minor training report.doc
TRANSCRIPT
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CONTENTS
1. An Introduction to BHEL, Bhopal
2. Water Turbine
2.1 elton Turbine
2.2 !ranci" Turbine
2.# $aplan turbine
#. %al&e"
#.1 Butter'l( %al&e
#.2 Ball %al&e
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AN INT)O*+CTION TO
B.H.E.L.
BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LMITED a" "et up in Bhopal in
Au-u"t, 1/0,
ith a &ie to reach "el' "u''icienc( in indu"trial product" and
poer
euipent". Thi" plan a" "etup in collaboration ith 34S AE5, +.$.
3ore
plant" ere "etup at Tiruchi, H(derabad ith C6echo"lo&a7ian andSo&iet
+nion a""i"tance in 3a( 1/0, *ec. 10/, and 5an. 108
re"pecti&el(. Toda(
B.H.E.L. ha" becoe the lar-e"t en-ineerin- plant eplo(in- o&er
9/:::
eplo(ee". It" headuarter i" located at Ne *elhi.
BHELi" the lar-e"t en-ineerin- and anu'acturin- enterpri"e in
India in the
ener-(;related4in'ra"tructure "ector, toda(. BHELa" e"tabli"hed
ore than
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9: (ear" a-o, u"herin- in the indi-enou" Hea&( Electrical
Euipent indu"tr(
in India ; a drea that ha" been ore than reali6ed ith a ell;
reco-ni6ed
trac7 record o' per'orance. The copan( ha" been earnin-pro'it"
continuou"l( "ince 181;82 and pa(in- di&idend" "ince 180;88.
The hi-h le&el o' ualit( < reliabilit( o' it" product" i" due to the
epha"i" on
de"i-n, en-ineerin- and anu'acturin- to international "tandard"
b( acuirin-
and adaptin- "oe o' the be"t technolo-ie" 'ro leadin-
copanie" in the
orld, to-ether ith technolo-ie" de&eloped in it" on )
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euipent operatin- in Tran"i""ion < *i"tribution netor7
up to 9:: 7% >AC < *C?
Supplied o&er 2/,::: 3otor" ith *ri&e Control S("te to
oer pro@ect", etrocheical", )e'inerie", Steel, Aluinu,!ertili6er, Ceent plant", etc.
Supplied Traction electric" and AC4*C loco" to poer o&er
12,::: 7" )aila( netor7.
Supplied o&er one illion %al&e" to oer lant" and other
Indu"trie".
BHEL" operation" are or-ani"ed around three bu"ine"" "ector",
nael(
oer, Indu"tr( ; includin- Tran"i""ion, Tran"portation and
)eneable
Ener-( ; and O&er"ea" Bu"ine"". Thi" enable" BHEL to ha&e a"tron- cu"toer
orientation, to be "en"iti&e to hi" need" and re"pond uic7l( to
the chan-e" in
the ar7et.
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BHEL" &i"ion i" to becoe a orld;cla"" en-ineerin- enterpri"e,
coitted
to enhancin- "ta7eholder &alue. The copan( i" "tri&in- to -i&e
"hape to it"
a"piration" and 'ul'ill the epectation" o' the countr( to becoe a
-lobal
pla(er.
The -reate"t "tren-th o' BHEL i" it" hi-hl( "7illed and coitted
9/,/:/
eplo(ee". E&er( eplo(ee i" -i&en an eual opportunit( to
de&elop hi"el'
and -ro in hi" career. Continuou" trainin- and retrainin-, career
plannin-, a
po"iti&e or7 culture and participati&e "t(le o' ana-eent all
the"e ha&e
en-endered de&elopent o' a coitted and oti&ated
or7'orce "ettin-
ne benchar7" in ter" o' producti&it(, ualit( and
re"pon"i&ene"".
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B.H.E.L= AN O%E)%IEW
>Bird" E(e &ie o' B.H.E.L., Bhopal?
BHEL i" the lar-e"t en-ineerin- and anu'acturin- enterpri"e in
India in the
ener-( related4in'ra"tructure "ector toda(. BHEL a" e"tabli"hedore than
9/ (ear" a-o hen it" 'ir"t plant a" "et up in Bhopal u"herin- in
the
indi-enou" Hea&( Electrical Euipent indu"tr( in India, a drea
that ha"
been ore than reali6ed ith a ell;reco-ni6ed trac7 record o'per'orance.
