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1 | P a g e Terms of reference for the Physiographic Study of Nzoia Watershed

MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION

KENYA WATER SECURITY AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE PROJECT-1

TERMS OF REFERENCE

PHYSIOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF NZOIA WATERSHED

MARCH 2016


1. Introduction and Context

The government has planned a large-scale water investment program to close the massive water

infrastructure gap that has been estimated at US$5–7 billion. This is to be supported by the establishment

of a strong and modern institutional and legal structure that aligns the water sector with the Constitution

of Kenya 2010 through a Water Bill reflecting the new devolution principles under discussion in

Parliament. Towards this end, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI) is undertaking an ambitious

agenda for the water sector through a long-term, transformational program aimed at building water

security and climate resilience for economic growth and social well-being. The Kenya Water Security

and Climate Resilience (KWSCR) program responds to this need. The overarching development

objective of the program is to improve water security and build climate resilience in Kenya.

A) The first phase of the program, Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project

(KWSCRP-1) was approved by the World Bank board on June 18, 2013 and declared effective on

October 24, 2013. The project development objectives of KWSCRP-1 are to: (i) increase availability and

productivity of irrigation water for project beneficiaries; and (ii) enhance the institutional framework and

strengthen capacity for water security and climate resilience for the country. KWSCRP-1 focuses on the

progressive development of a water investment pipeline, integrated and participatory basin planning, and

technical assistance to the evolving water sector institutions and sector reforms at a critical period of

constitutional and political transition.

The project has three inter-related components supporting the project development objective: (i) water

resources development; (ii) effective water sector institutions; and (iii) support for project

implementation.

Under the support to Effective Water Sector Institutions is the sub-component on Strengthening

Water Management and Planning executed by the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA),

the lead agency in water resources management in Kenya with the following mandates:

Water allocation and apportionment

Monitoring and assessment of water resources,

Gathering and publishing information on water resources

Receiving and determining applications for permits of water use

Regulation and protection of water quality

Management and protection of water catchments

Water conservation and control

Determine and collect water use charges

Coordination with other bodies for better water management

Advising the minister with respect to water resources management

Under the KWSCRP-1 sub-component on Strengthening Water Management and Planning, WRMA

is focussing on Hydro-met Modernization, Real-time Forecasting and Disaster Risk Management

Decision Support, Water Resources and Climate Risk Information Systems (WCIS), Water Resources

Planning and Allocation; and Institutional Capacity Strengthening and Partnerships.

The strengthening of the Water Resources Knowledge Base aims to upgrade the water resources

monitoring network, extend forecasting and early warning capacity, and improve the knowledge base in

order to provide timely information to support real-time decisions in Kenya’s six main basins. The


activity requires collaborative working and data sharing arrangements between various institutions,

including KMD, WRMA/WRRA, Basin Boards and other relevant agencies.

The Lower Nzoia Irrigation Project

The key activities under this first operation revolve around the development of Lower Nzoia Irrigation

Scheme which is under the first investment operation in the series, KWSCRP-1. It is a flagship project

of the Kenya Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) and of Kenya Vision2030 and is

expected to contribute to food security, economic growth and enhanced climate resilience for farmers.

Located in Western Kenya, not far from the town of Kisumu, the Lower Nzoia Irrigation Scheme is the

first new generation large scale public scheme to be developed by the National Irrigation Board (NIB).

The scheme would derive its water from the Nzoia River, which flows into Lake Victoria a very short

distance downstream, and irrigate 4,043 hectares, of which about50% would be devoted to high value

crops (fruit, vegetables) and the other 50% to rice in rotation with soya beans, cereals and other legumes.

The success of the sub-project relies on the effective transition from current rain-fed subsistence

agriculture to commercial farming based on horticulture, and on the uptake of efficient irrigation

management, operation and maintenance processes that will ensure scheme functionality and

sustainability.

