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AQA Biology A2: Glossary Worksheets

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Investigating Populations

Abiotic factors:

Abundance:

ACFOR:

Adaptations:

Assumptions:

Biosphere:

Biotic factors:

Community:

Dataloggers:

Density:

Dispersal:

Ecological niche:

Ecology:

Ecosystem:


AQA Biology A2: Investigating Populations

Environmental gradient:

Frequency:

Fundamental niche:

Gause’s competitive exclusion principle:

Habitat:

Hypothesis:

Interspecific competition:

Intraspecific competition:

Kite graph:

Lincoln index:

Mark and recapture sampling:

Optimum range:

Point sampling:

Quadrats:

Radiotracking:

Random sampling:


AQA Biology A2: Investigating Populations

Realised niche:

Reproduction:

Sample size:

Species diversity indices:

Tolerance range

Transects:



Population Dynamics

Age pyramids:

Age structure:

Amensalism:

Antibiosis:

Carrying capacity:

Clumped distribution:

Colonising populations:

Commensalism:

Competition:

Competitive exclusion principle:

Density dependent factors:

Density independent factors:

Ectoparasite:

Endoparasite:


AQA Biology A2: Population Dynamics

Environmental resistance:

Equilibrium:

Established populations:

Exponential growth curve:

Exponential phase:

Herbivory:

Human demographics

Immigation:

Infant mortality rate:

Interspecific competition:

Intraspecific competition:

Lag phase:

Life expectancy:

Limiting factors:

Microhabitats:

Migration rate:



Mortality:

Mutualism:

Natality:

Niche differentiation:

Parasitism:

Population density:

Population distribution:

Population size:

Predation:

Random distribution:

Scramble competition:

Sex ratio:

Sigmoidal growth curve:

Species interactions:

Stationary phase:

Survival rate:



Survivorship:

Symbiosis:

Territoriality:

Uniform distribution:

Urbanisation:



Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Absorption spectrum:

Accessory pigments:

Acetyl-coenzyme A:

Action spectrum:

Adenosine triphosphate:

Aerobic respiration:

Alcoholic fermentation:

Autotrophs:

Calvin cycle:

Carbohydrate:

Carbon dioxide:

Carbon fixation:

Carotenoids:

Cellular respiration:


AQA Biology A2: Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Cellulose:

Chemiosmosis:

Chlorophyll:

Chloroplasts:

Cristae:

Cyclic phosphorylation:

Disaccharides:

Electromagnetic radiation:

Electromagnetic spectrum:

Electron transport chain:

Exergonic:

Facultative anaerobe:

Glucose:

Glycolysis:

Grana:

Heterotrophs:


High energy bonds:

Krebs cycle:

Lactic acid fermentation:

Light dependent phase:

Light independent phase:

Limiting factors:

Mitochondrian:

NADPH2

Non-cyclic phosphorylation

Obligate anaerobe:

Oxaloacetate:

Oxidative phosphorylation:

Oxygen:

Phagocytosis:

Photoactivation:

Photolysis:




Photosynthesis:

Photosynthetic rate:

Pigments:

Producers:

Pyruvate:

Starch:

Stroma:

Substrate level phosphorylation:

Thylakoid membranes:

Transition reaction:

Water:



Energy in Ecosystems

Bioaccumulation:

Biogeochemical cycle:

Biological control:

Biomass:

Biopesticide:

Carnivores:

Consumer:

Decomposers:

Detritivores:

Detritus:

Ecological efficiency:

Ecological pyramid:

Energy flow:

Energy transfer:


AQA Biology A2: Energy in Ecosystems

Factory farming:

Food chain:

Food web:

Gross primary production:

Herbivores:

Laws of thermodynamics:

Net primary production:

Organic matter:

Pest management:

Pesticide:

Producer:

Productivity:

Standing crop:

Ten percent law:

Trophic level:



Nutrient Cycles

Ammonification:

Biodiversity:

Biogeochemical cycle:

Carbon cycle:

Carbon dioxide:

Crop rotation:

Decomposition:

Denitrifying bacteria:

Environmental reservoir:

Eutrophication:

Fossil fuels:

Global warming:

Greenhouse effect:

Haber process:


AQA Biology A2: Nutrient Cycles

Leaching:

Methane:

Nitrifying bacteria:

Nitrogen cycle:

Nitrogen pollution:

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria:

Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria:

Nutrient cycle:

Organic matter:

Plants:

Primary productivity:

