minimized wastages in construction project
DESCRIPTION
MINIMIZED WASTAGES IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT. PRESENTED BY IR. SUYANTO HJ. OSMAN. BRICKS. CEMENT. WOOD. REBAR. SAND. INDISCRIMINATE DUMPING. INDISCRIMINATE DUMPING. INDISCRIMINATE DUMPING. WHAT IS ‘WASTAGE’. Something that is wasted; waste or waste materials. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
MINIMIZED MINIMIZED WASTAGES IN WASTAGES IN
CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION PROJECTPROJECT
PRESENTED BY PRESENTED BY
IR. SUYANTO HJ. IR. SUYANTO HJ. OSMANOSMAN
BRICKS
CEMENT
WOOD
REBAR
SAND
INDISCRIMINATE DUMPING
INDISCRIMINATE DUMPING
INDISCRIMINATE DUMPING
WHAT ISWHAT IS ‘WASTAGE‘WASTAGE’’
Something that is wasted; waste or
waste materials.
What is construction waste?
Construction WasteWaste generated by
design activitiesWaste generated by
construction activities
Drylining: cutting of plasterboard sheets and metal studs to fit wall heights and openings
Flooring: cuttings of floor tiles to fit room layouts Ceilings: cuttings of ceiling tiles and fixings to fit room layouts Insulation: cutting of insulation boards to fit openings Tiling: cutting of floor and wall tiles to suit design and room shapes Paving: cutting of paving slabs to fit layout Brickwork and blockwork: cuttings of bricks and blocks to suit
building dimensions and building services
Construction WasteWaste generated by design activities
Inaccurate or surplus ordering of materials that don’t get used Damage through transportation and handling errors Damage through inadequate storage Damage generated by poor co-ordination with other trades Rework due to low quality of work Inefficient use of materials Temporary works materials (e.g. formwork, hoarding etc)
Construction WasteWaste generated by construction activities
Construction Waste Facts(UK Statistics)
Recent research indicates that about 5-10% of building materials end up as waste on building sites.
2.5 to 4 tons — about 1.5 to 2.5 kg per square foot — of waste is created during the construction of a typical home.
Most construction waste currently goes into landfills, increasing the burden on landfill loading and operation.(In Malaysia, most construction waste goes into illegal dumping site)
Construction Waste Facts(UK statistics)
Consists mainly of :
lumber and manufactured wood products
35 %
drywall 15 %
masonry materials 12 %
cardboard 10 %
roofing materials, metals, plaster, plastics, foam, insulation, textiles, glass and packaging
28 %
The process of buying materials A ‘waste allowance’ is generally included within the order to
account for design waste and construction process waste.
Often generic and not project specific and as such run a risk of being inaccurate.
Leads to either the order of a surplus of materials or a materials shortfall.
Little evidence exists on the practice of reconciliation between materials ordered and materials used, therefore limiting the information available on contractors’ knowledge of their own efficiency levels.
Typical Malaysian Contractor’s Material Wastage Allowance
Material Wastage Allowance
Concrete 7%
Rebar up to 16mm 8%
Rebar more than 16mm 15%
BMC 15%
Formwork 12%
Cement screed 30%
Red bricks wall 12%
Metal roofing 5%
Tiling 8%
The true cost of waste
Purchase Cost of the delivered
materials wasted
Cost of waste storage,
transport, treatment and
disposal
Loss of not selling waste for salvage or not recycling+ +
Cost of waste usually included in the project tender price. Contractors often underestimate the real cost of waste. Clients often end up paying for new materials that simply get
thrown away.
WHY BOTHER?
An effective effort in minimizing wastage in construction can:
1. Make significant savings to the client, contractors and the environment
2. Divert a high percentage of all construction waste materials from the landfill and recycled into new products.
Conventional Construction Structure
Client
Main Contractor
Sub Contractor
Sub Contractor
Financial Benefits to clients and contractors
Clients end up paying for material wastage.
By reducing wastage, a reduced cost for the project can be achieved.
Cost saving may be shared by main contractors, sub contractors and clients
Financial Benefits to sub contractors
Minimized wastage
= total saving
or
increased profit.
Drop in tender prices
=
Commercially
Competitive
advantage.
Environmental benefits
Reduced waste =
less landfill space used
reduced environmental impacts
Recycled packaging and waste
=
reduced demand for virgin materials
stimulate demand for recycled materials amongst product manufacturers
Recycled
Materials
10 tonnes
Virgin
Materials
90 tonnes
Recycled
Content
10%
Many products contain recycled material.