The Nzoia Watershed Management Sub-component aims to improve sustainability of the Nzoia

Irrigation Scheme by integrating conservation activities with the needs of local communities to develop

sustainable economic activities. Recognizing that a robust watershed management strategy entails

addressing ecosystem degradation at the watershed level, this sub-component supports an integrated,

participative approach to water resources management, introducing sustainable livestock, agriculture,

forestry and land management practices, and integrating conservation activities with the needs of local

communities to develop sustainable economic activities. Activities under the sub-component will be

based on livelihoods, to ensure that communities will have incentives to play an active and engaged role

in conservation activities.

2. Overall Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements

2.1 Project Implementation and Role of PMU

Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI) is the implementing agency of the project through the Project

Management Unit (PMU), reporting to the Principal Secretary (PS), Water. The core functions of the

Nairobi based PMU will be coordination and facilitation, fiduciary (procurement and financial

management), environmental and social safeguards supervision, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and

impact evaluation (IE), annual work programming and budgeting, and reporting. The PMU also provides

technical support to executing agencies the designated Project Implementation Unit (PIU). PMU support

to PIUs involves developing the required capacities for procurement, financial management, monitoring

and evaluation, environmental and social safeguards implementation, and investment and activity

implementation. PIUs typically implement most project activities. The WRMA- PIU will be the

implementing agency for this component.


3. Objective of the Physiographic Survey of Nzoia Watershed Consultancy

The main objective of this Physiographic Survey of Nzoia Watershed Consultancy is to characterize the

Nzoia water shed along several land characteristics including land cover, land use, soil characterisation,

slope characterisation, land cover changes, agro-climatic zones, catchment de-gradation, morphology,

geology etc. The ultimate product will be the zoning of the soil erosion hotspots and zones for catchment

management as well as interventions. The study shall recommend catchment management activities and

zone the respective areas that will support the WRMA PIU and stakeholders in implementing the Nzoia

Water shed Project.

3.1. Rationale

The consultant will undertake a physiographic study of the Nzoia watershed in view of the threat of rapid

silting of the Lower Nzoia Irrigation Scheme. The physiographic study refers to the study of the surface

features of the earth and involves looking at the distribution of land, water, soil and rock material that

forms the land surface of the catchment area. The distribution of the land, water, soil and rock determines

the vegetation cover and its growth rate. In addition, it also determines the type and quantity of

sedimentation that originates from or is deposited within the catchment. The physiographic study of the

watershed will provide WRMA and other stakeholders with the necessary baseline information to

develop a catchment management plan to guide the management of the watershed in order to ensure that

water resources developments undertaken within the watershed and especially on the downstream side

achieve their economic lifespan.

4. Scope of Services

Nzoia Watershed


Fig. 1

The Nzoia River is the largest river within the with a drainage area of 12,853 km2, or 70% of LVNCA

and lies between longitude 34° and 36° east and latitude 0°00' and 1° 15' North( Fig. 1). It has a total

length of 334 km (Kirugara and Naveja 1995). It dominates the northern half of the Lake Victoria basin

with 24 tributaries. Its major tributaries include Ewaso Rongai, Koitobos, Kuywa, Sosio, which originate

from Mt Elgon. Others such as Noigamneget, Sergoit, Sosiani, Nureri and Kipkaren originate from

Cherangany hills.

The River Nzoia drains to Lake Victoria and traverses the following counties: West Pokot, Keiyo

Marakwet, Trans Nzoia, Nandi, Uasin Gishu, Bungoma, Siaya, Kakamega and Busia. The water shed

altitude varies from 1070 m above sea level at Lake Victoria up to 2700 m in the northern end of the

watershed and highest at the peak of Mt. Elgon at 4,321m above mean sea level (amsl). The annual

rainfall ranges between 900 and 2200 mm.

The study will seek to characterise this watershed along the soil erosion zones. This will form the basis

for the mitigation measures to curb high sedimentation coming from the watershed.


The study will involve but not limited to activities defined by the following tasks:

TASK 1 – Desk Study

A detailed desk study shall be carried out starting with a thorough search for all available data, maps,

reports from all available sources, stakeholders (both government and non-governmental institutions).

Review of all the existing literature and reports shall be done with a focus on the Nzoiz watershed and

water resources monitoring data on the watershed;

In addition it will also involve the review of the existing literature and reports on the geology and

hydrology of the Nzoia watershed. This will be done by the consultant along with staff from WRMA,

Kenya Forestry Services and the County governments.

