mississippi€¦ · state of mississippi hon. john bell williams governor mississippi geological,...

Water Resources of

MississippiTHAD N. SHOWS

BULLETIN 113

MISSISSIPPI GEOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC AND

TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

WILLIAM HALSELL MOORE

Director and State Geologist

JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI

1970

PRICE $2.00

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

Hon. John Bell Williams Governor

MISSISSIPPI GEOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC AND

TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

BOARD

Hon. S. F. Thigpen, Jr., Chairman . Bay Springs

Hon. Gordon W. Gulmon. Vice Chairman.. Natchez

Hon. 0. B. Curtis Jackson

Hon. John K. Gresham Greenville

Hon. Troy J. Laswell State College

STAFF

William H. Moore Director and State Geologist

Wilbur T. Baughman.. Geologist

Alvin R. Bicker, Jr. ......Geologist

Theo H. Dinkins, Jr. Geologist

Thad N. Shows -...Geologist

Margaret W. Paderewski —..Secretary

Jean K. Spearman ...Secretary

Michael E. McGregor — Logging Technician

Randall H. Warren. Driller

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Office of the Mississippi Geological, Economic and

Topographical Survey

Jackson, Mississippi

August 6, 1970

Mr. S. F. Thigpen, Jr., Chairman, and

Members of the Board

Mississippi Geological, Economic and Topographical Survey

Gentlemen:

Herewith is Mississippi Geological Survey Bulletin 113, "Water Re

sources of Mississippi," by Thad N. Shows.

Bulletin 113 answers a long standing need of generalized information

on both the surface water and ground water of the State. The information

in this bulletin will enable private citizens, industry and governmentalagencies to determine the water resources of their area of interest at aglance. This bulletin will be helpful in determining the wisest use of ourvaluable water resources.

