minor project sapna
DESCRIPTION
Investigation on Plant Derived Products as Control Agents for House fly and Development of FormulationTRANSCRIPT
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Investigation on Plant Derived Products as Control Agents for House fly and Development of
Formulation
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INTRODUCTION:• Plant materials as insecticide (Shaalan et al. 2005; Isman 2006) • Traditional medicine• Easily accessible to Rural population• Chemical Insecticides: Costly, Insect develop Resistance (Shen et
al.,1990;Oi et al.,1992)
Desirable characteristics of Plant materials for use in pest control:
• Should be safe to use • Non hazardous to environment • Should be easy to extract and formulate
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Target organism: house fly
Why ? Vectors of pathogens which cause human and
livestock diseases (Howard 2001). Irritate livestock and working personnel affecting
their productive efficiency (Fogg, 1971) Very few studies available on eco-friendly house
fly control (Malik et al., 2007) Systematic studies lacking as difficult to culture
under laboratory condition
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Objectives:
To control different stages of house fly with application of different botanicals and oil
To formulate these botanicals and oils to make it easy for application
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Screening of Plants :
Essential oils Formulation of Essential oils
Formulation of Botanicals
• Repellency• Larvicidal• Pupacidal
Repellency
Eucalyptusleaf
Lemon grass leafMentha piperita leaf Khus Turmeric
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Life –cycle of House fly
Repellency
Larvicidal
Pupacidal
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LARGERCHAMBER
Petri plate containingOil on filter paper
OUTERCHAMBER
REPELLENCY CHAMBER
Results for repellency experiment:Conc. Of oil used: 0.28 μl/cm2 Conc. Of oil used: 0.7 μl/cm2
*max repellency=70% by Mentha Piperita **repellency inc. to 88 % at higher conc
***Mentha Citrata become more effective at higher conc. Of oil
010
2030
405060
7080
90100
Mentha piperita Eucalyptus Mentha citrata Lemon grass Khus khus Turmeric
Rep
elle
ncy
(%)
After 30 min After 60 min After 120 min
010203040
50607080
Menthapiperita
Eucalyptus Lemon grass Menthacitrata
Khus khus Turmeric
Flie
s R
epel
led
(%)
After 30 min. After 60 min After 120 min
Repellency of field flies with different Essential Oils
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Results for pupacidal experiment:
Results for larvicidal experiment: Dead larvae after treatment with oil
Live larvae 02468
10
Mentha piperi
ta
Pipermint
Eucalyp
tus
Lemon gra
ss
Turmeri
c
Control
Avg
. mor
talit
y of
larv
ae
24h 48h
Larvae (10) + essential oil (1 ml in 0.01 % Tween 80)
Pupae (20) + essential oil (200μl in 0.01 % Tween 80)
Larvicidal & Pupacidal with Essential oil
02
468
10
121416
1820
Mentha Piperit
a
Pipermint
Eucalyp
tus
Lemon gra
ss
Turmeri
c
Control
Oil
Avg
no.
of f
lies
emer
ged
96h 144h
%IR=95 (Lemon grass), 55 (Turmeric)
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FormulationTypes of formulation
The main factors governing the choice of formulation are•Physico-chemical properties•Biological activity and mode of action•Method of application•Safety in use•Formulation costs•Market preference
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Preparation of Emulsion from Essential oil (40 EC)Active Ingredient : 40 % (4 gm)Solvent (xylene) : 45 % (4.5 gm)Co- surfactant (Butanol-1) : 3 % (0.3 gm)Surfactant : 12 % (1.2 gm)Code A- NP20Code B- Castor oil ethoxalate
S no. Formulation Code A Code B
1 EC I 0.7 0.5
2 EC II 0.5 0.7
3 EC III 0.6 0.6
4 EC IV 0.8 0.4
5 EC V 0.4 0.8
6 EC VI 1.0 0.2
7 EC VII 0.2 1.0
8 EC VIII 0.9 0.3
9 EC IX 0.3 0.9
[40 EC stands for 40 % of Active Ingredients in the mixture]
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Preparation of formulation from essential oil:
40 EC Eucalyptus Active Ingredients (Eucalyptus oil): 4.0 gSolvent (xylene): 4.5 gCo-Surfactant (Butanol): 0.3 gSurfactant: NP 20 0.7 g Castor Oil Ethoxalate 0.5 g
40 EC Mentha piperita Active Ingredients (Eucalyptus oil): 4.0 gSolvent (xylene): 4.5 gCo-Surfactant (Butanol): 0.3 gSurfactant: NP 20 0.7 g Castor Oil Ethoxalate 0.5 g
Measure the requisite amount of ingredients and mix properlyKeep it for 24 h
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Results for repellency experiment (with formulated Essential oil)
0102030405060708090
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time (min.)
