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MissilesClassification of Missiles as per Launch Mode:
1.Surface-to-Surface Missile: Source on the surface and target on the surface
2.Surface-to-Air Missile: Source on the surface and target in the air
3.Surface (Coast)-to-Sea Missile: Source on the surface (coast) and target in the sea
4.Air-to-Air Missile: Source in the air and target in the air
5.Air-to-Surface Missile: Source in the air and target on the surface
6.Sea-to-Sea Missile: Source in the sea (ship) and target in the sea (ship)
7.Sea-to-Surface (Coast) Missile: Source in the sea and target on the surface
8.Anti-Tank Missile: missile launched to destroy the tanks of enemies like Nag, Helina, Sant, Dhruvastra missile
Classification of missiles based on the engine used in them:
1. Solid Propulsion Missile: Fuel is in solid form. 2. Liquid Propulsion Missile: Fuel used in the engine of a missile is in liquid form. 3. Hybrid Missile: Fuel is in hybrid form i.e. both solid and liquid. 4. Cryogenic Missile: It has a cryogenic engine 5. Scramjet Missile: It has a scramjet engine. 6. Ramjet Missile: It has a ramjet engine.
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Cruise Missile
A cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled (till the time of impact) guided (it doesn’t need guidance during its flight) vehicle that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path and whose primary mission is to place ordnance or special payload on a target.
They fly within the earth’s atmosphere and use jet engine technology. Its flight is just like an airplane which also flies within the earth’s atmosphere (stratosphere). It is used to travel shorter distances (like 300-400 km) and hit the target with precision. Eg: Brahmos cruise missile Depending upon the speed such missiles are classified as:
1. Subsonic cruise missile – It flies at a speed lesser than that of sound, It travels at a speed of around
0.8 Mach (meaning 0.8 times the speed of the sound). 2. Supersonic cruise missile – It travels at a speed of around 2-3 Mach. 3. Hypersonic cruise missile – It travels at a speed of more than 5 Mach
Ballistic Missile
A ballistic missile is a missile that has a ballistic trajectory over most of its flight path, regardless of whether or not it is a weapon-delivery vehicle.
During its flight, it goes out of the earth’s atmosphere and then again comes back to hit its target. Due to this, it can travel long distances.
Ballistic missiles are categorized according to their range, the maximum distance measured along the surface of earth's ellipsoid from the point of launch to the point of impact of the last element of their payload.
The missile carries a huge payload. The carriage of a deadly warhead is justified by the distance the missile travels. India still doesn’t have a good ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile which has a range of at least 5500kms). Agni
5 is an ICBM but can only travel through 5000-8000kms. But it is still not in use because right now we are doing the trial of Agni 3.
On missiles, a payload (like a nuclear bomb, etc) is carried. During its flight, when it goes out of the atmosphere it throws down the useless back portion of the missile. The function of this back part is to give the missile the desired velocity to escape the earth’s atmosphere (known as the escape velocity). Then after it has to be guided to come back to earth to hit the target.
1958 to 1970
The Push for Self-Reliance India's first missile program began in 1958 - the same year Prime Minister Nehru approved the construction of a plutonium reprocessing plant at Trombay. This move was criticized by many as India was still not fully developed and they opined that our priority should be to eradicate poverty.
The project was a modest attempt to construct anti-tank guided missiles. In addition, the missile group examined the development of a liquid-fueled sustainer engine - most likely based on
the SA-2 from the Soviet Union. Both projects were undertaken by the DRDO and its principal missile laboratory, the Defence Research, and Development Laboratory (DRDL).
1958 to 1970
The program emphasized gaining scientific expertise and creating a technological base for eventually building modern missiles indigenously.
No plans were made in the short-term for the mass production of missile systems. However, the DRDO's technical and organizational shortcomings, opposition from the armed services, and weak support from politicians and civilian bureaucrats in the federal government resulted in the failure and ultimate termination of both projects.