Recommended minimum target 10% recycled content
Materials
Purchased
100 tonnes
Let’s assume that 20% of the materials purchased for this project will be wasted.
Materials
Used In
Project
80 tonnes
Materials
wasted
20 tonnes
Let’s now look at what happens to the waste that has been generated.
Wastage rate
20%
Waste Destinations
Reused on site:
Recovered off site:
Sent to landfill:
There are often opportunities to reuse some waste materials on-site.
This waste can then be included in the project instead of being disposed of in skips.
Waste Destinations
Reused on site:5%
Recovered off site:
Sent to landfill:
Let’s say that you are able to recover 50% of the offsite.
Recovered
Offsite
10 tonnes
Waste Destinations
Reused on site:5%
Recovered off site:50%
Sent to landfill:
Only 45% of the waste would be sent to landfill.
Sent to
landfill
9 tonnes
Waste Destinations
Reused on site:5%
Recovered off site:50%
Sent to landfill:45%
By setting waste reduction actions, you can reduce the amount of waste that is generated by your project. This is the first step in
reducing the amount of waste sent to landfill.
Materials
wasted
10 tonnes
Materials
Reused
Onsite
1 tonne
Materials
Reused
Onsite
0.5 tonne
Recovered
Offsite
5 tonnes
Sent to
landfill
4.5 tonnes
Once the amount of waste generated has been reduced, actions can be set to recover MORE of the wasted materials, sending LESS
to landfill.
Recovered
Offsite
7 tonnes
Sent to
landfill
2.5 tonnes
Waste Destinations
Reused on site:5%
Recovered off site:70%
Sent to landfill:25%
Wastage rate
10%
Materials
Used In
Project
90 tonnes
1.1. DESIGNDESIGN Design Changes.Design Changes. Failure to use standard Failure to use standard
production item or standard production item or standard size componentsize component
Lack of Lack of design information/delayed design information/delayed
instruction instruction Lack of dimension Lack of dimension
coordination. coordination. No consideration on Value No consideration on Value
Management. Management.
CAUSES OF CAUSES OF CONSTRUCTION WASTAGECONSTRUCTION WASTAGE
2.2. WASTAGE DURING WASTAGE DURING CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION
PurchasingPurchasing Material Transportation Material Transportation
and deliveryand delivery Storage problemsStorage problems Practical wastePractical waste Handling and Fixing WasteHandling and Fixing Waste Faulty or poor Faulty or poor
workmanshipworkmanship Vandalism and Theft Vandalism and Theft
CAUSES OF CAUSES OF Cont…..CONSTRUCTION WASTAGECont…..CONSTRUCTION WASTAGE
EXAMPLES OF CAUSES
Causes of Wastage on Site Examples
Lack of a quality managementsystem aimed at wastageminimization
e.g. no waste managementplan
Untidy construction sites e.g. waste materials are notsegregated from useful materials
Poor handling e.g. breakage, damage, lossesOver-sized foundations andother elements
e.g. over design leads to excessexcavation and cut-offs
Inadequate protection tofinished work
e.g. finished concrete staircasesare not protected by boardingS
ite
Man
agem
ent
and
Pra
ctic
es
Causes of Wastage on Site Examples
Limited visibility on siteresulting in damage
e.g. inadequate lighting in coveredstorage area
Poor storage e.g. pallet is not used to protectcement bags from contaminationby ground water
Wrong construction method/Wrong construction method/ Unskilled personalUnskilled personal
e.g. poor workmanship ofFormwork
Waste generation inherited with traditional construction method
e.g. timber formwork, wet trade
Sit
e M
anag
emen
t an
d P
ract
ices
EXAMPLES OF CAUSES
Del
iver
y of
pro
du
cts
Causes of Wastage on Site Examples
Over-ordering e.g. over ordering of concretebecomes waste
Method of packaging e.g. inadequate protection to thematerials
Method of transport e.g. materials drop from forklift
Inadequate data regarding timeand method of delivery
e.g. lack of records concerningmaterials delivery
EXAMPLES OF CAUSES
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF MINIMIZING WASTAGE IN MINIMIZING WASTAGE IN
CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION
Wastage will have direct impact on Time, Wastage will have direct impact on Time, Cost and Quality of a construction project Cost and Quality of a construction project
TIMETIME
QUALITQUALITYY
COSTCOST
WASTAGWASTAGEE
HOW TO EFFECTIVELY HOW TO EFFECTIVELY MINIMIZE WASTAGEMINIMIZE WASTAGE
Attitude toward Minimizing wastageAttitude toward Minimizing wastage
Design to prevent waste Design to prevent waste
Use of prefabrication construction Use of prefabrication construction method instead of conventional method instead of conventional method. method.