Respectfuly submitted,

William H. Moore

Director and State Geologist

WHM:js

WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI 5

WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI

CONTENTS

Page

Water resources of Mississippi, by Thad N. Shows 11

Abstract 11

Water in Mississippi .— 13

Water use - — 13

Mississippi controls on water 15

Fresh water in Mississippi — 16

Rural water systems in Mississippi 17

Ground water _ — 17

Introduction 17

Ground water occurrence 18

Water wells — - 21

Quality of water 23

Waste disposal in deep wells — 27

Water-bearing units — ~ 28

Ground water in Area I 28

Paleozoic aquifers — 31

Cretaceous aquifers - - 34

Quality of water _ 35

Ground water in Area II 35

Lower Cretaceous aquifers 45

Upper Cretaceous aquifers — 45

Tuscaloosa aquifer . .— 46

Eutaw and McShan aquifers — 46

Coffee sand aquifer ~ 47

Ripley aquifer — - 48

Quality of water - ~ 48

Ground water in Area III - 55

Coffee sand and Ripley aquifers 57

Wilcox aquifer 66

Claiborne aquifers 67

MISSISSIPPI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Page

Meridian sand aquifer 68

Kosciusko aquifer — - —69

Minor aquifers — - -70

Quality of water — 70

Ground water in Area IV — 77

Wilcox aquifer — — — 78

Claiborne aquifers - > - 84

Meridian sand aquifer - 84

Tallahatta, undifferentiated aquifer 85

Kosciusko aquifer — -85

Cockfield aquifer —86

Alluvial aquifer - 87

Quality of water — —88

Ground water in Area V 88

Claiborne aquifers — - 98

Catahoula aquifer _ _ 99

Hattiesburg aquifer —99

Citronelle aquifer 100

Quality of water _ — 100

Ground water in Area VI -106

Catahoula aquifer - 114

Hattiesburg aquifer — 115

Pascagoula aquifer _ 115

Citronelle aquifer — 116

Quality of water — 116

Surface Water

Introduction 122

Surface water in Area I 124

Quality of water 126

Surface water in Area II _ — 129

Quality of water _ 134

Surface water in Area III 134



Surface water in Area IV 140

Quality of water _ .....142

Surface water in Area V 145


Surface water in Area VI 151

Quality of water .155

Conclusions 155

Acknowledgements 159

Selected references ..160

8 MISSISSIPPI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES

Page

1. Mean annual precipitation — - - 14

2. Configuration of the base of fresh-water in Mississippi— facing 18

3. Distribution of major ground-water aquifers 26

4. Major ground-water divisions of the State for this report 29

5. Location of selected wells in Area I — facing 30

6. Location of selected wells in Area II facing 38

7. Location of selected wells in Area III facing 58

8. Location of selected wells in Area IV -facing 82

9. Location of selected wells in Area V facing 94

10. Location of selected wells in Area VI facing 106

11. Location of major streams, selected U.S.G.S. gaging stations,and major surface-water divisions of the State facing 122

TABLES

1. Source and significance of common mineral constituents and physicalproperties and characteristics of water 23

2. Water-quality tolerance for industrial application 27

3. Stratigraphic column and water resources in Area I - 30

4. Records of selected wells in Area I 32

5. Chemical analyses of water from wells in Area I 36

6. Stratigraphic column and water resources in Area II 37

7. Records of selected wells in Area II 38

8. Chemical analyses of water from wells in Area II 49

9. Stratigraphic column and water resources in Area III — 56

10. Records of selected wells in Area III - 58

11. Chemical analyses of water from wells in Area III 71

12. Stratigraphic column and water resources in Area IV 79

13. Records of selected wells in Area IV —80


Page

14. Chemical analyses of water from wells in Area IV 89

15. Stratigraphic column and water resources in Area V 91

16. Records of selected wells in Area V 92

17. Chemical aanlyses of water from wells in Area V .101

18. Stratigraphic column and water resources in Area VI 107

19. Records of selected wells in Area VI 108

20. Chemical analyses of water from wells in Area VI 117

21. Summary of data from selected stream-gaging stations in Area I 125

22. Lowest mean discharge for 7 consecutive days at stream-gagingstations in Area I - ~ 127

23. Chemical analyses of water from streams in Area I 128

24. Summary of data from selected stream-gaging stations in Area II... 130

25. Lowest mean discharge for 7 consecutive days at stream-gagingstations in Area II 133

26. Chemical analyses of water from streams in Area II 135

27. Summary of data from selected stream-gaging stations in Area III...137

28. Lowest mean discharge for 7 consecutive days at stream-gagingstations in Area III — — 139

29. Chemical analyses of water from streams in Area III 141

30. Summary of data from selected stream-gaging stations in Area IV.... 143

31. Lowest mean discharge for 7 consecutive days at stream-gagingstations in Area IV 143

32. Chemical analyses of water from streams in Area IV... 144

33. Summary of data from selected stream-gaging stations in Area V 146

34. Lowest mean discharge for 7 consecutive days at stream-gagingstations in Area V _ 147

35. Chemical analyses of water from streams in Area V 148

36. Summary of data from selected stream-gaging stations inArea VI 152

37. Lowest mean discharge for 7 consecutive days at stream-gagingstations in Area VI 154

38. Chemical analyses of water from streams in Area VI 156


BULLETIN 113


by

THAD N. SHOWS

ABSTRACT

One of the most important natural resources in Mississippiis water. Large quantities of water are available for industrial,municipal and domestic purposes. Only a small part of the available water is presently being used.

All of the municipal water supplies in the State use groundwater with the exception of Columbus, Jackson and Meridian(partly supplied by wells). A large number of industrial and ir-rigational supplies are from ground water sources. The freshwater section extends to a maximum thickness of about 3,500feet in Smith County in central Mississippi. Most areas are underlain by at least one or more aquifers.