India received the French Centaure research rocket in May 1964 and began reproducing it with modifications. Indian engineers, therefore, had 20 years of rocket experience, including satellite launches and recovery, before the
country commenced a dedicated missile program in 1985.
1971 to 1980
Technological Setbacks - Two major programs occupied Indian missile efforts in the 1970s - Project Devil and Project Valiant.
Project Valiant explored the development of a long-range ballistic missile with a range approaching 8,000 km but for technological and bureaucratic reasons, leading officials in the DRDO were unenthusiastic about the project and cited a crippling shortage of the scientific and engineering expertise needed to complete such an ambitious project.
The project was shelved in 1974. In 1972, work began on Project Devil, an attempt to "acquire detailed knowledge" of an operational missile by
reverse-engineering (also called back engineering and involves deconstructing individual components of larger products to extract design information from them) the Soviet-designed SA-2 surface-to-air missile (SAM).
The project suffered monumental technological and capacity setbacks but fulfilled the core components of its mission: "two solid-fuel boosters and a three-ton liquid sustainer engine" emerged from the effort, which would later serve as the platform for the Prithvi missile series.
Nevertheless, the project failed to replicate the SA-2, and funding for the project ended in 1980.
India's 1974 nuclear test
India began making its first substantive achievements in missile development after Indira Gandhi, a proponent of nuclear weapons, returned to power in 1980.
The nuclear test was conducted for peaceful purposes and not for war. In 1982 a committee was formed which studied various options for missile
development and a year later, the committee unveiled the framework for the Integrated Guided Missile Program (IGMDP).
During this period, space programs were also strengthening, and in 1975, we launched India’s 1 st satellite known as Aryabhatta.
In what could be described as a 'decisive shift' in missile development plans, the missile capability of Indian armed forces received a major fillip from Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) following the launching of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) in 1983.
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP)
IGMDP was conceived by renowned scientist Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam to enable India to attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology.
During this time, everyone was in favor of the development of missiles because of three wars with our neighbors (China and Pakistan) in 1962, 1965, and 1971.
Dr. Kalam, the then Director of Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL), headed a Missile Study Team to weigh the feasibility of the program. The team included members from the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), the Army, Navy and Air Force, and Defence Production. Keeping in mind the requirements of various types of missiles by the defense forces, the team recommended the development of five missile systems.
The IGMDP finally got approval from the Government of India on July 26, 1983. The ambitious, time-bound project brought together the country’s scientific community, academic institutions, R&D
laboratories, industries, and the three Services in giving shape to the strategic, indigenous missile systems. The missiles developed under the program were:--
Short-range (150km) surface-to-surface ballistic missile Prithvi Intermediate-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile Agni Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile Trishul Third-generation anti-tank missile Nag Medium-range surface-to-air missile Akash
The Agni, which was initially conceived as a technology demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges.
Dr. Kalam played a major role in the development and operationalization of Agni and Prithvi missiles. After achieving the goal of making India self-reliant in missile technology, DRDO on January 8, 2008, formally
announced the successful completion of IGMDP. The simultaneous development of the Prithvi and Agni missile series emerged from a debate amongst DRDO
officials in the early 1980s about whether to pursue liquid- or solid-fueled missiles. Solid-fuel proponents argued that the simple design features and easy maintenance of solid-fuel engines outweighed
the limited technological flexibility of liquid-fueled designs. Prior experience with liquid-fueled motors in the 1970s under Project Devil and Project Valiant eventually led
officials to pursue the liquid-fuel option for the Prithvi series, but they chose to use solid-fuel engines for the Agni series.
Prithvi-I provided India with a rudimentary short-range (150 km) option for deploying a limited nuclear strike capability against Pakistan.
By 1994, two successful flight-tests of the 1,400 km-range Agni-1 missiles confirmed India's re-entry vehicle technology and demonstrated mastery of staging.