Stratosphere:

Troposphere:



Succession in Ecosystems

Aquatic plants:

Canopy trees:

Climax community:

Community:

Conservation:

Coppicing:

Deflected succession:

Dormouse:

Ecological succession:

Eutrophication:

Fen:

Gap regeneration:

Grasses:

Heath:


Lichens:

Macrophyte:

Peat bog:

Pioneer species:

Plagioclimax:

Primary succession:

Saplings:

Scrub:

Secondary succession:

Sere:

Stools:

Succession:

Swamp:

Wetland:

AQA Biology A2: Succession in Ecosystems



The Genetics of Populations

Adaptation:

Allele:

Allopatric speciation:

Antibiotic resistance:

Back-cross:

Balanced polymorphism:

Behavioural isolation:

Bergman’s rule:

Carrier:

Codominance:

Cross:

Deme:

Dominant alleles:

Ecological isolation:


AQA Biology A2: The Genetics of Populations

F1 generation:

F2 generation:

Falciparum malaria:

Fitness:

Gamete isolation:

Gene flow:

Gene pool:

Genetic drift:

Genetic equilibrium:

Genotype:

Geographical isolation:

Hardy-Weinberg equation:

Heterozygous:

Homologues:

Homozygous:

Hybrid:


Industrial melanism:

Inheritance:

Isolation:

Lethal system:

Locus:

Mate selection:

Microevolution:

Migration:

Monohybrid cross:

Multiple alleles:

Mutation:

Natural selection:

Pesticide resistance:

Phenotype:

Postzygotic isolating mechanism:

Prezygotic isolating mechanism:




Progeny:

Punnett square:

Pure-breeding:

Recessive alleles:

Reproductive isolation:

Selfing:

Sex linkage:

Sexual reproduction:

Sickle cell disease:

Speciation:

Species:

Sympatric:

Test-cross:

Trait:

Transient polymorphism:



Responses & Coordination

Accelerator centre:

Acetylcholine:

Acetylcholinesterase:

Action potential:

Acuity:

Adrenergic synapses:

Agonist:

Alleopathy:

Antagonist:

Aortic reflex:

Autocrine signalling:

Autonomic nervous system:

Auxin:

Axon:


AQA Biology A2: Responses & Coordination

Bainbridge reflex:

Baroreceptors:

Biological transducer:

Blind spot:

Cardiovascular control centre:

Carotid reflex:

Cell body:

Cell signalling:

Central fovea:

Chemoreceptors:

Chemotropism:

Chlolinergic synapse:

Cones:

Cranial reflex:

Cytoplasmic receptors:

Dendrites:



Depolarisation:

Directional stimuli:

Effectors:

Electrochemical gradient:

Endocrine signalling:

Ganglion cells:

Generator potential:

Gravitropism:

Heart rate:

Herbivory:

Hormones:

Human eye:

Hydrotropism:

Hyperpolarisation:

Indole-3-acetic acid:

Inhibition:


Ion pumps:

Kineses:

Ligands:

Mechanoreceptor:

Myelin:

Myelinated motor neurone:

Myogenic:

Nastic responses:

Nerves:

Neural:

Neuromuscular junction:

Neurotransmitters:

Nodes of Ranvier:

Noradrenaline:

Olfactory receptors:

Oligodendrocytes:




Optic nerve:

Orientation behaviours:

Pacinian corpuscle:

Paracrine signalling:

Parasympathetic:

Photochemical pigments:

Photoreceptors:

Phototropism:

Postsynaptic neurone:

Presynaptic terminal:

Proprioreceptors:

Purkinje fibres:

Reflexes:

Refractory period:

Relex arc:

Resting potential:



Retina:

Rods:

Salatory conduction:

Schwann cells:

Sense organ:

Sensitivity:

Sensory adaptation:

Sensory neurone:

Sensory receptor:

Signal transduction:

Signalling cascade:

Sinoatrial node:

Stimulus:

Summation:

Sympathetic:

Synapses:



Synaptic cleft:

Taxes:

Thigmotropism:

Threshold potential:

Transmembrane receptors:

Tropism:



Muscles & Movement

Actin:

Aerobic:

Agonist:

Anaerobic:

Anaerobic threshold:

Atagonistic muscles:

ATP:

ATP-CP system:

Atrophy:

Blood lactate:

Brachialis:

Calcium ions:

Cardiac muscle:

Contraction:


AQA Biology A2: Muscles & Movement

Cori cycle:

