The Recycling potential of metals from MSW incineration residues

Mining the Technosphere

Potentials and Challenges, Drivers and Barriers

Vienna, 02.10.15

Deike, R.; Ulum, R.; Schubert, D.; Foppe, M.: University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg

Gellermann, C.; Lutz, S.: Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Würzburg

Institute of Engineering Metals

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Table of content

1. Introduction

2. Metal price changes

3. Is recycling always useful?

4. The recycling potential of metals from MSW bottom ash

5. What happens with iron an aluminium in MSW

incineration?

6. Summary

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Our world is in global structural change

„The old rule of thumb, that 80% of world’s mining production is

consumed by 20% of mankind in Europe, United States and Japan is

not correct any more ..…

…. A structural change has taken place and today 50% of world’s

mining production is consumed by 50% of mankind in the Peoples

Republic of China, India and other countries with larger populations

all over the world.“

Quelle: Wagner, M.; Huy, D.: Commodity Top News No.24, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 20.09.2005

1. Introduction

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Nach Daten der DERA: Deutschland Rohstoffsituation 2011, www.bgr.bund.de

Deike, R.; Ebert, D.; Schubert, D.; Ulum, R.; Warnecke, R.; Vogell, M.: Berliner Schlackenkonferenz, Berlin, 23.09.2013

Most important nations in raw material consumption in 2011

1. Introduction

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http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG

The development of GDP in China

Deike, R.: Resource efficiency against a background of changing international markets for industrial metals, Kendrion Symposium 2015, Rottweil 19.03.2015

1. Introduction

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Price changes of different metals from 2000-2015 (1.Q. 2000 = 100 %)

Nach Daten: LME

2. Metal price changes

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Following data of United States Geological Survey, www.usgs.gov; British Geological Survey, www.bgs.ac.uk, www.seltenerdmetalle24,

The global production of REE and the price development of Cerium and Lanthanum

Deike, R.: Resource efficiency against a background of changing international markets for industrial metals, Kendrion Symposium 2015, Rottweil 19.03.2015

2. Metal price changes

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Entropy development during production use and recycling

In Anlehnung an Esser, R.: Thermodynamische Aspekte der Abfallverwertung, AbfallwirtschaftsJournal, vol 4, pp.227-238, 1992

Deike, R.: Die zukünftige Bedeutung des Recyclings metallischer und oxidischer Reststoffe unter dem Aspekt veränderter globaler Rohstoffmärkte, in Rohstoffeffizienz und Rohstoffinnovationen (Hrsg. U.Teipel u. R.Schmidt), Fraunhofer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2011

3. Is recycling always useful?

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Stribrny, B.; Wagner, M.: Geowissenschaftliche Aspekte der Verfügbarkeit von Rohstoffen für die Stahlindustrie, Stahltag, Düsseldorf 10./11.11.2005

Content of elements in ores

3. Is recycling always useful?

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Morff, L.; Böni, D.; DiLorenzo, F.: 12. VDI Fachkonferenz Feuerung und Kessel, Köln, 12.06.13

Content of different metals in MSW-incineration bottom ash in relation to metals contents in natural ores

4. The recycling potential of metals from MSW bottom ash

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What is needed for a successful internal and external recycling process

Deike, R.: Urban Mining Kongress, Essen, 11.-12.06.2014

4. The recycling potential of metals from MSW bottom ash

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Different kinds of scrap separated with conventional technologies today

Warnecke, R.; Deike, R.; Ebert, D.; Vogell, M.: Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppe Abfallbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung, DECHEMA, Frankfurt, 20.02.13

4. The recycling potential of metals from MSW bottom ash

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Recycling potential of metals from mineral fraction

Deike, R.; Ebert, D.; Warnecke, R.; Vogell, M.: 24. VDI Fachkonferenz, Thermische Abfallbehandlung, Würzburg, 11.-12.10. 2012