The Agni program thus served as the foundation for the design and development of longer-range ballistic missile systems, while the Prithvi remained the country's lone operational strategic missile.
The latter half of the 1990s and early 2000s were characterized by the continued technological development of the Prithvi and Agni ballistic missiles, and the pursuit of more sophisticated missile delivery options.
The DRDO embarked on programs to develop longer-range versions of the Agni: Agni-II (3000 km) and Agni-III (5000 km), and Prithvi: Prithvi-II (350 km) and Prithvi-III (600 km).
In 2001, India successfully tested its first supersonic cruise missile, called BrahMos which was developed with Russian collaboration. It was India’s first cruise missile.
India’s ballistic missile defense got a boost in 2006 when the first tier in India’s ballistic missile defense system, PAD/Pradyumna was tested.
PAD is designed to neutralize missiles within a range of 300-2000 km up to a speed of Mach 5.0 In 2007, the second tier called the Advanced Air Defense (AAD) was tested.
In 2008, DRDO also began developing a sea-launched ballistic missile, the Sagarika, which was tested from submersible pontoons.
India and Israel also signed an agreement to jointly develop the Barak-8 surface to air missile (previously known as LR-SAM and MR-SAM) that is designed to defend against airborne threats such as aircraft, helicopters, anti-ship missiles, and UAVs. Sea- and land-based versions of the system exist. The first successful test of the sea-based version was conducted in 2010.
In 2012, India for the first time successfully tested the Dhanush missile. It is a variant of the surface-to-surface Prithvi-3 missile and has been developed for the Indian Navy.
It has a range of 350 km and is capable of carrying both conventional as well as nuclear warheads. In July 2013, India announced it would begin withdrawing the 17-year-old Prithvi-I and replacing it with the 150 km
solid-fueled, road-mobile Prahar missile, which was first tested in 2011. The Prahar is smaller, more maneuverable, and faster to launch than the Prithvi-I. It has a maximum payload of 200 kg and is capable of carrying only conventional or tactical nuclear weapons.
The Agni ballistic missile family has also undergone significant recent improvements in range and sophistication. Agni-III, with a range of over 3,200 km was inducted into the armed forces in 2011 after a series of successful tests and user trials.
India also successfully flight tested the Agni-IV, with a declared range of 4000 km multiple times since 2011 before inducting it into the armed forces in 2014.
The long-anticipated Agni-V has also been successfully tested multiple times since 2012. While its tested range of 5000 km falls short of ICBM status, the missile's range can be increased with relatively minor technological adjustments; experts, therefore, consider the Agni-5 to be an ICBM. Even with a range of only 5,000 km, the Agni-V could hit any target in China, including Beijing.
The development of the indigenous Nirbhay long-range cruise missile has been hailed as a hallmark moment in India's missile development. Nirbhay is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile designed and developed by DRDO and is capable of carrying conventional and nuclear warheads.
It is currently under development and undergoing flight trials. As a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), Russia could not jointly develop any missile beyond the 300 km range with a non-MTCR member. However, with India’s acceptance into the MTCR in 2016, those restrictions are no longer valid. Consequently, India and Russia announced that they will develop an extended range version of the BrahMos cruise missile.
Agni-I
Medium-range ballistic missiles Surface to Surface Missiles Range – MRBM - 700–1,200 km Developed by - DRDO Manufacturer - Bharat Dynamics Limited Agni Range
Agni-I – MRBM - 700–1,200 km Agni-II - MRBM - 2,000–3,500 km Agni-III – IRBM (intermediate range) - 3,000–5,000 km Agni-IV - IRBM - 3,500–4,000 km Agni-V - ICBM - 5,000–8,000 km
Prithvi Missile
Short-range ballistic missiles Surface to Surface Missiles Range
Prithvi I - 150 km Prithvi II – 250 - 350 km Prithvi III – might be 600km
Developed by - DRDO Manufacturer - Bharat Dynamics Limited Prithvi was the first missile to be developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program.