Aquifers vary with the geographic location in the State. Thenortheast corner of the State is underlain by Cretaceous andPaleozoic aquifers. The Cretaceous aquifers are the majorsource of supply in northeast Mississippi. The north central partof the State is underlain by the Claiborne and Wilcox aquifers.The Alluvium, Claiborne and Wilcox aquifers underlie northwest Mississippi. The Citronelle, Hattiesburg, Catahoula, Claiborne and Wilcox aquifers underlie central Mississippi. SouthMississippi is underlain by the Citronelle, Graham Ferry, Pas-cagoula, Hattiesburg, and Catahoula aquifers.

Well yields vary according to need with most municipal andindustrial wells yielding about 500 gpm (gallons per minute).Record yields of up to 5,000 gpm have been recorded in certainlocations of the State. Numerous rural water systems and commercial catfish farm supply wells have been installed throughoutthe State in recent years. Water levels have not declined at arapid rate except near areas of heavy pumpage and the averagedecline is 1 to 2 feet per year in those areas.


The quality of ground water is good for most general purposes, although some minor problems are present at particularlocations. High iron concentration, low pH, excessive carbon dioxide content, and color are problems associated with some ofthe water. Minor to moderate treatment is generally satisfactoryto correct most of the problems except for colored water.

A large volume of surface water is available for use fromthe various streams in the State. Streams vary in size, drainagearea, and amount of stream flow. The cities of Jackson, Columbus and Meridian use surface water for their primary sourceof water supply. Numerous large industries use surface waterat a number of locations in the State.

The major river systems in the State include the Tombig-bee, Pascagoula, Pearl, Homochitto, Big Black and Yazoo rivers.A large number of smaller streams form a dendritic drainagepattern throughout most of the State. The streams have winding meanders, broad, wooded flood plains, with many oxbowlakes along the larger rivers.

Streamflow is usually the highest during the winter andspring seasons which coincides with the usual heavy rainfall.Occasional flooding occurs along the flood-plains of most unregulated streams. Low flows normally occur on the streams inlate summer and fall. Storage facilities should be considered onstreams where the draft will exceed the low flow. A number of

large lakes and reservoirs have been constructed in the State.

Natural quality of surface water is good with most of thewater meeting the mineral quality criteria for use in industry.Industrial and municipal pollution is a problem on a number ofthe streams or certain reaches of the streams. Pollution by pesticides and herbicides is reported in some of the streams andlakes of the agricultural area of northwestern Mississippi. Remedial practices are currently proposed to correct some of thepollution problems in the streams.

Large industrial development will probably continue to depend on surface water supplies while most domestic, municipaland small industrial development will continue to use groundwater.


WATER IN MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi has an abundance of ground and surface wateravailable for municipal, industrial and agricultural use. Mississippi is considered water-rich because of the rainfall and favorable geologic conditions which are present in the State. Toomuch water or not enough water is a common complaint during certain seasons of the year. Mississippi has an average annual rainfall of above 53 inches, but most of this comes in thewinter and spring months. Aquifers, any formations, beds, orzones which contain, transmit and yield water readily to wells,underlie practically the entire State. At particular areas of needthick aquifers may be missing or may contain water that is poorin quality. Wells that furnish a dependable water supply may becompleted in most aquifers fairly inexpensively by water wellcontractors.

The high average rainfall within the State completely fillsthe aquifers and the rejected rainfall flows to the sea in the formof surface water (fig. 1). Several large river systems are scattered throughout the State. Surface and ground water are related,as ground water furnishes most of the water to the streams during times of drought and streams in turn supply water to aquifers.

WATER USE

The majority of water used in Mississippi is by industryand the public. Total water use in Mississippi in 1965 was estimated to be 2,030 mgd (million gallons per day). This use represents only a fraction of the total amount of ground and surface water available. The Mississippi River, which forms thewestern boundary of the State, discharges an average of 360bgd (billion gallons per day) into the Gulf of Mexico. Numerousaquifers capable of yielding 2,000 gpm (gallons per minute) ormore to wells are found in almost three-fourths of the counties.Mississippi's most plentiful and important natural resource iswater.

