minerals. chemical composition of the crust n oxygen most abundant- 46.6% n followed by silicon and...
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MINERALS
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Chemical composition of the Crust Oxygen most abundant- 46.6% Followed by silicon and aluminum Iron, Calcium, Sodium,
Potassium, Magnesium The most common minerals will
be composed mostly of these elements
Silica & silicates
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MINERAL vs. ROCK ROCK
An aggregate of one or more MINERALS (usually- coal, organic)
MINERAL Solid Crystalline- orderly arrangement of atoms Naturally occurring Inorganic Definite chemical composition
e.g. SiO2 for quartz; KAlSi3O8 for feldspar
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Atom & Elements Atoms
Neutral Nucleus
Proton, neutron Electron
Ions Electrical Charge
Molecule- e.g. water molecule
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Chemical activity Stable atoms want
positive & negative charges balanced electron shells full
Ions- positive (Cations) and negative (Anions) Bonding
Ionic Covalent Metallic Van der Waal’s
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Element
Atomic number Number of PROTONS
Isotope Differing number of
NEUTRONS Atomic weight
Mass of PROTONS and NEUTRONS
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Crystallinity 3 dimensional orderliness of atoms Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron Silicate structures
Single- e.g. olivine Chain
Single chain- pyroxene Double chain- amphibole
Sheet- e.g. mica, clay Framework- e.g. quartz, feldspar
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MINERALS
Crystalline solids Natural and Inorganic Substances Definite chemical composition
Can be written as a chemical formula
Solid solution (within a range)
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Important Minerals
Quartz (most abundant) FELDSPAR Group
Potassium Feldspar - Orthoclase Plagioclase Feldspar
Sodium (Na) Albite Calcium (Ca) Anorthosite
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Important Minerals
PYROXENE Group- Augite most common
AMPHIBOLE Group- Hornblende most common
MICA Group- Si + O in sheets Biotite Muscovite
CALCITE- CaCO3
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Properties of Minerals Color
Not always reliable (Olivine, green; Flourite, yellow, purple, green…)
Ferromagnesian minerals green or black Streak- powdered form Luster- reflectance of light
Metallic Nonmetallic
Vitreous or Glassy Earthy
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Properties of Minerals Hardness- resistance to scratching Moh’s Hardness Scale
Fingernail = 2.5 Penny = 3.5 Knife/Glass = 5.5 Streak Plate= 6.5
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Properties of Minerals
Cleavage Quality (poor, good, perfect) Number of directions
One- e.g. Mica Two at right angles- e.g. Feldspar, Pyroxene Two not at right angles- e.g. Amphibole Three at right angles (cubic)- e.g. Halite Three not at right angles (rhombohedral)- e.g.
calcite Four (Flourite) or six (Sphalerite)- not common
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Properties of Minerals
Fracture Absence of cleavage Irregular fracture Conchoidal fracture- Quartz
Density Specific Gravity
Some unusual properties Striations, Magnetism, Taste, Odor, Double
refraction
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Chemical tests
Reaction with HCl Calcite effervesces
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Mineral Groups
Silicates Carbonates Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Native Elements Halides
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Silicates
Quartz Feldspar
Plagioclase Orthoclase
Micas Muscovite Biotite
Amphibole (Hornblende) Pyroxene (Augite) Olivine
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Carbonates
Calcite (calcium carbonate) Dolomite (calcium-magnesium
carbonate) Both are used as Portland Cement
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Oxides
Hematite (iron oxide) Iron ore, pigment
Magnetite Iron ore
Corundum (aluminum oxide) Sapphire, ruby (gemstone) Abrasive
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Sulfides
Galena (Lead sulfide) Lead ore
Sphalerite Zinc sulfide) Zinc ore
Pyrite (Iron sulfide) Sulfuric acid
Chalcopyrite (Copper Iron sulfide) Copper ore
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Sulfates
Gypsum Anhydrite Both use in plaster
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Native Elements
Gold- trade, instruments Silver- photography, conductors Copper- electrical Platinum- catalysts Sulfur- chemicals, pharmaceuticals Diamond- carbon
Gemstone, abrasive Graphite- carbon
Lubricant, pencils
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Minerals as Resources
Reserves: Minerals that can be extracted at a profit under current economic and technological conditions
Ores: metallic minerals Industrial Rocks or Minerals: non
metallic minerals (phosphate) Aggregates: crushed rock
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ROCK CYCLE
Equilibrium Interrelationships between
igneous rocks sediment sedimentary rocks metamorphic rocks weathering and erosion
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