Dhanush Missile
Short-range Ballistic missile The naval version of Prithvi missile Maximum range 350 km It is a variant of the surface-to-surface or ship-to-ship Prithvi missile, which has been developed for the Indian Navy
Trishul Missile
Short-range ballistic missiles Surface to Air Missiles Range – It has a range of 12 km and is fitted with a 5.5 kg warhead. The range of the missile increases by decreasing the weight of the warhead. Developed by - DRDO Manufacturer - Bharat Dynamics Limited Designed to be used against low-level (sea-skimming) targets at short range, the system has been developed to
defend naval vessels against missiles and also as a short-range surface-to-air missile on land.
Akash Missile
Medium-range ballistic missiles Surface to Air Missiles Range – The Akash New Generation missile system can target aircraft up to 50–60 km away, at altitudes up to
18,000 m. It can neutralize aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise missiles, and air-to-surface missiles as well as ballistic missiles. It will be exported to other countries. It can be used to intercept (destroying the enemy missile in the air) enemy missiles. Developed by - DRDO Manufacturer - Bharat Dynamics Limited (Army variant) Bharat Electronics Limited (Air force variant)
Nag Missile
Anti Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) Developed by - DRDO minimum range - 500 m maximum range - 4 km Manufacturer - Bharat Dynamics Limited A helicopter-launched version of Nag called the Helina
Dhruvastra
It is the helicopter version of 'Nag Helina' with several new features and is meant to be fired from the air to destroy enemy bunkers, armored vehicles, and main battle tanks.
It is a third-generation fire and forgets (cant be brought back after firing the missile) class anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system that has been mounted on the Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH).
SANT or Standoff Anti-tank Guided Missile
It is a fourth-generation upgraded variant of the HELINA missile developed for the long-distance airborne anti-armor role.
It has an extended range of up to 15 km to 20 km.
Brahmos Missile
It is a merger of the names of Brahmaputra river and Moskva river (Russia) These missiles are designed, developed, and produced by BrahMos Aerospace. BrahMos Aerospace is a joint venture company set up by the Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO) and NPO Mashinostroyenia of Russia. It is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from
submarines, ships, aircraft, or land. It does not require further guidance after launch. The initial range was up to 290-km. Its range might be extended up to 800km. However, India's entry into the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) has
extended the range of the BrahMos missile to reach 450-600 km and beyond.
Prahaar & Pranash Missile
DRDO developed a 200-km strike range Pranash ballistic missile which would be armed with conventional warheads
The missile is an advanced version of the 150-km strike range Prahar missile which was being developed for tactical missions.
The export variant of the Prahar missile is the Pragati surface to surface missile. Both are surface-to-surface ballistic missiles.
Nirbhay Missile
It is a long-range, subsonic (less than the speed of the sound) cruise missile 0.7 Mach Designed and developed in India by DRDO The missile can be launched from multiple platforms just like Brahmos Range – Around 1000 km
K Missile Family
The K family of missiles, named after Indian scientist and former president A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, is a family of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) developed by India to boost its second-strike capabilities and thus augment its nuclear deterrence.
India follows the policy of NFU (No First Use). K15 or Sagarika - Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM). It is difficult to catch or locate a submarine because it keeps on moving below the sea or ocean. Shaurya Missile- A land variant of the submarine-launched K-15 Sagarika, The surface-to-surface medium range
Shaurya missile, that can reach speeds of 7.5 Mach and range up to 750 km
Astra Missile
Indigenous beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile Speed up to MACH 4.5 Currently 110 km version of the Astra Mk 1 onboard the Indian Air Force Aircraft Manufactured by - Bharat Dynamics Limited Astra Mk 2 is also coming whose range might be 200-250kms.
Missiles of Pakistan
Missiles of China
Hong Niao Yingji Dong Feng (DF 1 to 15) Ju Lang
Missiles of USA
by Dr. Gaurav Garg
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