

Juneau

Percent Population Male, 2000City Average = 47.8% -- Source: 2000 Census File SF1

less than 45.0%45.0% to 46.9%47.0% to 48.9%49.0% to 50.9%51.0% or m ore

Map 7 – Percent Population Male, 2000



Age Milwaukee’s median age increased slightly between 1990 and 2000, from 30.3 years to 30.6 years. This increase was much smaller than the one observed during the 1980s. Map 8 shows median age by census tract in 2000. Median ages were lowest in the tracts that surround the central part of the City, several northwest side tracts, and the tracts surrounding the universities. The majority of persons living near the universities are in the 18 to 24 year age group, there are more children living in the remaining areas with low median ages.

The number of persons increased in the 5 to 17 and the 35 to 54 year age groups despite an over all decrease in population. Table 4 indicates the number of persons in each age group since 1980. The big increase in the 45 to 54 year age group is due to the aging of persons born during the post World War II baby boom. Fewer persons were born during World War II and the depression that preceded it, hence the decline of persons in the 55 to 64 age group. The decline in persons in this age group and the older age groups implies less demand for housing units designed for elderly persons over the next ten years. There could be more demand for amenities that permit older persons to age in their existing units, however.

Age Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

under 5 49,771 7.8% 54,276 8.6% 47,545 8.0%5 to 17 122,095 19.2% 117,864 18.8% 123,439 20.7%18 to 24 97,657 15.3% 76,602 12.2% 72,849 12.2%25 to 34 110,922 17.4% 119,072 19.0% 94,451 15.8%35 to 44 56,218 8.8% 84,407 13.4% 85,792 14.4%45 to 54 59,058 9.3% 49,499 7.9% 68,351 11.4%55 to 64 61,169 9.6% 48,223 7.7% 39,424 6.6%65 and older 79,322 12.5% 78,145 12.4% 65,123 10.9%

Total 636,212 100.0% 628,088 100.0% 596,974 100.0%

Median age 28.7 30.3 30.6

Table 4

1980 1990 2000

Population by AgeCity of Milwaukee

1980 to 2000



Burleigh

Keef e

Capitol

Congress

Hampton

Villard

Walnut

North

Center

Howard

Morgan

Oklahoma

Cleveland

Lincoln

College

124t

h

Ramsey

Silv er Spring

Florist

Mill

Grange

Edgerton

Lay ton

Cold Spring

Burnham

Greenf ield

Schlinger

Fairv iew

Wisconsin

Juneau

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

Bradley

Dean

Brown Deer

Fairy Chasm

County Line 91st

107t

h

1 24t

h

84th

92nd

108t

h

7 6t h

60th

68th

Brown Deer

Dean

Fairy Chasm

County Line76th

68th

35th

4 3r d

51st

Mill

Florist

Bradley

Green Tree

Good Hope

Calumet

How

e ll

6th

1 3th

20t h

27th

Cl e

me n

t

Villard

Silver Spring

Hampton

Congress

Capitol

Wisconsin

Pierce

Greenf ield

Lincoln

Burnham

Lay ton

Grange

College

Howard

Oklahoma

Clev eland

Morgan

Boliv ar

Edgewood

Kenwood

Park

North

Brady

Juneau

Median Age, 2000City Median = 30.6 -- Source: 2000 Census File SF1

16.8 to 24.9 years25.0 to 29.9 years30.0 to 34.9 years35.0 to 39.9 years40.0 to 55.3 years

Map 8 – Median Age, 2000



Map 9 shows the number of persons 65 and older in 2000. Most older residents lived nearest the City limits. The few central city tracts with higher percentages have developments designed for elderly residents. Milwaukee’s minority residents were less likely to be elderly than its white residents. The graph shows that the majority of children in the City belongrf to a minority group. White residents formed the majority of the City’s older residents. Map 10 shows the change in the percent of population 65 and older between 1990 and 2000. The largest increases were in areas nearest the City limits. These areas were developed during the 1960s and 1970s. Many of the tracts with decreases in older residents saw a turnover to younger families during the 1990s. Those tracts that experienced an increase in older residents are likely to experience a similar turnover in the next ten or 15 years. For the first time an aging of African American residents is shown by the area to the north of the central part of Milwaukee.

Population by Age by Minority Status

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

under 10 10 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 59 60 to 69 70 to 79 80 over

Age

Pers

ons

White Minority



Park

Brady

Edgew ood

Kenw ood

North

Juneau

Lincoln

Oklahoma

Cleveland

Layton

Bolivar

Morgan

How ard

Grange

College

Clem

ent

Wisconsin

Pierce

Greenfield

Burnham

Congress

Capitol

Hampton

6th

How

ell

Florist

Villard

Silver Spring

Good Hope

Green Tree

Calumet

Bradley

13th

20th

27th

35th

Mill

43rd

60th

68th

Fairy Chasm

68th

Dean

Brow n Deer

County Line

92nd

7 6th

84th

Bradley12

4th

91s t

County Line

Dean

Brow n Deer

Fairy Chasm

College

Ramsey

Grange

124t

h

Cold Spring

How ard

Edgerton

Layton

Morgan

Good Hope

Villard

Silver Spring

Florist

Mill

Green Tree

Calumet

Hampton

Burnham

Greenf ield

Oklahoma

Cleveland

Lincoln

Schlinger

Walnut

North

Fairview

Wisconsin

Juneau

Center

Burleigh

Keefe

Capitol

Congress

Percent Population 65 Years or Older, 2000City Average = 10.9% -- Source: 2000 Census File SF1

less than 5.0%5.0% to 7.4%7.5% to 9.9%

10.0% to 14.9%15.0% to 20.0%20.0% to 34.4%

Map 9 – Percent Persons 65 or Older, 2000



Park

Brady

Edgew ood

Kenw ood

North

Juneau

Lincoln

Oklahoma

Cleveland

Layton

Bolivar

Morgan

How ard

Grange

College

Clem

ent

Wisconsin

Pierce

Greenf ield

Burnham

Congress

Capitol

Hampton

6th

How

e ll

Florist

Villard

Silver Spring

Good Hope

Green Tree

Calumet

Bradley

13th

20th

27th

35th

Mill

43rd

6 0th

68th

Fairy Chasm

68th

Dean

Brow n Deer

County Line

92nd

7 6t h

84th

Bradley12

4th

9 1s t

County Line

Dean

Brow n Deer

Fairy Chasm

College

Ramsey

Grange

124t

h

Cold Spring

How ard

Edgerton

Layton

Morgan

Good Hope

Villard

Silver Spring

Florist

Mill

Green Tree

Calumet

Hampton

Burnham

Greenf ield

Oklahoma

Cleveland

Lincoln

Schlinger

Walnut

North

Fairview

Wisconsin

Juneau

Center

Burleigh

Keefe

Capitol

Congress

Change in Percent Population 65 or Older, 1990 to 2000City Average = - 1.5% -- Source: 1990 File STF1A, 2000 File SF1

decrease 5.0% to 10.6%decrease 3.0% to 4.9%decrease 1.5% to 2.9%decrease less than 1.5%increase less than 2.0%increase 2.0% to 10.7%

Map 10 – Change in Percent Population 65 or Older, 1990 to 2000

milwaukee urban atlas population characteristics · milwaukee urban atlas page 8 of 146 march, 2003...

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