UN Define migration as the movement of a person or persons from one place to another, involving a permanent (one yr or more) with change of address.MIGRATION

INTERNAL MIGRATION

Involves movement between regions within same country & over short distance. Varies types depend on direction.

Types of migration

Intra-urbanRural to ruralTransmigrationUrban to ruralInter-urbanRural to urban

Change of farming locationIndonesia, 1980, million moves less pop outer islands, overcrowded Jakarta.1999, conflict E. Timor, 200 000 displaced fleed countryside the capital Cili.Increased transport increase mobilityForced, or governmentorganized mass movement of peoplePeople moving from one area of countryside to anotherPeople movingWithin same urban area/cityInvolves the relatively long distance movements between countries.Emigration-departure of person one to another countryImmigration-the entrance of a person into a country with the aim of living there.INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

-People work cities in Europe during Industrial Revolution

-Rapid Urbanisation-developing countries, late 20th e.g. BrazilPeople move away urban unattractiveChanging work people to relocatePeople moving from one town or city to anotherPeople moving from the city or town to the countrysidePeople move from countryside to urban areas

LEE MODELSTEPWISE MODELTHEORIES OF MIGRATION

What is stepwise model?-this is behavioural model developed by Ravensteins law that population movement occur in stages & with a wave like motion.-According to model, major settlements (e.g. capital cities) tend to attract migrants from smaller cities, which in turn attract migrants from smaller towns and villages.-Migration therefore occur in steps and the form of a RIPPLE that stretches across an entire region.

Step wise modelLee model

Originate from rural area:1. Progressive movement from rural area to small town, to regional centre to national metropolis. This model tries to explain the factors of migration in terms of positive and negative characteristics of both the origin & destination places.

2. Progressive movement from rural to regional centre & then national metropolis.Migration must expect to receive some added advantage in moving from one place to another. Potential movements from an origin such as rural area to a final destination (capital city) are often influenced by the existence of possible alternative destination.

3. direct movement from rural area to national metropolis. (know about opportunities in large cities)These presents themselves as intervening opportunities for migrants whose movements to the final destination may be slowed down or even stopped by these intervening places.

4. Intention to move from rural to national metropolis but eventually residing in regional centre.

5. Intention to move from rural area to national metropolis but eventually residing in small town.

6. Intentions to move from rural areas to national metropolis but eventually returning to rural area without residing elsewhere.

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=[=-pE.g. Stepwise migration in China.Several events in China have led to increasing number of Chinese emigrating to countries of Pacific Rim.-famine in early 1960s, result from a change in political direction caused them to move to nearby countries e.g. Thailand and Malaysia.-the adoption of OPEN DOOR policy in 1978, resulted in steady stream of Chinese migrants moving to the urban centres around the Pacific.-By early 1990s, about 30 million Chinese living in Pacific Rim countries.-The influence of Chinese migration can be observed by looking at Malaysia i.e. 1/3 are indigenous Chinese and most of these as in many other Pacific Rim countries.-Many left Malaysia, stepping on greater cultural tolerance and better business opportunities in Singapore.

TYPES OF MIGRATION

TYPE OF AREA(FROM & TO WHICH AREA MIGRATION OCCUR

DISTANCE MOVEDCAUSES OF MOVEMENT

* for own revision; prepare mindmap on case studies (who move, where from to where to, how many, when, why, impact on origin and destination)Case study:Refugees MozambiqueCase study:Turkish guest workers to GermanyCase study:Regional migration in BritainMovement from one country to another cross of boundaries for more than one year with change in resident.Urban to urban

Rural to urban

Urban t o rural

Rural to rural

Inter-regional movements. (Alaska from other part USA)-Employment; British doctors to USA-Better climate, retired Americans to Florida -West Indians into Britain.Today:Increased wealth, better communications, greater knowledge & desire for high standard of livingFactors: physical, economic, social or political but ambition, knowledge & energy to moveInternal migrationOccur when there has been personal choice.-religious/political persecution, e.g. Jews out Nazi.