Material procurement and handling Material procurement and handling
Adapting a Site Waste Adapting a Site Waste Management PlanManagement Plan
Who should take action to reduce construction waste?
A shared responsibility between all parties:
The ClientThe Client The DesignerThe Designer The ContractorThe Contractor The Sub contractor and SupplierThe Sub contractor and Supplier The WorkersThe Workers
Contractors and sub contractors, cannot work in isolation.
Leadership is required from clients.
Design To Prevent Waste Examples:
Optimize designed dimensions to correspond to standard product dimensions.
Modify framing details to optimize lumber use and reduce waste and costs when ordering.
Order drywall in optimal dimensions to minimize cut-off waste. Drywall is available in different lengths, and designed dimensions should correspond to standard sizes.
Minimize the number of blueprints and reproductions necessary during the design and construction.
Evaluate if salvaging used products is possible.
TradeTradeAverage wastage LevelAverage wastage Level
(in percentage)(in percentage)Waste Waste
ReductionReduction% of % of
ReductionReduction
ConventionalConventional
(A)(A)PrefabPrefab
(B)(B)(C=A-B)(C=A-B) C/A %C/A %
ConcretingConcreting 3.783.78 1.001.00 2.782.78 73.5173.51
Rebar FixingRebar Fixing 4.334.33 1.001.00 3.333.33 76.8876.88
BricklayingBricklaying 5.505.50 0.000.00 5.505.50 100100
PlasteringPlastering 6.836.83 0.000.00 6.836.83 100100
TilingTiling 7.207.20 3.003.00 4.204.20 58.3358.33
Source : Comparing material wastage level between conventional in-situ and prefabrication construction on 30 construction projects ; Hong Kong Universities
COMPARISON WASTAGE LEVEL OF MAJOR MATERIAL USED COMPARISON WASTAGE LEVEL OF MAJOR MATERIAL USED ON SITE BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL & PREFAB ON SITE BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL & PREFAB
CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION
Avoid excessively packaged materials and supplies. Packaging should be adequate to prevent damage and waste.
Minimize waste of vinyl siding, flooring and countertop materials by ordering only the quantity needed in building specific lengths.
Evaluate estimating procedures to make sure that excess material is not delivered to the site.
Purchase To Prevent Waste
Adopt a robust system that enables the production of accurate estimates of material requirements at the start of a project that links to real waste figures on completion.
The solution
A best practice approach to waste reduction
Clients sets targets for waste
Planning
Main contractor prepares Site
Waste Management
Plan
Sub contractor estimates waste
Quantitative Estimate
Qualitative Checklist
Main contractors and
sub-contractors review waste and
take action to minimise and
manage waste
Implementation
Main contractor requests final waste
information from sub contractors
Review
Sub contractors complete waste
information questionnaires
Main contractor coordinates data and feeds back to client
Quantitative Record
Qualitative Checklist
Share lessons learned
Promote innovation
Raise awareness
Demonstrate better financial
and environmental
results
Improvement
1 2 3 4
A Site Waste Management Plan contains the following key features:
waste targets as set by client,
an estimate of the waste to be generated on site,
actions to reduce waste, and
actions to avoid waste going to landfill
Q
Client sets targets for waste
Planning
Main contractor prepares Site Waste Management Plan
Sub contractor estimates waste
Quantitative Estimate
Qualitative Checklist
Best Practices
Appoint a Site Waste Manager responsible to ensure that appropriate storage
conditions are available keep a record of all materials
brought to site Site Waste Manager to ensure materials
are supplied in an appropriate manner, and in the correct quantity
Site Waste Manager monitor costs/volumes of disposal
The Site Waste Manager to determine KPI’s on this basis
Sub contractors appoint a Trade Waste Manager
Main contractors and
sub-contractors review waste and
take action to minimise and
manage waste
Implementation
Reviewing data and providing feedback can have real benefits, such as:
Assess effectiveness of the waste minimization and management strategy.
Learn what works and doesn’t work in reducing waste
Identify exactly how efficient main contractors and sub contractors were on the project – in turn enabling them to understand how wasteful they were
Main contractors can see which trades contributed what quantity of materials to the waste stream and why – enabling them to prepare better waste estimates in the future
Capture any relevant data for future reference and use.