The Copan(" inherent 'inancial "tren-th" can be "een 'ro it"
net orth,
*ebt Euit( ratio and ca"h "urplu". The Copan(" ca"h "urplu"
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"tood o&er
)" #D,//,D:0 crore ca"h "urplu" a" on #1"t 3arch 2:1:. The
*ebt Euit( ratio
o' the Copan( i" at :.
BHEL cater" to core "ector o' Indian econo( &i6. oer Feneration and
Tran"i""ion,
Indu"tr(, Tran"portation, Telecounication, )eneal ener-( de'en"e etc.
The ide
netor7 o' BHEL ", 19 anu'acturin- di&i"ion", 9 oer "ector re-ional
center", D
"er&ice center" ,1D re-ional o''ice and a lar-e nuber" o' pro@ect "ite"
"pread all o&er
India and abroad enable the copan( to proptl( "er&e it" cu"toer and
pro&ide the
ith "uitable product", "("te and "er&ice" at copetiti&e price".
BHEL ha" alread( attained ISO ::: and all the a@or unit"4di&i"ion" o'
BHEL ha&e been
up-raded to the late"t ISO;::1= 2::: &er"ion ualit( "tandard
certi'ication 'or ualit(
ana-eent. All the a@or unit"4di&i"ion" o' BHEL ha&e been aarded
ISO;19::1
certi'ication 'or en&ironental ana-eent "("te" and OHSAS;1D::1
certi'ication 'or
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occupational health and "a'et( ana-eent "("te".
POWER SECTOR:
Generation: oer "ector copri"e" o' theral, nuclear and h(dro
poer plant bu"ine"".
Toda( BHEL "upplied "et" account 'or nearl( 098# 3W or 0D o' the total
in"talled
capacit( o' 190 3W in copan( a" a-ain"t nil in 10;8:.
TRANSMISSION:
BHEL al"o pro&ide" a ide ran-e o' tran"i""ion product" and "("te" o'
upto 9:: $%
cla"". The"e include hi-h &olta-e poer and di"tributed tran"'orer ,
capacitor, in"ulator
etc. 'or econoic tran"i""ion o' bul7 poer o&er lon- di"tance" Hi-h
&olta-e *irect
Current >H%*C? "(" te" are "upplied.
INDUSTRY SECTOR:
BHEL i" a a@or contributor o' euipent and "("te" to
indu"trie" li7e
ceent, 'ertili6er", re'iner(, petrocheical", etc.
TRANSPORTATION:
3o"t o' the train" operated b( the India )aila(" includin- 3etro
in $ol7ata
are euipped ith BHEL" traction control euipent.
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TELECOMMUNICATION:
BHEL al"o cater" to the telecounication "ector b( a( o'
"all, ediu
and lar-e "itchin- "("te".
RENEWABLE ENERGY:
Technolo-ie" that can be o''ered b( BHEL 'or it" eploitin- non;
con&entional
and reneable "ource" o' ener-( include= ind;electric-enerator, "olar
poer ba"ed ater pup", li-htin- and heatin- "("te".
INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS:
BHEL ha" o&er the (ear", e"tabli"hed it" re'erence in o&er 0:countrie" orldide, ran-in- 'ro the +SA to Ne Gealand in the
'ar ea"t.
NATIONAL CUSTOMERS OF BHEL:
+N5AB STATE ELECT)ICIT BOA)*>SEB?
+TTA) )A*ESH STATE ELECT)ICIT BOA)*>+SEB?
NATIONAL THE)3AL OWE) CO)O)ATION>NTC?
AOLO T)ES
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BA$CO
SAIL
BI)LA T)ES AN* BI)LA CE3ENT
F)ASI3 IN*+ST)IES
IOC
ESSA) OIL
ONFC
NATIONAL CUSTOMERS OF BHEL(CONTD!:
LA)SEN AN* T+)BO
5$ CE3ENT
$I)LOS$A)
SIE3ENS, etc.
INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMERS OF BHEL:
34S ESBA)A CO)O)ATION, 5AAN
34S GEECO IN CO)O)ATION, +SA
SI33CO INTE)NATIONAL
SIE3ENS, FE)3AN
SIE3ENS, SINFAO)E
BIE5I )O5ECT, I)A
L3G, )+SSIA, etc.
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TECHNOLOGICAL UPGRADATION AND RESEARCH "
DEVELOPMENT:
To reain copetiti&e and eet cu"toer" epectation", BHEL
la(" -reat
epha"i" on the continuou" up-radation o' product" and related
technolo-ie", and de&elopent o' ne product". BHEL"
coitent to
ad&anceent o' technolo-( i" re'lected in it" in&ol&eent in the
de&elopent
o' 'uturi"tic technolo-ie" li7e 'uel cell" and "uperconductin-
-enerator".
