minerals
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Minerals. Minerals. Minerals are naturally occurring, solid, crystalline, inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition. Minerals. Minerals might be made of one element, such as: Gold Silver Copper Diamond. Minerals. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Minerals
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Minerals
• Minerals are naturally occurring, solid, crystalline, inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition.
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Minerals
• Minerals might be made of one element, such as:– Gold– Silver– Copper– Diamond
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Minerals
• …but most minerals are made of more than one element combined together:– Ruby = Al2O3 + Cr
– Emerald = Be3Al2(SiO3)6
– Feldspar = KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8
– Sapphire = Al2O3 + V, Ti, or Fe (for purple, white, or yellow/green)
– Halite = NaCl
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Minerals
• Most minerals end in the word “ite” to identify it as a mineral.– Malechite– Hematite– Magnetite– Pyrite– Halite– Graphite– Wolframite
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Minerals
• There are about 3700 different types of minerals on the earth that we know of, and about 100 new minerals are discovered each year.
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Minerals
• The most common minerals on earth are:– Quartz (most common
on Earth’s surface)– Feldspar (most common,
in crust, but is a combination of several different types of minerals.)
– Olivine (Most common in the mantle)
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Minerals
• The most rare minerals in the Earth are:– PAINITE (18 exist)– SERENDIBITE– POUDRETTEITE– GRANDIDIERITE– JEREMEJEVITE– RED BERYL– TAAFFEITE– BENITOITE
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Birthstones
• Most birth “stones” are actually minerals.
• Some months have a birthstone and a birth gemstone because not all minerals work well for jewelry
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Mineral properties
• Minerals are identified by the properties that they have.
• Just like each element has it’s own set of properties that help identify it, each mineral has it’s own properties.
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Minerals - properties• Luster tells how well a
mineral reflects light.• A minerals luster might
be:– Metallic (shiny like a metal)– Nonmetallic (not very
shiny)• Waxy• Vitreous (glassy)• Pearly• Oily• Adamantine (brilliant like
diamond)
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Minerals - properties
• Hardness describes how hard it is to scratch the mineral.
• The Moh’s hardness scale is used to find the hardness of a mineral.
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Minerals - properties
• Cleavage describes how the mineral breaks. (Does it break along certain planes?)
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Minerals - properties
• Color is important in identifying most minerals.
Ruby Sapphire
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Minerals - properties
• But color can be deceptive
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Minerals - properties
• Streak is the color that the mineral is when it is a powder.
• A streak plate is used to find a minerals streak color.
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Minerals - properties• Other properties that
might be used to identify minerals include:– Magnetism (tiny bits of
magnetite in migrating birds)
– Reaction with certain chemicals
– Smell– Taste– Flourescence– Crystal structure
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Minerals Rocks
• Minerals combine to form rocks
• Mineral + mineral = rock
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Rocks
• Rocks don’t have a definite chemical composition like minerals do because they’re made of lots of “pieces” of different minerals all hooked together.
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Rocks
• There are 3 main types of rocks:– Sedimentary– Igneous– Metamorphic