TASK 2 – Remote Sensing and Satellite Imagery Interpretation

The consultant shall undertake analysis of remote sensing imagery with a view to come up with change

detection in the catchment, establish current land use changes, delineate lineaments through land use

classification, soil classification and geo-tectonic studies.

Furthermore the soil and rock types (geology), land use, slopes etc of the watershed shall be determined.

The imagery will be evaluated in different temporal scales and suitable resolution. The satellite image

interpretation shall include but not limited to the following:-

1) Assessing the land use/cover changes and classes. This will be crucial in identification of the

indigenous trees and percentage forest cover that was natural vegetation in the areas and what is

in existence today.

2) Delineate land cover units and classes-(vegetated, bare land, forested, riparian zones and the

wetlands

3) Land use patterns (farming activities at the household level (grazing, farming, quarrying etc.)

4) The size of the farms and the vegetation cover changes

5) Slope characterization

6) Soil cover including soil moisture content

7) Geology

8) Rainfall patterns

9) Evaporation patters

This will ultimately come up with GIS layers looking at the aspects above, most importantly the

characterisation and zones of the soil erosion areas. A model to zone erosion phenomena for example

RUSLEs model will help integrate the main erosion factors on a GIS platform.

The consultant is expected to build capacity of the WRMA and County Government staff in the Nzoia

watershed in carrying out the imagery processing and interpretation. A comprehensive capacity building

programme shall be prepared by the consultant in consultation with the stakeholders.

TASK 3 – Field Survey, Data Collection and issue identification

The field survey sole aim is ground truthing what has been processed through the imagery analysis as

well as collection of secondary data and literature not available during the desk study. This phase will


focus on ascertaining land use and settlement trends, and sustainability of the livelihood systems based

on land use policy and legislative framework governing the lives of the watershed and the riparian

communities. Other tools to be employed in field data and information gathering will include

observation, focus group discussion, participatory observation and photo recording to capture observed

information.

During the field survey, water samples will also be collected from selected sites along Nzoia River and

any other tributary to examine the impact of activities on the River and therefore help in determining the

quality of the water.

It shall also include the following:-

i). Validation of the characteristics on the ground in the Nzoia catchment

ii). Data collection and issue identification including “hotspots”

i). Collection of samples for water quality and sediment load analysis. Determine water quality and

sediment load during the wet seasons of the Basin. This will be done one time collection and

analysis of the river water samples during the wet season. Water samples should be collected at

the stations representing upper, mid and lower parts of the catchment and also at the tributary

confluences with the Nzoia River and at a point in the Lower Nzoia. The analysis data and

previous sedimentation data on sedimentation will form the Baseline of the sediment load in the

River Nzoia. Existing data will be provided by the Water Resources Management Authority;

iii). Discharge measurements at the sampling points.

iv). Review of Secondary data from field data collection: - The field session will also serve to gather

all the secondary documentation from various organizations. The study shall review the progress

made in crafting and implementing appropriate institutional arrangements; policy, legislations &

organizational structures for addressing issues of poverty through wealth creation. Among the

framework documents to be accessed shall be development plans, legislative acts and strategy

documents. Among the reports to be reviewed MUST include the various documents used in

sedimentation studies of the dam to be availed by the client and other stakeholders.

v). Issue identification – catchment degradation issues, patterns, spatial distribution and their

relationship with land use shall be assessed

TASK 4 – Laboratory Analysis

The consultant shall undertake analysis of the samples collected from the above points for both water

quality and sediment loads. This analysis shall be carried out by a qualified laboratory, but the consultant

shall ensure comparative analysis benchmarked to the existing standards for water use, and sediment

load monitoring for agricultural and domestic purposes.