BHEL" in&e"tent in )
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HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT:
BHEL" Huan )e"ource *e&elopent In"titute >H)*I? ha" "7ill"
in the area"
o' 3ana-eent trainin-, )e"earch, Con"ultanc(, Or-ani6ational
*e&elopent
and 3anpoer lannin-. O&er the (ear", the in"titute ha"
acuired
pro'icienc( in ipartin- trainin- to pro'e""ional" in the 'ield o'
Strate-ic
ana-eent, Contract ana-eent, 3ar7etin- ana-eent,
ro@ect
ana-eent, Huan )e"ource ana-eent, Acti&it( ba"ed
co"tin-,
er'orance ana-eent, Eotional Intelli-ence, %alue"
Laborator(,
Huan;proce"" Laborator(, Leader"hip *e&elopent, Tea
Buildin-, Trainer
*e&elopent, and other 'unctional and beha&ioral area" o'
ana-eent.
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BHEL OB#ECTIVES:
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WATER TURBINE
A ater turbine i" a rotar( en-inethat ta7e" ener-('ro o&in-ater. Water turbine"ere de&eloped in the 1th centur( andere idel( u"ed 'or indu"trial poer prior to electrical -rid". Nothe( are o"tl( u"ed 'or electric poer-eneration. The( harne"" aclean and reneable ener-("ource.
History
Water wheelshave been used for thousands of years for industrial power. Their
main shortcoming is size, which limits the flow rate and headthat can be harnessed.
The migration from water wheels to modern turbines took about one hundred years.
Development occurred during the Industrial revolution, using scientific principles
and methods. They also made extensive use of new materials and manufacturingmethods developed at the time.
Theory of operation
lowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on
the blades. !ince the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance "force
acting through a distance is the definition of work#. In this way, energy is
transferred from the water flow to the turbine
Water turbines are divided into two groups$ reactionturbines and impulseturbines.
The precise shape of water turbine blades is a function of the supply pressure of
water, and the type of impeller selected.
Reaction turbines
%eaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves
through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the
water pressure "or suction#, or they must be fully submerged in the water flow.
&ewton's third lawdescribes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines. (ost water
turbines in use are reaction turbines and are used in low ")*+m- ft.# and medium
"*+/*++m-0-1 ft.# head applications. In reaction turbine pressure drop occurs in
both fixed and moving blades.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion#Newton.27s_third_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion#Newton.27s_third_law -
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Impulse turbines
Impulse turbines change the velocityof a water 2et. The 2et pushes on the turbine's
curved blades which changes the direction of the flow. The resulting change inmomentum "impulse# causes a force on the turbine blades. !ince the turbine is
spinning, the force acts through a distance "work# and the diverted water flow is left
with diminished energy.
3rior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure "potential energy# is
converted to kinetic energyby a nozzleand focused on the turbine. &o pressure
change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't re4uire housing for
operation.
&ewton's second lawdescribes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines.
Impulse turbines are most often used in very high "5*++m-1 ft.# head applications
T(pe" o' turbine" anu'actured at BHEL, Bhopal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion#Newton.27s_second_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion#Newton.27s_second_law -
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PELTON WHEEL
A""ebl( o' a elton heel at Walchen"ee oer lant
Introduction:-
The 3elton wheel is an impulse turbine which is among the most efficient types of
water turbines. It was invented by 6ester 7llan 3eltonin the 89+s. The 3elton
wheel extracts energy from the impulse "momentum# of moving water, as opposed
to its weight like traditional overshot water wheel. 7lthough many variations ofimpulse turbines existed prior to 3elton's design, they were less efficient than
3elton's design$ the water leaving these wheels typically still had high speed, and
carried away much of the energy. 3elton's paddle geometry was designed so that
when the rim runs at : the speed of the water 2et, the water leaves the wheel with
very little speed, extracting almost all of its energy, and allowing for a very efficient
turbine.
