minerals1 complete to be taught
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Minerals
Dr. Betty J. Larson, LRD, FADA
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Objectives
• Identify the essential minerals for human nutrition
• Identify the function of each mineral in human nutrition.
• Identify the significant sources for each mineral.
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Minerals in Human Nutrition
• When we list a mineral as a required nutrient it is the pure element rather than an organic compound like we discussed in the vitamin unit.
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Characteristics of the Minerals
• It is the element that is essential rather than an organic compound as we examined in the vitamin unit.
• Minerals perform vital functions– Enzymes– Body compounds– Electrolytes– Growth and development
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• Deficiency symptoms develop when minerals are not available in the diet.
• They are required in very small amounts.• Quantity of a mineral in the body is controlled by:
– Amount absorbed– Amount excreted– Skin loss
• Greater quantities of minerals in foods of animal origin.• Bioavailability
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• Minerals are classified as macromineral or major minerals if the requirement is 100 mg or more.
• Minerals are classified as microminerals or trace minerals if the requirement is less than 100 mg.
• There is a safe range of intake for the minerals just like for the vitamins.
• Minerals interact with each other and with vitamins.
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What minerals are you aware of as nutrients and what do you
know about them?
What minerals do you want to learn more about?
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Minerals in Human Nutrition
• Calcium• Phosphorus• Magnesium• Sulfur• Chloride• Sodium• Potassium• Iron
• Iodine• Zinc• Copper• Selenium• Fluoride• Chromium• Molybdenum• Cobalt
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Minerals in Human Nutrition
• Nickel• Vanadium• Arsenic• Boron
• Possibly also:– Lithium
– Silicon
– Tin
– Cadmium
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Quantity of minerals in an average 70 kg human
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200Calcium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Potassium
Sodium
Chloride
Magnesium Iron
Copper
Iodide
Manganese
Grams
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Percent of body weight for specific minerals
• Calcium 1.5-2.2• Phosphorus.8-1.2• Potassium .35• Sulfur .25• Sodium .15• Chloride .05• Magnesium.05• Iron .004
• Manganese .0003• Copper .00015• Iodide .00004
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Mineral Function• Minerals that are involved in Acid-Base Balance
Acid Base
Chloride Sodium
Sulfur Potassium
Phosphorus Magnesium
Calcium
• Acid Foods Base Foods Neutral Foods
Meats Fruits Milk Fats
Eggs Vegetables Sugar Oils
Cereals Nuts Starch
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Minerals that become part of our body compounds
• Iodine• Iron• Chlorine• Copper• Molybdenum• Zinc
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Minerals required for transmission of nerve impulses
• Sodium• Potassium• Calcium
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Maintenance of Fluid Balance
• Sodium• Potasssium
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Minerals that are required for muscle contraction
• Potassium• Sodium• Calcium• Magnesium
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Minerals that are required for growth
• Calcium• Phosphorus• Magnesium• Iron
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Phosphorus• Functions
– All biological reactions require ATP– Phospholipid component of cell membranes– Important in pH regulation– Essential compounds such as phospholipids
• Sources: protein foods, phytates, additives, SODA
• Toxicity: An issue with renal patients
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Phosphorus
• Calcium and Phosphorus should appear in the diet in a ratio of 2:1 for optimal absorption of calcium. Since we have a high soda intake our current ratio is calcium to phosphorus of 1:1.6
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Magnesium• Function
– Catalyst in biological reactions where energy is expended to facilitate the transfer of phosphorus
– Create environment for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
– Over 300 enzyme reactions.
Sources: green foods, vegetableslegumes, seafood, nuts, cereals.
Deficiency: Possible for clients ondiuretics due to losses.
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Sulfur
• Found in every cell• Amino Acids:
cysteine, methionine• Function:
metabolism, blood clots, transfer energy, part of vitamins, detoxify, collagen synthesis.
FDA restrictions onsulfur due to allergies.
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Iodine• Minute Amount
required (1 microg/kg)• 3/4 of iodide in the
body is in the thyroid• Thyroxin
– Regulator of growth and development
– Synthesis of protein
– Synthesis of cholesterol
– Conversion of carotene
Deficiency: Goiter, Cretin
Evaluation of Iodine Status:
MyxedemaGrave’s Disease
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Sources of Iodine in the Adult Diet
0
10
20
30
40
50
60Dairy
Meat
Beverages
Oils
Potatoes
Miscellaneous
Percent
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Copper as a Mineral• Function: (Enzymes)
– Aid iron absorption– Stimulate synthesis of heme– Release stored iron– Synthesis of phospholipids– Ctochrome oxidase– Tyrosine to melanin (albinism)
• Deficiency: Menke’s Kinky Hair Syndrome, microcytic anemia
• Toxicity: Wilson’s Disease
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Sources of Copper
> 8 ppm 2-8 ppm < 2 ppm Liver Shell Fish Nuts Cocoa Cherries Mushrooms Whole-Grain Cereals Gelatin
Leafy Veg Eggs Meat Fish Poultry Peas/Beans Refined Cereals
Milk Butter Cheese Sugar Fresh Fruits/Veg
> 8 ppm 2-8 ppm < 2 ppm
Liver Leafy Vegetables MilkShellfish Eggs ButterNuts Meat CheeseCocoa Fish SugarCherries Poultry Fresh Fruits/Mushrooms Peas/Beans VegetablesWhole-Grain Cereals Refined CerealsGelatin
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Chromium• Essential Mineral
• Important in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
• Important in blood glucose maintenance
• Part of glucose tolerance factor that enhances insulin action
• Sources: Unrefined food, liver, whole grains, nuts, cheese
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Chloride
• Part of HCL in the stomach
• Significant for conduction of nerve impulses
• Source is table salt
• Clients with prolonged vomiting show unusual chloride and other electrolyte levels.
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Potassium
• Functions:– Catalyst– Osmotic Pressure– Maintain acid-base balance– Transmit nerve impulses– Muscle relaxant
Deficiency occurs in diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics
Sources: Potatoes, bananas, orange juice
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Selenium
Selenium is a cofactor for activity of glutathione peroxidase. It therefore reduces the need for Vitamin E.
Free Radical Harmless Glutathione Peroxidase Alcohol + water
Cell Damage
Vitamin E Neutralizes FreeRadicalX
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Selenium Content of Food
• Dietary Intake in Microgram/day
– New York 46
– Iowa 278
– Nebraska 313
– South Dakota 521
• Content of Pork Muscle in Microgram/Day
125
800
1140
1700
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Manganese
• Necessary for normal skeletal and connective tissue development
• Acts as a catalyst or as part of enzymes
• Estimated requirement 2.5-5 mg.
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Fluoride
• CA OH CA
• CA FL CA
• Modal Teeth