Mineral Vocabulary

• Luster• Mohs hardness scale• Mineralogist• Streak• Fluorescence• Density• Refraction

• Cleavage• Inorganic• Mineral• Silicate mineral• Non-silicate mineral• Crystal• Hardness• Rock forming mineral

Minerals (Chpt.5)Objectives:• Classify the characteristics of a mineral• Distinguish between the two classes of minerals.

• Identify common physical properties used to I.D. minerals.

Minerals (Chpt.5)

• Identify 4 characteristics used to classify some rocks as minerals?

• Identify and distinguish between the two main classes of minerals.

What is a Mineral?• Natural, inorganic, crystalline solid that has a

definite chemical composition. .

• Natural: NOT manufactured or man-made

• Inorganic: NOT composed of carbon atoms; usually means not composed of living matter or the remains of living matter.

• Crystalline solid: atoms (solid state) arrange in a repeated pattern. (distinct shapes)

• Definite chemical make-up: chemical make-up is always the same for the mineral.

Mineral statistics

• More than 4,000 known minerals

• 8 elements make-up 98.5% of the crust

Oxygen Silicon

AluminumIron

Calcium Sodium

Potassium Magnesium

Classification of Minerals

• Minerals are classified into two main groups based on their chemical make-up.

• Identify and distinguish between the two main groups of minerals. (chpt. 5)

Minerals (5/6)Infinite Campus Update:• Volcano Quiz(27pts.)-missing if not turned in.• Volcano Exam (44pts.)• Supervolcano summary from article (10pts.)• Volcano Text qts. (5pts.)• Volcano Review Sheet (10pts.)

Objectives:• Review characteristics and classes of minerals• Identify and discuss physical properties of

minerals.

Homework: Mineral Worksheet

Minerals (Chpt.5)

• Identify 4 characteristics used to classify some rocks as minerals?

• Identify and distinguish between the two main classes of minerals.

Classification of Minerals

• Minerals are classified into two main groups based on chemical composition:

1. Silicate Minerals

2. Non-Silicate Minerals

Composition of Minerals

A. Silicate Minerals– All contain silicon (Si) and oxygen (O)

atoms. – Most contain at least one other element.– Make-up 96% of the Earth’s crust– 50% of the crust is made of Feldspar &

Quartz– Feldspar are the most common

Common Feldspar (compounds composed of Si, Al, and O atoms)

AlbiteOligoclase

Orthoclase Anorthite

Quartz (compounds composed of Si and O atoms)

Rose Quartz

Smokey QuartzMilky Quartz

Chalcedony

Phosphate Class(compounds composed of Si, P, O atoms)

Apatite Turquoise

Anapaite

Other SilicatesOlivine Topaz

Leucite Biotite

Non-silicate Minerals:

• Does not contain Silicon (Si) or Oxygen (O).

• Composed of 4% of the Earth’s crust

• Classified into 6 groups

Native Elements class

• Composition: Atoms of the same element.

• They are simple in structure. (atoms)

• Metallic properties.

• Located on the Periodic Table.

Gold Copper

Silver Lead

Oxides Classcompounds composed of O and metal ions

• Large diversity of color to black

• Contain a large quantity of oxygen

• Metallic and nonmetallic minerals

Sulfides(compounds composed of S and metal ion)

Galena compound:Pb and Smine-engineer.com

Stibnitecompound: Sb and Sgalleries.com

Identifying Minerals• Who studies minerals?

• Physical and chemical characteristics used to identify minerals:

• Common Physical Characteristics– Color Density– Luster Fluorescence – Streak Hardness– Cleavage and FractureMagnetism– Refraction Crystal Shape

• Some have very bright colors

• Dependent upon the elements making up the mineral.

• Not a reliable I.D., because some minerals can have the same color.

Color of Minerals

Minerals Colors• Example of elements that can give minerals

their unique colors.

green = barium

reds = strontium

blues = copper

yellows = sodium

• These are common metals used in fireworks.

http://www.123rf.com/photo_9719116_vector-fireworks.html

Streak

• Color of the mineral in its powdered form

• Observe this by rubbing a mineral against an unglazed piece of ceramic tile.

STREAK

Luster

• Light reflected from the surface of a mineral

• Will metals or non-metals have better luster?

Cleavage vs. Fracture

Cleavage:

• Splits easily along a flat plane surface.

• It’s related to the mineral’s chemical make-up and arrangement.

Fracture:

• Breaks or fractures at random places on the mineral.

Cleavage vs. Fracture

http://earthsci.org/mineral/rockmin/mineral/mineral_i_d.htmlgeology.csupomona.edu

Crystalline Shapes

Earth Science (5/7)Objectives:

• Identify and discuss physical properties of minerals.

• Apply physical properties to several minerals in the lab.

• Set-up borax solution for crystallization.

Density

• mass to volume ratio of a substance

• Minerals can have different densities.

• A mineral’s density is due to its chemical make-up.

• Very useful measurement for I.D. a crystal.

Specific Gravity• Compares the mineral’s density with water’s density. • Ratio of the mineral’s density vs. water’s density.

Ex. Talc density = 1.75g/cm3

H2O density = 1g/cm3

Determine if the mineral would sink or float if it had the following specific gravities.

• Specific Gravity > 1 • Specific Gravity <1 • Specific Gravity = 1

Fluorescence

• The light from ultraviolet lamps reacts with some mineral’s chemical make-up and causes the mineral to glow.

Fluorite under UV light

PhosphorescenceSome minerals will continue to glow after the ultraviolet light has been turned off.

Refraction

• The bending of light by minerals.

Magnetism

• Some minerals have a positive or negative attraction toward magnets.

Hardness

• Ability of a mineral to resist scratching.

• Use Moh’s Hardness Scale to determine hardness of a mineral.

• Scale Range: 1 softest – 10 hardest

Examples of Moh’s Scale

– your fingernail has a hardness of 2.5

– a penny has a hardness of about 3.5

– glass and a steel nail have nearly equal

hardnesses of 5.5

– a streak plate has a hardness of 6.5.

Minerals on Moh’s Scale

– 1 = Talc – 2 = Gypsum – 3 = Calcite – 4 = Fluorite – 5 = Apatite (fluorapatite) – 6 = Orthoclase – 7 = Quartz – 8 = Topaz – 9 = Corundum – 10 = Diamond

Earth Science (5/8)

Objectives:

• Analyze crystal structures in the lab.

• Research applications of minerals on the internet.

Earth Science (5/9)Infinite Campus Update:

• Physical Properties Lab (20pts.)

• Minerals Worksheets (15pts.)-due today

Objectives:

• Mineral Quiz-open notes

• Research mineral application –library

• Introduction to Pterology

What are applications of minerals?

Uses of Minerals

• art• Jewelry (gems)• money• tools• fertilizer• fireworks• quartz• gypsum

Fireworks!

visitvortex.com

• The specific colors produced by fireworks are produced by specific minerals.

Examples:

green = barium

reds = strontium

blues = copper

yellows = sodium

gold = hemotite (iron)

Month Birthstone

January Garnet

February Amethyst

March Aquamarine

April Diamond

May Emerald

June Pearl

July Ruby

August Peridot

September Sapphire

October Opal

November Topaz

December Turquoise

 

turquoise

Gemstone distribution