TASK 5 - Data Analysis, issue Analysis and Collation

This stage will be aimed at consolidation of the gathered evidence into further classification of the

thematic areas as in the initial Image analysis of Nzoia watershed. This will be expected to be a

participatory session to include relevant stakeholders from WRMA, County governments, KARLO, KFS

etc., to draw conclusions from the interpretations of the satellite imagery and data analysis. The existing

image data will be used to assess the land cover change and trends in land use. The remote sensing data

will be on a GIS platform to develop the land cover classes and used it to present the data as a basis for

monitoring the land cover change. The results will be used to illustrate past and present processes


impacting on growth, development and the livelihood systems of the communities in the Nzoia

Catchment.

This shall result in the following:-

i). Option assessment

ii). Identification of catchment management problems and mitigation measures.

TASK 6 – Development of Physiographic Map

Development of a physiographic map of the watershed shall be done in consultation with the

stakeholders. This shall include key attributes of catchment characteristics, watershed characterising the

erosion infrastructure, administrative boundaries and major landmarks as well as priority areas for

interventions. The maps shall be thematically presentedThe scale for such maps shall be 1:25,000. Where

need be a more detailed scale shall be used e.g. where there is high erosion and land degradation.

TASK 7 – Options assessment and recommendations of catchment management activities

Catchment management activities shall be recommended for high priority zones “hot spots”. These

activities shall be clearly defined as well as the processes involved (technical, legal, environmental and

administrative) and requirements for their implementation. In addition, for each proposed activities

zoning shall be done for the respective areas.

Priority interventions shall be similarly defined in consultation with the stakeholders and the criteria for

prioritization documented. A stakeholder workshop shall be held within the Nzoia catchment to discuss

the consultant’s proposals.

TASK 8 – Preparation of Report

Prepare a detailed report giving the key findings of the study, conclusions and recommendations;

5. Outputs of the Study

At the end of the study a detailed status report on the physiography of the Nzoia watershed shall be

prepared including maps and data collected and analysed. This will provide baseline data for the

development of the Nzoia watershed management plans to ensure the proposed dam achieves its design

lifespan.

The outputs for this study will include but not limited to the following elements:-

TASK 1 – Desk Study

The desk study shall produce a list of previous studies, data and reports. It shall summarize the known

existing situation within the Nzoia catchment the lessons learnt from previous interventions carried out

by all stakeholders. It shall further provide a baseline from interviews to stakeholders and beneficiaries.

This will direct and underpin the detailed groundtruthing to verify the feasiubility of selected solutions

to the degradation.


TASK 2 – Remote Sensing and Satellite Imagery Interpretation

The remote sensing and satellite imagery studies will materialize with thematic maps zoning according

to current land use, slope, lineaments, soil mapping classification and geology. These base maps shall

include rainfall and agroclimatic characteristics as well as land degradation and anthropogeneic

characterization on demographics and settlement.

The GIS layers for the catchment characterisation and erosion zones shall be populated with factual

information collected during the field surveys at a Scale of 1:25,000.

A detailed training report for WRMA, KFS, and County Government staff shall be prepared, as well as

stakeholder consultation report.

At the end of Task 2, an Inception report shall be prepared. This will detail the outputs from the Desk

study and the remote sensing and satellite imagery interpretation

TASK 3 – Field Survey and Data Collection

The field survey report shall confirm the remote sensing and satellite imagery results. Data shall be

provided in tabular, graphics, narrative and maps at 1: 25,000 and geo-referenced. All data shall be

entered to a suitable data base

TASK 4 – Laboratory Analysis

The laboratory report shall contain both the results and standards (KEBS) for comparative analysis,

conclusions and recommendations, e.g. water treatment for use, or souil treatment and/or sediment

monitoring.

TASK 5 - Data Analysis, Issue Analysis and Collation

The outputs from the data analysis include a status report and projections into the future and a

classification of the thematic areas as in the Nzoia watershed. The participation of relevant stakeholders

from WRMA, LVNWSB and County governments shall also be documented. GIS layers shall be used

to define thematic outputs at a scale of 1:25,000 as well as options, hotspots and mitigation measures. It

shall include issue analysis

TASK 6 – Development of Physiographic Map

The physiographic map of the Nzoia watershed shall include catchment characteristics, infrastructure,

administrative boundaries and major landmarks as well as priority areas for interventions at a scale of

1:25,000.