Function:
The water flows along the tangent to the path of the runner. &ozzles direct forceful
streams of water against a series of spoon/shaped buckets mounted around the edge
of a wheel. 7s water flows into the bucket, the direction of the water velocity
changes to follow the contour of the bucket. When the water/2et contacts the bucket,
the water exerts pressure on the bucket and the water is decelerated as it does a ;
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turbine. or maximum power and efficiency, the turbine system is designed such
that the water/2et velocity is twice the velocity of the bucket. 7 very small
percentage of the water's original kinetic energywill still remain in the water$
however, this allows the bucket to be emptied at the same rate it is filled, "see
conservation of mass#, thus allowing the water flow to continue uninterrupted.
=ften two buckets are mounted side/by/side, thus splitting the water 2et in half "see
photo#. This balances the side/load forces on the wheel, and helps to ensure smooth,efficient momentum transfer of the fluid 2et to the turbine wheel.
>ecause water and most li4uids are nearly incompressible, almost all of the
available energy is extracted in the first stage of the hydraulic turbine. Therefore,
3elton wheels have only one turbine stage, unlike gas turbines that operate with
compressible fluid.
Applications:
3elton wheels are the preferred turbine for hydro/power, when the available water
source has relatively high hydraulic headat low flow rates. 3elton wheels are made
in all sizes. There exist multi/ton 3elton wheels mounted on vertical oil pad
bearingsin hydroelectric plants. The largest units can be up to ?++ megawatts. The
smallest 3elton wheels are only a few inches across, and can be used to tap power
from mountain streams having flows of a few gallons per minute. !ome of these
systems utilize householdplumbingfixtures for water delivery. These small units
are recommended for use with thirty meters or more of head, in order to generatesignificant power levels. Depending on water flow and design, 3elton wheels
operate best with heads from 8@ meters to 8,++ meters, although there is no
theoretical limit.
The 3elton wheel is most efficient in high headapplications "see the ;Design %ules;
section#. Thus, more power can be extracted from a water source with high/pressure
and low/flow than from a source with low/pressure and high/flow, even though the
two flows theoretically contain the same power. 7lso a comparable amount of pipe
material is re4uired for each of the two sources, one re4uiring a long thin pipe, andthe other a short wide pipe.
BHEL Bhopal manufacturing details and running projects:-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic) -
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Pelton Turbine
Large Pelton Turbine
Unit Rating(MW) 1.5~300
Head(m) 200~1500
Runner iameter(mm) 1000~5000
!o. o" Unit# $rder# %& 1501 MW
'ommi##ioned 30 MW
Project Rating(No.xmw
Hea!(m
"pee! (rpm Runner #ia. (mm
*+R+H, 2 - 115 %&0 250 %500
H+R+*+TH/ 2- %%0 300 3&0
'HUH+ %-% %35 300 3&0
T,L+R, 1-&0 &25 500 2&%0
H+H+ 3-%0 500 2&0
M+L+!+ 2-%3 %0 500 2300
P/+R+ 3-50 102& &002&&5
$R%N&I" T'RINE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M_vs_francis_schnitt_1_zoom.jpg -
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Side;&ie cutaa( o' a !ranci" turbine
rancis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a
headrange of ten meters to six hundred and fifty meters and are primarily used for
electrical power production. The power output ranges from 8+ to 9@+(W, mini/
hydro excluded. %unner diameters are between 8 and 8+ meters. The speed range of
the turbine is from * to 8+++ rpm. (edium size and larger rancis turbines are
most often arranged with a vertical shaft. Aertical shaft may also be used for small
size turbines, but normally they have horizontal shaft.
Theory of operation
The rancis turbine is a reactionturbine, which means that the working fluid
changes pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy. 7 casement
is needed to contain the water flow. The turbine is located between the high/pressure water source and the low/pressure water exit, usually at the base of a dam.
The inlet is spiral shaped. Buide vanes direct the water tangentially to the turbine
wheel, known as a runner. This radial flow acts on the runner's vanes, causing the
runner to spin. The guide vanes "or wicket gate# may be ad2ustable to allow efficient
turbine operation for a range of water flow conditions.
7s the water moves through the runner, itCs spinning radius decreases, further
acting on the runner. or an analogy, imagine swinging a ball on a string around ina circle$ if the string is pulled short, the ball spins faster due to the conservation of
angular momentum. This property, in addition to the water's pressure, helps rancis
and other inward/flow turbines harness water energy efficiently. 7t the exit, water
acts on cup/shaped runner features, leaving with no swirl and very little kineticor
potential energy. The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the water flow
and recover the pressure.