All municipal water supplies, with the exception of three,Jackson, Columbus and Meridian, are from ground water sources.A large percentage of industrial cooling water is from surfacewater sources. Several large steam generating plants are in


Figure 1.—Mean annual precipitation, in inches. Extracted from U. S. WeatherBureau, 1959, "Climates of the States." Based on 25 year period1931-55.


operation in the State which use large volumes of surface waterand some ground water. In 1965 it was estimated that theseplants used 730 mgd of water in generating electrical currentfor use in the State. Quality requirement for this type of usefor surface water is usually lower than for most other industrialuses. One large generating plant in Harrison County uses salinewater in its operation.

MISSISSIPPI CONTROLS ON WATER

State agencies have been set up by the Mississippi Legislature to control pollution, allocate surface water, safeguard publicdrinking supplies, investigate the availability of water, and license water well drillers. Some of the general responsibilitiesof the various State agencies in regard to water are listed below.

The Board of Water Commissioners is empowered to allocatesurface water based on certain rules and regulations establishedby law. A primary function of this agency is to protect the present surface water user and control the future appropriationof water to insure its most advantageous use. A permit from theBoard of Water Commissioners is required before water can bewithdrawn from a stream, watercourse or lake. The Board alsolicenses water well contractors which operate within the State.Water well contractors are required by law to file a drillers logon each completed water well with the Board of Water Commissioners within 30 days from date drilled.

The Mississippi Air and Water Pollution Control Commission (1966) has the authority to control pollution in the surface streams. The Commission has classified most streams andreaches of streams as to priority use. Regulations have beenadopted which require a permit to construct or operate a facility that discharges waste material in any stream in Mississippi.

The State Oil and Gas Board is concerned with the promotion, development, and utilization of the oil and gas resourcesin the State. The Air and Water Pollution Control Commissionhas delegated to the State Oil and Gas Board the responsibility ofprotecting the fresh-water aquifers from salt-water pollution bythe petroleum industry. The State Oil and Gas Board issues permits for the construction of salt-water disposal wells in thepetroleum industry.


The Mississippi State Board of Health is responsible for thesafety of public water supplies in the State. Public water supplies have to meet certain laboratory standards of purity beforethe water may be used or sold. Numerous well owners submitwater for purity and chemical tests to this agency. The Mississippi State Board of Health collects regular bacteriological analyses of public water supplies and maintains a file of chemicalanalyses on most public water supplies within the State.

The Mississippi State Game and Fish Commission is responsible for the protection of aquatic life in the streams. Theirresponsibility includes the propagation of fish and aquatic lifeand wildlife. Recreation and related activities are an importanteconomic resource, and the Commission is interested in providingfishing and recreational opportunities throughout the State.

The Mississippi Geological Survey is basically a researchorganization. The Survey is instructed by law to examine themineral natural resources, including the metalliferous deposits,petroleum, natural gas, as well as building stones, clays, coals,cements, waters, and all other mineral substances of value. TheSurvey's water responsibility includes the investigation, mapping and compilation of reports on the water supplies and waterpower of the State with reference to their application to irrigation, protection from overflow and other purposes. The end product of most investigations or studies is a report or bulletinwhich sets forth the findings of the Survey.

The various state agencies cooperate in determining themost beneficial use and protection of the water resources of theState. The agencies involved realize that the well being andgrowth of the State depends on how well we manage this important resource.

FRESH WATER IN MISSISSIPPI

The base of fresh water varies from about sea level to morethan 3,000 feet below sea level in the central section of theState (fig. 2). The map was prepared from previously publishedmaps (Cushing and Newcome) which were based on information from electrical logs of oil and gas test wells. The varyingdepths of fresh water across the State may be attributed to theabsence of certain aquifers or containers or the degree of aquifer-flushing of the trapped brackish connate water.


Fresh water is defined as water with less than 1,000 ppm(parts per million) total dissolved solids. Concentrations of certain minerals in water may render it unsuitable for particularuses. The Mississippi State Board of Health recommends thatwater containing more than 250 ppm chloride not be used fordrinking water. Usually the water containing high total dissolved solids contains sodium chloride or salt, bicarbonate andother minerals. Water containing slightly high total dissolvedsolids may be utilized for certain industrial uses. Treatment ofbrackish or slightly saline water will probably become economicalif water treatment technology continues to develop.