On completion of Tasks 3, 4, 5 and 6, a Catchment Mapping and Zoning Report shall be prepared together

with thematic maps at the defined Scale.

TASK 7 – Options assessment and recommendations of catchment management activities

Assessment of catchment degradation mitigation options shall be carried out upon completion of the

analysis. Catchment management activities shall be recommended for high priority zones “hot spots”


and presented in suitable maps at 1:25,000. For each proposed activity, zoning shall be done and priority

interventions defined.

A stakeholder workshop report shall be prepared detailing the deliberations and recommendations made.

TASK 8 – Preparation of Reports

A detailed consolidated report shall be prepared giving the key findings of the study, conclusions and

recommendations for the following outputs:-

At the end of Task 7, a Draft Report shall be prepared. This consolidated study report (with issue analysis,

options assessment, and recommended priority actions based on cost-effectiveness) shall detail all the

outputs from Task 1 – 7 including comments made by the client during preliminary submissions.

These reports and maps shall include but not limited to the following:-

(i) Detailed report with maps (1:25,000), statistics, graphs and tables

(ii) catchment characterization maps at 1:25,000

(iii) catchment maps (drainage, soils, quarries, sand harvesting, land use, agro climatic zones,

catchment degradation hotspots) at 1:25,000

(iv) Land tenure mapping 1:25,000

(v) water storage structures e.g. sand dams, pans, earth dams – Their characteristics discussed and

proposed locations on maps 1:25,000

(vi) Water resource protection maps at 1:25,000

(vii) riparian zones maps at 1:25,000

(viii) Land use maps showing encroached riparian zones at 1:25,000

(ix) Catchment protection maps at 1:25,000

(x) Recommendations for catchment management zones e.g. construction of gabions, contour

ploughing and terracing, etc. in narrative reports

6. Reporting Requirements and Deliverables

The work is expected to be undertaken within 4 months and will involve the following milestones:

Time (Weeks)

Task

No.

Activity 2 4 6 8 1

0

1

2

1

4

1

6

1

8

1 Desk study. Data collection on catchment characteristics

2 Remote sensing and satellite imagery interpretation.

Preparation and submission of Inception Report/discussion with

client

3 Field Study, Data Collection on catchment characteristics

4 Laboratory analysis

5 Data analysis, Issue Analysis and collation

6 Development of Physiographic Map

7 Catchment Mapping and Zoning Report

8 Options assessment and recommendations of catchment

management activities and stakeholder workshop


9 Preparation and submission of Draft Consolidated Report and

stakeholder workshop report

10 Submission of Final Report

The following are the principal deliverables for this assignment.

i) Inception report – an inception report describing the methodology to be employed in pursuing

the assignment; propounding steps/actions to be taken towards achieving desired goals shall be

submitted to MoWI Project Management Unit (PMU), through WRMA four weeks after signing

of the contract. The inception report will be reviewed and approved by PMU and the World Bank

prior to commencement of the fieldwork.

ii) Catchment Mapping and Zoning Report – shall be submitted to MOWI PMU through WRMA,

twelve (12 No.) weeks after signing of the contract.

iii) Draft Consolidated Report – shall be submitted to MoWI PMU through WRMA, sixteen (14

No.) weeks after signing of the contract.

iv) Final Report - shall be submitted to MoWI PMU through WRMA, sixteen (16 No.) weeks

after signing of the contract.

7. Qualification and Experience of Study Team Members

The study team should have the capacity to cover the catchment area effectively. The team will be

composed of personnel with qualifications in hydrology, geology and water quality.

Key staff should have at least 15 years of relevant practical field experience (in addition to the appropriate

academic qualifications) in the following areas:

GIS and Remote sensing

Field hydrology

Water quality;

Field Geology

Social Development

Catchment Restoration expert

Staff Category Staff Months

Team leader 2

Remote sensing and GIS 1.5

Hydrologist/ Water quality 1

Geologist 1

Social Development 1

Catchment restoration expert 1

i) The role and qualifications for each key staff

Team leader: The team leader will be responsible for overall team supervision, quality assurance

and reporting. The team leader shall have wide experience in water catchment management,

Planning and conservation. He/she should have at least BSc. degree water resources management,


hydrogeology, hydrology or other related water sciences and would have been involved in similar

studies in the last five years preferably in the same capacity. Should demonstrate expertise

training and practical field experience of at least 15 years.

