mississippi delta native plants previously, river swamps represented this part of the central united...
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Mississippi Delta Native Plants
• Previously, river swamps represented this part of the central United States.
• The trees could survive in areas that flooded or were covered with water for part of the year.
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• Two hundred years ago, bottomland forests covered almost thirty million acres across the Southeastern United States.
• Today, only 40% of this area supports these type of habitat.
• These native plants provide food source for birds, insects, and other native wildlife.
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• Mississippi Flyway, a bird migration route utilized by migratory waterfowl, songbirds, and shorebirds.
• The flyway is predominantly used by these birds for food, water, and shelter.
• Agriculture and urban development have eliminated most native plant communities through forest clearing.
• The introduction of exotic and invasive plants have replaced many natives.
• One goal is to restore native habitat to help migratory wildlife and enhance their food availability.
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• Native plants have many advantages over non-natives:
1. Tend to be disease resistant and require less maintenance (less fertilizer, less pesticide application)
2. Better adapted to local temperature and rainfall patterns
3. Generally non-invasive and don’t outcompete other species
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Bald cypress - Taxodium distichum Bark Is red-brown, fibrous and stringy
Trunk may swell at base and be surrounded by "knees".
Intermediate shade tolerance.
The wood is decay resistant
The seed is eaten by waterfowl.
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‘Knees’ occur at the base of the tree
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• Oaks, beeches, and hickories are considered to be mast trees – produce lots of food for wildlife–White-tailed deer, raccoon, squirrels, chipmunks,
opossum, mice , fox. turkey and quail.
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Swamp chestnut oak - Quercus michauxii
• Leaves with rounded and shallow lobes• The acorn has a cap covering half the nut
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Water oak - Quercus nigra • Leaves usually spatulate, and with a bristle-tip
at the apex.• Acorn cap sits on the base of the flat-topped
nut.
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willow oak - Quercus phellos Leaves are simple, thin, up to 5 inches long
and 1 inch wide, and with yellow tufts of hair on the midrib.
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• Fruit is an acorn 1/4 to 1/2 inches long with the green-brown, saucer-like cap covering up to 1/4 of the nut
• Bark is gray-brown and smooth becoming shallowly fissured with age.
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Red maple – Acer rubrum
• Leaves - opposite, simple, 3 to 5 palmate lobes with serrated margin
• Twigs: Reddish and lustrous with small lenticels• Flowers: small, occur in hanging clusters, usually bright red• Bark: smooth and light gray on young trees, older trees the
bark breaks up into long, fine scaly plates and is darker.• Fruit: Clusters of 1/2 to 3/4 inch long red samaras.• Crown is round
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Sweetgum - Liquidambar styraciflua Leaves are star-shaped and toothed.
Fruit is a spiny ball containing many capsules
Seeds are eaten by birds, ducks and squirrels
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Red buckeye – Aesculus pavia• Understory shrub• Flowers are red, showy and attractive to hummingbirds
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Pecan - Carya illinoinensis • Naturalized in the southern U.S. and is intolerant of shade.• Heavy wood is used for handles and pulpwood• The pecan nut is known world wide
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Shagbark hickory – Carya ovata• Bark is smooth on young trees and dark gray breaking into
long loose strips on large trees.• Twigs are brown, stout and hairy
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• 4-ribbed white nut is enclosed by a thick husk which is pale on the inside and splits to the base.
• The hard wood is used for pulpwood, furniture and novelty items.
• The nuts are eaten by many small animals.
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Sugarberry - Celtis laevigata • Leaves are simple, alternate, deciduous, and
ovate with toothed margins, long pointed apices and 3 main veins arising from the petiole.
• Twigs are thin and zigzag. • Bark is gray and smooth with corky warts.
• Fruit is a sweet, orange-red drupe. • Usually found on moist sites in the southeast
U.S. and is tolerant of shade. The wood is used for furniture and boxes, and the fruit is a favorite of birds.
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American elm - Ulmus americana
• Leaves are simple, alternate, deciduous, doubly serrate, ovate, smooth to rough, up to 7 inches long and often with a greatly unequal leaf base.
• Twigs are red-brown and mostly hairless with black-red striped ovoid buds.
• Bark is gray with interlacing ridges and brown-white inner bark.
• Fruit is a deeply notched, round and hairy samara.
• The elms display a vase-shaped form. • Its distribution was reduced by Dutch Elm disease.
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interlacing ridges and brown-white inner bark
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winged elm - Ulmus alata
• Leaves are simple, alternate, deciduous, doubly serrate, elliptical, up to 3 inches long, leathery and with a rounded, slightly uneven leaf base.
• Leaves of seedlings may be rough. • Twigs can be corky-winged and buds are ovoid
and black-red striped. • Bark is brown-gray and grooved to somewhat
scaly. • Fruit is a notched, elliptical, hairy samara.• Heavy, shock resistant wood is used for boxes,
posts, and hockey sticks
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Sassafras - Sassafras albidum • Flowers are yellow in early spring and the fruit is a dark
blue drupe on a red stalk.• Young twigs are mottled red, black, and green, pubescent
and aromatic. • Bark is dark green when young and brown-gray to red-
brown, thick and ridged on larger trees
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• The wood is used for fence posts and home-made fishing rods.
• Oil of sassafras extracted from the roots is used in perfumes, tea and herbal remedies.
• Many birds and mammals eat the fruit and bear and deer browse the foliage.
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Sycamore - Platanus occidentalis • Bark is brown and peels to expose striking white inner
bark. Fruit is a round ball of achenes.• The trunk is often hollow, this species is a den tree for
wildlife.• Leaves - large, and with 3-5 roughly toothed lobes.
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American beautyberry – Callicarpa americanaAn understory shrub found on a variety of sites in the southern U.S. Butterflies like the flowers.
Drupe clusters;look like berries
Flowers small, light purple, in clustersWarty lenticels on stems
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River birch – Betula nigra
Bark: papery scales, exfoliating horizontally with several colors (creamy to orange-brown) visible
Leaf: Alternate, simple, pinnately-veined, conspicuously doubly serrate, with a wedge-shaped base, green above, paler and fuzzy below.
Twigs – orange-brown
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Not native trees: Chinaberry - Melia azedarach Naturalized in open and disturbed areas
throughout the southeast and is intolerant of shade. Fruit is a yellow-brown, poisonous drupe that persists over winter.
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Chinese privet - Ligustrum sinense • Fruit is a blue-black, round drupe. • A shrub to small tree that has aggressively
colonized open areas in the eastern U.S.
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Crape-myrtle - Lagerstroemia indica
Drought tolerant; colorful clusters of flowers
Used for buffer strips around parking lots
Small, multi-stemmed tree; mottled bark
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Chinese tallow tree – Triadica sebifera
- Trees may reach 60 feet in height; spike-like flowers
- Three lobed capsules appear from August to January and release 3 white, wax-coated seeds resembling popcorn.
- Decaying leaves are toxic to other plants
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Bradford pear - Pyrus calleryana Planted as an ornamental throughout the U.S. because of its showy white flowers in spring and red leaves in fall.