Application
rancis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows. This, along
with their high efficiency, has made them the most widely used turbine in the
world. rancis type units cover a head range from ?+ meters to 9++ meters, and
their output power varies from 2ust a few kilowatts up to one gigawatt. 6arge
rancis turbines are individually designed for each site to operate at the highest
possible efficiency, typically over -+.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy -
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In addition to electrical production, they may also be used forpumped storage,
where a reservoir is filled by the turbine "acting as a pump# during low power
demand, and then reversed and used to generate power during peak demand.
BHEL Bhopal manufacturing details and running projects:-
$rancis Turbine
Large $rancis Turbines
Unit Rating(MW) 5~300
Head(m) 30~&00
Runner iameter(mm) 1000 ~ 500
!o. o" Unit# $rder# 10 122%1 MW
'ommi##ioned 12 115 MW
Project Rating(No.xmw
Hea!(m
"pee! (rpm Runner #ia. (mm "piral Inlet(mm
4H+R & - 1&5 320
300
330 2&00
R+!,T +6+R % - 150 100
1&&.
%550 5000
R+!6+!+, 3 - 135 30%
300
350 2%00
,!,R+ +6+R - 125 &0
115.%
5&50 000
+L,!+, & - 135 350
35
302 20&0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity -
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)%PL%N T'RINE
A Bonne&ille *a$aplan turbine a'ter 01 (ear" o' "er&ice
The $aplan turbine i" a propeller;t(pe ater turbinehich ha"
ad@u"table blade". It a" de&eloped in 11# b( the Au"trian
pro'e""or %i7tor $aplan, ho cobined autoaticall( ad@u"ted
propeller blade" ith autoaticall( ad@u"ted ic7et -ate" to
achie&e e''icienc( o&er a ide ran-e o' 'lo and ater le&el.
The Eaplan turbine was an evolution of the rancis turbine. Its invention allowedefficient power production in low/headapplications that was not possible with
rancis turbines. The head ranges from 8+/9+ meters and the output from @ to 8?+
(W. %unner diameters are between ? and meters. The range of the turbine is
from 9- to 1?- rpm. Eaplan turbines are now widely used throughout the world in
high/flow, low/head power production.
Theory of operation
The Eaplan turbine is an inward flow reactionturbine, which means that the
working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its
energy. The design combines radial and axial features.
The inlet is a scroll/shaped tube that wraps around the turbine's wicket gate. Water
is directed tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped
runner, causing it to spin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kaplanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaplan_turbine_bonneville.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kaplanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics) -
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The outlet is a specially shaped draft tube that helps decelerate the water and
recover kinetic energy.
The turbine does not need to be at the lowest point of water flow as long as the draft
tube remains full of water. 7 higher turbine location, however, increases the suction
that is imparted on the turbine blades by the draft tube. The resulting pressure drop
may lead to cavitation.
Aariable geometry of the wicket gate and turbine blades allows efficient operation
for a range of flow conditions. Eaplan turbine efficiencies are typically over -+,
but may be lower in very low head applications.
Furrent areas of research include FDdriven efficiency improvements and new
designs that raise survival rates of fish passing through.
>ecause the propeller blades are rotated by high/pressure hydraulic oil, a criticalelement of Eaplan design is to maintain a positive seal to prevent emission of oil
into the waterway. Discharge of oil into rivers is not permitted.
Applications
Eaplan turbines are widely used throughout the world for electrical power
production. They cover the lowest head hydro sites and are especially suited for
high flow conditions.
Inexpensive micro turbines on the Eaplan turbine model are manufactured for
individual power production with as little as two feet of head.
6arge Eaplan turbines are individually designed for each site to operate at the
highest possible efficiency, typically over -+. They are very expensive to design,
manufacture and install, but operate for decades.
Variations
The Eaplan turbine is the most widely used of the propeller/type turbines, but
several other variations existG
ropeller tur!ineshave non/ad2ustable propeller vanes. They are used in where
the range of head is not large. Fommercial products exist for producing several
hundred wattsfrom only a few feet of head. 6arger propeller turbines produce more
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_Fluid_Dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_Fluid_Dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic) -
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than 8++ (W. 7t the 6a Brande/8 generating stationin northern Huebec, 8?
propeller turbines generate 8* (W J8K.
Bul! or Tu!ular tur!inesare designed into the water delivery tube. 7 large bulb
is centered in the water pipe which holds the generator, wicket gate and runner.
Tubular turbines are a fully axial design, whereas Eaplan turbines have a radial
wicket gate.