Flie
s re
pelle
d (%
)
2% 5%
40 EC Eucalyptus40 EC Mentha Piperita
0102030405060708090
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time (min.)
Flie
s re
pelle
d (%
)
2% 5%
*Formulated product of oil is better control agent for House fly than pure oil** Formulated Mentha Piperita is more effective than the formulated form of Eucalyptus
Conc. Of pure oil=0.7µl/cm2
Conc. of formulated Mentha Piperita & Eucalyptus= 0.000028μl/cm2
Fig. Comparative efficacy between oil and its formulation
0102030405060708090
100
Mentha Piperita Eucalyptus Pure oil (Menta Piperita)
Repe
llenc
y (%
)
30 min 60 min 120 min
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Results for larvicidal experiment (with formulated Essential oil)
0
20
40
60
80
100
pure oil (Mentha) M. piperita &Eucalyptus (Neat)
M. piperita (10%) Eucalyptus (10%)
Larv
al m
orat
ality
24h 48h 72h
0
20
40
60
80
100
2% 5% 10% Neat
Conc. of formulation
Larv
al m
orta
lity
(%)
24h 48h 72h
0
20
40
60
80
100
2% 5% 10% Neat
Conc. of formulation
Larv
al m
orta
lity
(%)
24h 48h 72h
40 EC Mentha piperita 40 EC Eucalyptus
* Formulated product of oil is better larvicidal for House fly than pure oil
** Formulation of both Mentha Piperita and Eucalyptus has similar in efficiency (76.6%) at 10% conc. of product
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Results for pupacidal experiment (with formulated Essential oil)
* Control showed 80% fly emergence** IR (%)= 83.75 (M. piperita) & 87.5 (Eucalyptus) at 5% conc. of formulation*** Both the formulation were at par for their efficiency
0
20
40
60
80
100
2% 5% 10% Neat
Conc. of formulation
Emer
genc
e of
Adu
lt fli
es (%
)Mentha piperita Eucalyptus Control
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Preparation of Dhoop-batti formulation with plant extracts
Constituents: Cow dung, ghee, rice particle and raal powder (5:1:1:1) Active ingredient equivalent to the amount of cow dung
Not feasible inRural Areas
Essential oils: Need rigorous extractionNeed extensive mechanizationExpensive
Result: Caused less than 10% repellency
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FIELD EXPERIMENTS
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Experimental Site: Gaushala, Karol bagh
DUMP SITE
HOSPITAL
BULL SHED
OPEN AREA
CLOSED SHED
CALF AREA
CALF AREA
CALF AREA
TREE
FROM RIGHT SIDE
FROM FRONT
AREA OF PROBLEM
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Surface application on the body surface of animal
Hind portion of an injured animal infested with House flies
Before Application After Application
No flies
M. piperita (40 EC) Vol.-100ml Conc.-10%
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After ApplicationBefore Application
050
100150200250300350400450500550
Control Cow Treated Cow
No. o
f flie
s /h
r
* Cows sprayed with formulation of M. piperita was visited by an average of 20 flies/hour (percentage reduction of 96.08 flies/hour) ** Control was visited by 509 flies/ hour for the same time period
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Surface application
Before Application After Application
0150300450600750900
10501200135015001650
Control Mentha piperita(10%)
M. piperita(undiluted)
No. o
f flie
s/hr
*Treated surfaces with 40 EC formulation of M. piperita was visited by 151 flies/hour (10% conc.) and 17 flies/hour at 100% conc.**Control was visited by 1645 flies/ hour for the same time period
% Reduction of 90.8 flies
%Reduction of 98.9 flies
M. piperita (40 EC)
Area-2x2 m2
Vol.-25ml
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References: Fogg. C.E., 1971. Livestock waste management and the conservation plan.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution Abatement, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Livestock Wastes, Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, Mich., pp. 34--35.
Howard. J.,2001 Nuisance flies around landfill;pattern of abundance and distribution. Waste management. Res.19, 308-313.
Isman, M.B.. Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annual review of Entomology 2006, 51, 45-66.
Oi, M.; Dauterman, W.; Motoyama, N. Toxico kinetic analysis of dermally applied diazinon in resistant and susceptible house flies, Musca domestica L. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1992, 27, 371–383.
Malik, A.; Singh, N.; Satya, S. 2007. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B (2007) 42, 453–469
Shaalan, E.A.S.; Canyon, D.; Younes, M.W.F.; Wahab, H.A.; Mansour, A.H. 2005. A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. Environ. Int., 31, 1149-1166.
Shen, J.; Plapp, Jr. F. W. Cyromazine resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae): Genetics and cross resistance to diflubenzuron. J. Econ. Entomol. 1990, 83, 1689–1697.
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