Photo Credits: http://exploringmybackyard.blogspot.com/2011/08/bullying/graphics.html

Spike Coverings Shedding Flesh

Mechanical Escape Poison

DEFENSE MECHANISM

Phot Credits: http://blogobscure.blogspot.com/2008/07/mimicry-and-whole-subjects.html

Owls and Moths

Penkohvosti Chameleon

Siphanta acuta

Photo Credits: http://falkenblog.blogspot.com/2010/07/batesian-mimicry-explanation-of.html

MIMICRY

It is the similarity of one species to another which protects one or both. This similarity can be in appearance, behavior, sound, scent and location, with the mimics found in similar places to their models.

• Batesian Mimicry - harmless species resembles dangerous species

• Mullerian Mimicry - dangerous species resembling each other

Example: bees and wasps

(a) Cuckoo bee

(b) Yellow jacket wasp

Photo Credits: http://exploringmybackyard.blogspot.com/2011/08/mud-daubers-architects-of-insect-world.html

Müllerian Mimicry in Yellow Jacket Wasp and a Honeybee

EACH OTHER’S DEFENSE

Ma. Veah Luisa O. Pascasio

Müllerian Mimicry

• was proposed by Johann Friedrich Theodor Müller (1821–1897).

• is an understanding on warning signals or aposematism.

Müllerian Mimicry

PREDATORS

is a natural phenomenon in which two or more poisonous species, that may or may not be closely related and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other's warning signals.

Honeybee

Honeybee Yellow Jacket wasp

Müllerian Mimicry

Viceroy butterfly Monarch butterfly

Photo Credits: http://blogobscure.blogspot.com/2008/07/mimicry-and-whole-subjects.html

Blue Poison Dart Frog Golden Mantella

Photo Credits: http://falkenblog.blogspot.com/2010/07/batesian-mimicry-explanation-of.html

Yellow Jacket wasp Honeybee

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Hymenoptera

Family: Vespidae

Genus: Vespula

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Hymenoptera

Family: Apinae

Genus: Apis

TAXONOMY

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS

wasp honeybee

PHYSICAL FEATURES

Phot Credits: http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/seven-defense-mechanisms-of-animals/

wasp honeybee

Photo Credits: http://exploringmybackyard.blogspot.com/2011/08/mud-daubers-architects-of-insect-world.html

wasp

HABITAT

Phot Credits: http://blogobscure.blogspot.com/2008/07/mimicry-and-whole-subjects.html

honeybee

Photo Credits: http://falkenblog.blogspot.com/2010/07/batesian-mimicry-explanation-of.html

PREDATORS

Spiders Praying Mantis

Frogs

Photo Credits: http://exploringmybackyard.blogspot.com/2011/08/mud-daubers-architects-of-insect-world.html

Varroa Mites

Phot Credits: http://blogobscure.blogspot.com/2008/07/mimicry-and-whole-subjects.html

STING and AGGRESSION

wasp

Photo Credits: http://falkenblog.blogspot.com/2010/07/batesian-mimicry-explanation-of.html

honeybee

Phot Credits: http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/seven-defense-mechanisms-of-animals/

Factors that determine the effects of mimicry:

1. Frequency of the mimic.

2. Degree of unpalatability of the species

3. Degree of perfection of the mimic.

MiMicry rings

A theory which suggests that all Müllerian mimics in an ecosystem should converge into one large ring

References Brower, L. P.; Ryerson, W. N.; Coppinger, L. L.; Glazier, S. C. (1968). "Ecological chemistry and the palatability spectrum". Science 161 (3848): 1349–51.

Meyer, A. (2006). "Repeating patterns of mimicry". PLoS Biol 4 (10): e341

Ritland, D.; L. P. Brower (1991). "The viceroy butterfly is not a Batesian mimic". Nature 350 (6318): 497–498.

Smith, S. M. (1975). "Innate Recognition of Coral Snake Pattern by a Possible Avian Predator". Science 187 (4178): 759–760.

http://blogobscure.blogspot.com/2008/07/mimicry-and-whole-subjects.html

http://falkenblog.blogspot.com/2010/07/bate

http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/faces/viewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=escidoc:440622 sian-mimicry-explanation-of.html

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/161/3848/1349