Creatine phosphate:

Cross bridge:

Dystrophin:

Fasciles:

Fibres:

Frequency summation:

Glycolytic system:

Graded responses:

Hyperextension:

Hypotonia:

Intrafusal fibres:

Joints:

Lactic acid:

Motor nerves:

Motor unit:



Muscle fatigue:

Muscle spindle organs:

Muscle tone:

Myofibrils:

Myofilaments:

Myosin:

Neuromuscular junction:

Oxidative system:

Oxygen debt:

Phosphocreatine:

Posture:

Sarcomere:

Sarcoplasmic reticulum:

Sensory nerves:

Skeletal muscle:

Sliding filament theory:



Smooth muscle:

Synergist:

Tendons:



Homeostasis

Adenylate cyclase:

Adrenaline:

Autonomic nervous system:

Blood glucose:

Breathing:

Countercurrent heat exchange:

Diabetes mellitus:

Ectothermic:

Effectors:

Endothermic:

Fever:

First messenger:

Folicle stimulating hormone:

Follicular phase:


AQA Biology A2: Homeostasis

Glucagon:

Gluconeogenesis:

Glycogenesis:

Glycogenolysis:

Gonadotropin releasing hormone:

Homeostasis

Homeothermic:

Hyperglycemia:

Hyperthermia:

Hypothalamus:

Inflammatory response:

Insulin:

Leutenising hormone:

Luteal phase:

Negative feedback:

Oestrogen:



Oestrous cycle:

Ovulation:

Pancreas:

Parasympathetic nerves:

Pathogens:

Poikothermic:

Postive feedback:

Progesterone:

Receptors:

Second messenger:

Shivering:

Sweating:

Sympathetic nerves:

Thermoreceptors:

Thermoregulation:

Vasoconstriction:



Vasodilation:

Voluntary activity:



DNA & Gene Expression

Albinism:

Anticodons:

Apoptosis:

Autoimmune diseases:

Base deletion:

Base insertion:

Base substitution:

Benign tumour:

Callus:

Cancer:

Cell replacement therapy:

Chimera:

Cloning

Coding strand:


AQA Biology A2: DNA & Gene Expression

Cystic fibrosis:

Cytoplasm:

Degeneracy:

Eukaryotes:

Exons:

Explant:

Gene expression:

Gene mutations:

Gene silencers:

Generation times:

Genetic code:

Herceptin:

Heterochromatin:

Histocompatibility:

Huntington disease:

Inherited metabolic disorders:



Introns:

Melanin:

Messenger RNA (mRNA):

Micropropagation:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs):

Mutagens:

Mutations:

Non-overlapping:

Nucleotide:

Nucleus:

Oestrogen:

Pluripotent cells:

Potency:

Proto-oncogens:

Reading frame shift:

Ribosomes:



RNA polymerase:

Sickle cell mutation:

Somatic cell:

Stem cell:

Template strand (antisense):

Terminator sequence:

Thalassaemia:

Tissue engineering:

Totipotent cells:

Transcription:

Transfer RNA (tRNA):

Translation:

Triplet code (codon):

Tumour suppressor genes:

Universal nature:



Gene Cloning Technologies

Adenoviruses:

Annealing:

Antibiotic resistance:

Autosomal recessive conditions:

Base sequence:

Biofactories:

Biotechnology:

Blunt end:

Chymosin:

Cystic fibrosis:

Diabetes mellitus:

DNA chip (microarray):

DNA ligase:

DNA ligation:


AQA Biology A2: Gene Cloning Technologies

DNA polymerase:

DNA probes:

DNA profiling:

Electrophoresis gel:

Erythropoietin:

Factor VIII:

Gel electrophoresis:

Gene cloning:

Gene technology:

Genetic counselling:

Genetic engineering:

Genetic modified organisms (GMOs):

Genetic screening:

Genome:

Germ line:

Golden rice:



HGP:

Human growth hormone:

In vitro gene cloning:

In vivo gene cloning:

Insulin:

Interferon:

Ligation:

Microarrays:

Microsatelites:

Nucleic acid hybridisation:

Nucleotides:

Plasmid:

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR):

Primers:

Proteinase:

Proteomics:



Radioactive labelling:

Recognition site:

Recombinant DNA:

Restriction enzyme:

Reverse transcriptase:

Somatic cell gene therapy:

Sticky end:

Thermal cycler:

Transfection:

Transgenesis:

Transgenic organism:

Vectors:

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