-War create refugees, Palestine out Israel after 1948.

-Force labour,.e.g slave trade.

-Natural disaster

-overpopulation, .e.g Vietnamese transported out of Hong Kong.

-Famine e.g. Mozambique in 2000Occur when there is no personal choice.INTERNATIONALVOLUNTARYINTERNALFORCED

Refugees mozambiqueTurkish Guest workers in germanyRegional migration in Brazil

Who?Refugees (What?)The United Nations High Commission in 1951 defined refugees as people who fleed their country due to fear of persecution for reasons; race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group.Who?Mozambican to neighbouring countries; Tanzania, S. Africa, Malawi, Zambia & Swaziland.

Turkish as guest workers migrated to Germany Rural area to urban

When & Why?During 16 yrs of civil war in 1975. (1974 & 1976)

Why?Farms were destroy, so are schools, health centres & other facilities.Fled due violence and torture

In 1992, when war ended, they returned to Mozambique.After war, Germany lost 4.5 million people (Jewish left fear persecution)-used aid from abroad to developed new industries thus short of labour-import guestworkers from Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Italy & Greece.Since 20th CenturyWhy move?PUSH:-drought led to famine, crop failure & poverty.-limited employment opportunities & low paid-overpopulation-infertile soil

PULL:-Better paid jobs in factories-jobs gain informal sector-better housing & quality of life in urban-access to edu & other services medical care & entertainment-more reliable source of food.

Where?Mozambique to neighbouring countries; Tanzania, S. Africa, Malawi, Zambia & Swaziland.

To Germany from TurkeyFrom NE to large urban areas in SE; Sao Paulo, Rio De Janeiro & Belo Horizonte

How many?1/3 of 17 million people of Mazambique

Impact: origin

(Germany)Positive:-cheap source of labour (asbestos factories, unskilled work & dirty job as cleaner.

Negative:Racial tension high unemployment, need to provide housing, services & specialist edu to cope with language difficulties.-Low paid job; catering & farming.North EastPositive:1. reduce problem of overpopulation, relieve pressure on food supplies, water & fuel

Negative:1. Lost male workers.

Impact : destinationMalawi:-overcrowded, since it is a small, densely populated & impoverish countries. (ask UN aids to help cater needs of refugees-1.1 million about equivalent to 10% of Malawis population. But inadequate. Government baned local from providing local with agricultural land, thus the refugees just stayed in camps.Poor road-less access to food distribution thus lead to malnutrition of refugees.-refugees make and sell pots, rear and sell domestic animals & brewing beer.To survive in order some refugees cut trees for firewood. (environment effect to Malawi)-cause resetment to local due to long stay economic, environmental problems, crime and social problems.Wells in the camp dried, lead to sanitation problems cause spread of cholera to local. (Turkey)Positive:-reduce unemployment & pressure of resources-earns foreign exchange-higher wages, higher standard of living than in Turkey-money sent back raise standard of living of family

Negative:Lost of skilled young male needed, decline farming & services & reduce BR in rural.-Social problem integration foreign language & custom-New skill little use in Turkey-Family life break down.

S. East Regions:Positive:1. provide cheap labour

Negative:1. shanty town with lack basic amenities.2. shortage schools, hospitals & other services3. shortage of jobs & low pay-lead informal sector (low edu, skill)4. social problems; family breakdown, crime & delinquency.5. high level diseases (malaria, dengue)

When they returned; they have little or no food, water, road, houses or schools. But they are reunited with their families and started rebuild homes and lives. Government accepted Western aid to help build infrastructure. UNHCR aid help put in place project to spend $100 million to buy food, seeds, tools and building materials to construct and repair wells, roads, schools and health centres. (50% of project successful) They also cleared land mines left after civil war ended. But Mozambique remain one of the poorest countries in the world and since end of war disaster occurs such as severe flood 1997 and 2000 caused loss of life & major displacement of people as well as ruin crops.

* Read barrier to migration.

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