BHEL Bhopal manufacturing details and running projects:-
)aplan Turbine
Large a7lan Turbine#
Unit Rating(m8) 2 ~150
Head(m) 10~0
Runner iameter(mm) 1200~500
!o. o" Unit# $rder# 22%3 MW
'ommi##ioned 2 150 MW
Project Rating(No.xmw
Hea!(m
"pee! (rpm Runner #ia. (mm "piral Inlet(mm
'+!+L 5 - 50 3&.0 13&.% %00 &200
U+, % - 5 %. 150 5&%0 &500
$R+ 3 - 33 20.% 115.% 512 2
+R+ 3 - 50 32.0 1%3 %00 &50
T+!+PUR 3 - %0 25.0 13&.% %00 &500
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande-1_generating_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan_turbine#cite_note-0%23cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande-1_generating_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan_turbine#cite_note-0%23cite_note-0 -
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T$%e& o' a)e& *an+'a,t+re- at BHEL:.
'TTER$L* +%L+E
Lar-e butter'l( &al&e
7 butterfly valve is a valvewhich can be used for isolating or regulating flow. The
closing mechanism takes the form of a disk. =peration is similar to that of aball
valve, which allows for 4uick shut off. >utterfly valves are generally favored
because they are lower in cost to other valve designs as well as being lighter inweight, meaning less support is re4uired. The disc is positioned in the center of the
pipe, passing through the disc is a rod connected to an actuator on the outside of the
valve. %otating the actuatorturns the disc either parallel or perpendicular to the
flow.
-
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positioned, which increases the valve's sealing ability and decreases its tendency to
wear. The valve best suited for high/pressure systems is the triple offset butterfly
valve, which makes use of a metal seat,Jclarification neededKand is therefore able to
withstand a greater amount of pressure.
"tructure
>utterfly valves are valves with a circular body and a rotary motion disk closure
member which is pivotally supported by its stem. 7 butterfly valve can appear in
various styles, including eccentric and high/performance valves. These are normally
a type of valve that uses a flat plate to control the flow of water. 7s well as this,
butterfly valves are used on firefighting apparatus and typically are used on larger
lines, such as front and rear suction ports and tank topumplines. 7 butterfly valve
is also a type of flow control device, used to make a fluid start or stop flowing
through a section of pipe. The valve is similar in operation to a ball valve. %otating
the handle turns the plate either parallel or perpendicular to the flow of water,
shutting off the flow. It is a very well/known and well used design.
BHEL Bhopal manufacturing details and running projects:-
utter,l- +ale
T-pe "i/e (mm Hea!(m
'on9entionalingle eal Latti:e oorouble eal Latti:e ooParallel ;a:e oor 8it< ;lo8 6uide.
1500 ~ 000 20 ~ 300
Large utter,l- +ales
Project +ale #iameter
(mm
0ax. Hea!
(m
#oor T-pe
(rpm
+L,M4L+ 5000 %.
L4!R+!,T +6+R 5000 10
L+TT,'4R,+,L+M 5300 210
L+TT,'4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation -
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%LL +%L+E
Cut;aa( &ie o' a ball;&al&e echani" Cutaa( &ie o' a
"iple anual
ball &al&e.
1? Bod( 2? Seat
#? *i"c >ball?9? Handle >Le&er?
/? Ste
7 ball valve is a valvewith a sphericaldisc, the part of the valve which controls the
flow through it. The sphere has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the
port is in line with both ends of the valve, flow will occur. When the valve is
closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and flow is blocked. Thehandle or lever will be inline with the port position letting you ;see; the valve's
position. The ball valve, along with thebutterfly valveandplug valve, are part of
the family of quarter turn valves.
>all valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even after years
of disuse. They are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff applications "and are
often preferred to globe valvesand gate valvesfor this purpose#. They do not offer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphericalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ball.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seccion_valvula_de_bola.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphericalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_valve -
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the fine control that may be necessary in throttling applications but are sometimes
used for this purpose.
>all valves are used extensively in industrial applications because they are very
versatile, supportingpressuresup to 8+++barsand temperaturesup to ?++LF. !izes
typically range from +.@ cm to *+ cm. They are easy to repair and operate.
The body of ball valves may be made of metal,plasticor metal with a ceramic
center. The ball is often chrome platedto make it more durable.
7 ball/check valve is a type of check valvewith a ball without a hole for a disc, and
is not covered in this article.
BHEL Bhopal manufacturing details and running projects:-
"p1erical +ales
T-pe
"i/e (mm Hea!(mPi#ton T=7e eal
i#: T=7e eal 500~%000 200~1200
Total 7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_platinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_platinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_valve