Remote sensing/ GIS: The expert will responsible for remote sensing imaging analysis,

developing maps and databases from the watershed. He/she should have at least BSc. degree in

GIS and remote sensing. Should demonstrate expertise training and practical field experience of

at least 10 years.

Hydrologist: The hydrologist will be responsible for hydrological data and information collection,

analysis and reporting. He/shall be responsible for collection, analysis and reporting on water

samples collected from the watershed. He/she should have at least BSc. degree water engineering,

hydrology or other related water sciences. Should demonstrate expertise training and practical

field experience of at least 10 years including water quality especially on sedimentation.

Geologist: The geologist will be responsible for analysis of data and information on rocks and/or

soils from the watershed. He/she should have at least BSc. degree in Geology. In addition s/he

must have experience in geological and hydrogeological survey in the area. S/he should

demonstrate expertise training and practical field experience of at least 10 years.

Socio development expert: The socio-development expert will be responsible for community

development issues and socio-economic analysis and reporting on data collected from the

watershed. He/she should have at least a degree in sociology. Should demonstrate expertise

training and practical field experience of at least 10 years.

Catchment restoration expert will be responsible for catchment restoration and management

issues, analysis and reporting on data collected from the watershed. He/she should have at least

a degree in natural resource/range management. S/he must have sound working knowledge of the

principles and practices of environmental management, including waterways management

(revegetation and erosion control management), land and water management, biodiversity

conservation and catchment planning. S/he should demonstrate expertise training and practical

field experience of at least 10 years.

The team members shall have a good understanding and be well versed with the water sector in Kenya,

understands the reforms that have taken place, a good understanding on the constitutional requirements

for the water resources management sub sector and the water resources monitoring practices in Kenya.

8. Reporting Scheme

The Consultant will be engaged based on specific terms and agreed work schedule at the negotiation

stage. The WRMA PIU shall be the focal point for the deliverables and compliance with the contract.

The consultant will report to the Project Manager of the Project Management Unit (PM, PMU) through

WRMA PIU.

All submissions are to be provided in 12 hard copies and three soft copies of editable version in English

language.

9. Payments

The payments will be paid along the delivery of the following reports with the following deliverables:

An inception report four weeks after contract takes effect- 20%


Catchment Mapping and Zoning Report to be prepared 12 weeks after contract takes

effect.- 20%

Draft Consolidated Report and Stakeholder workshop report submitted 14 No. weeks after

signing of the contract - 40%

Acceptance of Final Report, including Client feedback and feedback at the stakeholder

workshop, after 16 weeks after contract takes effect-20%.

10. Facilities to be provided by Client and Consultant

The consultant shall provide transport, telephone, office space, stationery, computers and

accommodation to all its staff during the assignment.

The Client shall provide all available data, reports, maps and other information in its possession which

might require during the assignment. The consultant is nevertheless obliged to ensure a comprehensive

data and literature search from all other sources sufficient to undertake the study.

11. Confidentiality Statement

All data and information received during the assignment, from respondents, institutions and the World

Bank are to be treated confidentially and are only to be used in connection with the execution of these

Terms of Reference. All intellectual property rights arising from the execution of these Terms of

Reference are assigned to the Government. The content of written materials obtained or prepared in this

assignment will not be disclosed to any third parties without the expressed advance written authorization

of the Government and/or the World Bank.

12. Reference

The following documents should be used in this study

1. All documents related to the Nzoia Irrigation Scheme Feasibility and The feasibility study for

the Nzoia Dykes as well as reports from the Western Kenya Community Driven Development.

2. Any other relevant hydrological, agro-climatological, geomorphological, hydro chemical,

ecological, hydrogeological, geological, demographic reports, etc., maps and data for the study

area.

3. Appropriate Remote sensing imagery for the area

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