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Growth Relative to 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100Year

FractionalChange

Cons tant Growth 1.6% Plus Population Growth to 10 billion Clos ing the Gap at 2%

E ne rg y i nte ns ity d ro p 1 %/yr E ne rg y In te ns ity d ro p 1 .5 %/yr En erg y In te ns ity d ro p 2 % p er ye ar

Constant growth

Plus Population Growth

Closing the Gap

1% energy intensity reduction

1.5% energy intensity reduction

2.0% energy intensity reduction

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1900 2000 2100 2200

Continued

Exponential

Growth

Constant

Emissions

after 2010

100%

of 2010 rate

33%

10%

0%Preindustrial Level

280 ppm

Hazardous Level

450 ppm

Hazardous Level

450 ppm

Stabilize CO2 concentration not CO2 emissions

CO2

(ppm)

year

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The Mismatch

in CarbonSources and

Sinks

43

12

5

1800-

2000

Fossil Carbon

Consumption to date

180ppm

increase in

the air 30% of

the Ocean

acidified30%

increase in

Soil Carbon

50%increase

inbiomass

Net Zero Carbon Economy

CO2extractionfrom air

Permanent &safe

disposal

CO2 fromconcentrated

sources

Capture from power

plants, cement, steel,refineries, etc.

Geological StorageMineral carbonate disposal

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Separate Sources from

SinksAir Extraction cancompensate for CO2emissions anywhere fromanytime (historicalemissions)

Art Courtesy Stonehaven CCS, Montreal

Leave existing infrastructure intact

Retain quality transportation fuels

Eliminate shipping of CO2

Open remote sites for CO2 disposal Enable C-cycling with low cost electricity

Act as insurance against leakage

REDUCE atmospheric CO2 concentrations

CO2

1 m3of Air40 moles of gas, 1.16 kg

wind speed 6 m/s

0.015 moles of CO2

produced by 10,000 J ofgasoline

2

20 J2

mv

Volumes are drawn to scale

CO2 Capture from Air Can it be done?

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Wind area that

carries 22 tonsof CO2per year

Wind area thatcarries 10 kW

0.2 m2

for CO2capture 80 m2

for Wind Energy

How much wind?(6m/sec)

50 cents/ton of CO2for contacting

Wind energy Air capture

artists rendering

Air collector reduces net CO2emissions much more thanequally sized windmill

Wind energy~20 J/m3

CO2 combustionequivalent in air

10,000 J/m3

Passive contactingof the air isinexpensive

Wikipedia picture

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Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide

Air is rich in CO2 air collector is small

Energetics is very similar to fluestack scrubbing

G = RT log P

Produce CO2 not CO2 free air

Counterintuitive Result: Air capture is not much more difficult thanflue gas scrubbing

CO2

CO2 in 1 m3 of air

CO2 could be made from 10,000J of gasoline

Wind energy is 20J

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

100 1000 10000 100000

CO2 Partial Pressure (ppm)

BindingEnergy(kJ/mole)

airPower plant

350K300K

Thermodynamic Requirement

Flue Gas Scrubbing Air Capture

artists rendering

Sorbent regeneration slightlymore difficult for air capturethan for flue gas scrubbers

Dominant costs are

similar for air capture

and flue gas scrubbing

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Evolution of Air Capture-A First Attempt

Air contactor:2Na(OH) + CO2 Na2 CO3

Calciner:CaCO3CaO+CO2

Ion exchanger:

Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 2Na(OH) + CaCO3

After Initial Work atLos Alamos and Columbia

GRT is to demonstrate air capture inTucson

Allen Wright

Gary Comer

Deliver proof of principle

KSL joined the company

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Choice of Sorbent

Lower Binding Energy

Easier Regeneration

Fast Uptake

Carbonate/bicarbonate vs. Hydroxide/Carbonate Swing:

A matter of energy and kinetics

Solids vs. Liquids: A matter of surface area

Anionic Exchange ResinsSolid carbonate solution

Quaternary amines form strong-base resin

GRT photo

Positive ions fixed to polymer matrix Negative ions are free to move

Negative ions are hydroxides, OH-

Dry resin loads up to bicarbonate OH- + CO2 HCO3

- (hydroxide bicarbonate)

Wet resin releases CO2 to carbonate 2HCO3

- CO3-- + CO2 + H2O

Moisture driven CO2 swing

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Novel Regenerator Chemistry

Low absolute humidity

in ambient air

High absolute humidity

without air

Resin collects CO2Carbonate Bicarbonate

Resin releases CO2Bicarbonate Carbonate

REGENERATOR BOX COMPRESSION TRAIN

Water vapor condenses

out with compression (