Q
Main contractor requests final waste information from sub
contractors
Review
Sub contractors complete waste
information questionnaires
Main contractor coordinates data and feeds back to client
Quantitative Record
Qualitative Checklist
Share lessons learned
Promote innovation
Raise awareness
Demonstrate better financial and
environmental results
Improvement
Appoint A Site Waste Manager
While all people involved should be encouraged to contribute their ideas and suggestions on ways to minimize waste, one person (or the Environmental, Health and Safety Manager) should act as the Site Waste Manager, responsible for overseeing the management of construction wastes.
This person will be responsible for managing waste reduction initiatives and coordinating the activities of other employees.
Key role of a site waste manager ….
Ensure that all relevant legislation and the contractor’s duty of care is complied with.
Initiate waste reduction, reuse and recycling. Ensure all site personnel know their responsibilities for site waste
management. Co-ordinate waste management on site, gather data about waste on site,
keep accurate records on waste movement on and off site. Ensure that all waste storage areas and containers are properly labelled
to show site workers where to deposit specific materials. Be aware of the construction activities currently taking place on site and
the activities planned in the short term.
Conduct a survey of wastes likely to be generated on site and keep a record of them for planning ahead.
Whenever possible, ensure the re-use or recycling of material already on site before it is carted away or new materials are imported.
Obtain a list of potential buyers or collectors of materials to be re-used or recycled.
Encourage all site personnel to use their initiative in coming up with ideas of how to reduce, reuse and recycle wastes.
Inform designers so that waste can be reused and recycled on site or on another site.
Key role of a site waste manager
Managing Subcontractors
• Use a system of allowable waste percentages. In the early pre-work agreements the site manager decides how much waste is acceptable, and agrees a percentage with the subcontractor.
If they waste more than the agreed amount, they can be charged the extra costs.
This is a great incentive to reduce wastes by efficient use ofmaterials. The lower the allowable percentage, the more care people will take with materials.
Setting the right level is crucial.
• Make subcontractors responsible for both purchasing the raw materials they need, and disposing of any waste material from their activities. This will give them a direct financial incentive to use materials efficiently with the minimum of wastage.
• Make subcontractors aware of wastage and the costs involved in dealing with wastes.
• Hold regular meetings to discuss wastage on site.
Managing Subcontractors
INCENTIVES
If contractors or sub-contractors can demonstrate a willingness to support and engage in waste reduction measures and demonstrate that these have an effect on their waste, then they be identified as preferred bidders.
Policy and legislation Currently no regulatory obligation
in Malaysia to reduce and manage waste to good practice standards.
Hope this presentation will
increase the awareness for the need of public policy to achieve greater resource efficiency and reduce wastage in the construction industry.
Landfill Tax
The Landfill Tax in UK was introduced in 1996 to encourage all organisations, including those in the construction industry, to reduce the amount of waste disposed to landfill.
Mandatory requirement for Site Waste Management Plans (SWMPs)
It is expected that the use of SWMPs will become a mandatory requirement for many construction projects throughout the UK in the near future, the current position being summarised below.
OFFENCE GUILTY PARTY/PARTIES
PENALTY
Starting a project without a SWMP
Client and principal contractor A person guilty of any offence is
liable:
(a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding £20,000 or to imprisonment for three months, or to both, or
(b) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for two years, a fine, or both.
Where a body corporate is
guilty of an offence, proved
to be committed by a
qualified person, director,
manager, secretary or
someone acting in such
capacity he is guilty of an
offence as well as the body
corporate.
Failing to update a SWMP
when waste is removed from
the site
Principal contractor
(or client, if no principal
contractor)
Failing to make a SWMP
Available on site
Principal contractor
(or client, if no principal
contractor)
Failing to keep a SWMP for
two years from completion
Principal contractor
(or client, if no principal
contractor)
Failing to comply with
Additional duties
Client and/or principal
contractor as specified in the
Regulations
Making a false or misleading
statement in a SWMP
Client, person drafting the
plan or principal contractor
Failing to co-operate with, or
intentionally obstructing, an
Enforcing officer
Anyone responding to a
request or visit by an officer
OFFENCES AND TO WHOM (UK)
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Activities that minimize wastage, such as designing to standard sizes, reusing building materials, not only cut waste and recycling collection costs but also reduces materials' expenses.
Small changes to construction practices and extra attention to detail can add up to significant savings to the client, the contractor and the environment.
Everyone of us here has a role to play in bringing changes to our construction practice. Let us begin.