4. The recycling potential of metals from MSW bottom ash

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Three dimensional microscopic photograph of a typical

iron oxide particle

Deike, R., Ebert, D.: VGB Workshop Produkte aus der thermischen Abfallverwertung, Bleicherode, 18.04.2012

5. What happens with iron and aluminium in MSW-incineration?

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Iron oxide

Mineral phase

Metallic Iron

Deike, R.; Ebert, D.; Warnecke, R.; Vogell, M.: Abschlussbericht zum Projekt Recyclingpotenziale bei Rückständen aus der Müllverbrennung, www.itad/.de

Reaction between iron oxide and mineral phases

5. What happens with iron and aluminium in MSW-incineration?

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Reduction of trace elements in mineral phases

with magnetic separation

5. What happens with iron and aluminium in MSW-incineration?

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Behaviour of Aluminium at about 900°C under normal atmosphere filmed with a high speed camera

Deike, R.; Ebert, D.; Schubert, D.; Ulum, R.; Warnecke, R.; Vogell, M.: Berliner Schlackenkonferenz, Berlin, 23.09.2013

5. What happens with iron and aluminium in MSW-incineration?

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Behaviour of Aluminium at about 900°C under normal atmosphere filmed with a high speed camera

5. What happens with iron and aluminium in MSW-incineration?

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XPS-measurement of an aluminium oxide layer on the surface of an aluminium lid heated up to 900°C

5. What happens with iron and aluminium in MSW-incineration?

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Selected Area 1 Selected Area 2 Selected Area 3 EDS Spot 1

SEM and EDS-measurement of an aluminium oxide layer on the surface of an aluminium lid heated up to 900°C

5. What happens with iron and aluminium in MSW-incineration?

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Selected Area 1 Selected Area 2 EDS Spot 1

SEM and EDS-measurement of an aluminium oxide layer on the surface of an aluminium lid heated up to 900°C

5. What happens with iron and aluminium in MSW-incineration?

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Selected Area 1

SEM and EDS-measurement of an aluminium oxide layer on the surface of an aluminium lid heated up to 900°C

5. What happens with iron and aluminium in MSW-incineration?

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Burning of a fish tin at high temperature

Holz auf rotglühender Oberfläche rund 850 °C; Gasphase im Flammenbereich rund 1.000 °C

Gewicht Gewicht bez. auf

"aus Spülmasch."

[g] [%]

Fisch-Dose:

Volle Dose 219 1152,6%

angegebene Einwaage 200 1052,6%

theoretisches "Metallgewicht" 19 100,0%

einfach entleert

gut entleert 69 363,2%

sauber entleert 37 194,7%

"ausgeleckt"

aus Spülmaschine, getrocknet 19 100,0%

nach Verbrennung 18 94,7%

Quelle: R.Warnecke

Deike, R. Ebert, D.; Schubert, D.; Ulum, R, Warnecke, R.; Vogell, M.: 12. VDI Fachkonferenz Feuerung und Kessel, Köln, 12.06.13

5. What happens with iron and aluminium in MSW-incineration?

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Metal content of a fine fraction of MSW bottom ash

Deike, R. Ebert, D.; Schubert, D.; Ulum, R, Warnecke, R.; Vogell, M.: 12. VDI Fachkonferenz Feuerung und Kessel, Köln, 12.06.13

5. What happens with iron and aluminium in MSW-incineration?

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Three dimensional microscopic photographs of different fractions after a magnetic separation

5. What happens with iron and aluminium in MSW-incineration?

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Summary • Our world is in a global structural change and metals prices are very

volatile and determined by Chinese demand.

• More recycling is necessary but must be profitable.

• In the fine fraction of MSW-bottom ash the

• copper content is as high as in poor copper ores,

• iron is totally oxidised,

• aluminium is protected by a very thin layer of aluminium oxide

• The recovery of metals is only economical, if the remaining mineral

phase has not to be landfilled.

6.Summary