RURAL WATER SYSTEMS IN MISSISSIPPI

Numerous rural water systems are being or have been installed throughout most areas in Mississippi. These systemsuse ground-water for their source of water either by drillingwells or purchasing water from an existing municipal supply.The Farmers Home Administration approves loans to groups orsmall towns once a need is proven and money is available. Thereare 431 completed rural water systems in the State as of March,1970. An additional 30 to 40 systems have been approved andare in some stage of construction.

The Farmers Home Administration encourages communitiesand small towns to band together and form an association ordistrict and incorporate as such. The association or district thenconstructs a water system including a well or wells with adistribution system and a water-treatment plant if necessary.The government insures the loan which is usually amortized overa 40-year period.

GROUND WATER

INTRODUCTION

Large quantities of fresh ground water are available atrelatively shallow depths throughout most of Mississippi. Municipal, industrial, irrigation and domestic water supplies arefrom ground water sources. A relatively new demand is forsupplying numerous commercial catfish producers across theState. Industrial development continues to demand greater quantities of water for various manufacturing plants and paper mills.


Large volumes of ground water may be pumped out of theground at a relatively small investment when considering thedependability and average life of a well. Industrial and municipal wells have been known to last up to 50 years although theaverage life probably is 15 to 18 years. The temperature of groundwater remains constant which is beneficial for cooling, industrialand municipal use. Quality of ground water is generally good,and when poor quality water is encountered only minor treatmentis required.

The abundance and availability of ground and surfacewater will continue to be helpful in promoting the industrialgrowth of Mississippi.

GROUND WATER

OCCURRENCE

Ground water is the most widely used natural resource inMississippi. Ground water is defined as any water found beneaththe surface of the ground that is in the zone of saturation. Thezone of saturation is that portion of the earth's upper crust inwhich pores, joints and openings are filled with water. Theground water zone is generally referred to as that portion ofthe earth which contains fresh water or marginal fresh water.Ground water may seep out onto the surface and become surfacewater and vice versa. Both ground water and surface water areinterrelated and a basic understanding of each will be helpfulin a study of either resource. Ground water and surface waterare ultimately dependent on precipitation. Precipitation effecton ground water is slow, whereas surface water is affected in ashort time by a lack or excess of precipitation.

Ground water reservoirs or containers are commonly calledaquifers. An aquifer is any water-bearing unit that contains,transmits, or readily yields water to wells. The three main functions of an aquifer are to filter, transmit and store water. Wateris filtered as it passes into the intake of the aquifer which isusually the outcrop area or adjacent permeable beds and throughthe aquifer material to the point of withdrawal. The water isslowly moving within the aquifer at the rate of a few feet peryear from the intake or recharge area until it is dischargedat wells, springs, seeps or other aquifers which represent an underground pipeline. The aquifer acts as a large underground

Boundary of area within which theindicated geologic unit contains the Ibody of fresh waterMap adapted from Cushing, E.M., Newcome,Roy, Jr., and others. See references.

rrrtE'i-#'i .4-1 /fi | AQUIFER1! /Y Si J. _Jh-h\% ?y'fcr \—71:

to kt dpf•• t! \ \^*~V-\ TUSCALOOSA

Figure 2.—Configuration of the base of fresh-water in Mississippi.


reservoir by storing the water until it is discharged or used.Many geologic units have a relatively large capacity to storewater, but their pipeline or conduit function is so limited thatthey cannot transmit water to wells at sufficient rates to be useful. The ease with which water passes through the aquifer material is determined by the shape, size, assortment and degreeof compaction of the aquifer material. Figure 3 shows thedistribution of the major aquifers in the State.

Generally, aquifers are composed of unconsolidated sand,gravel, and silt or mixtures of these. The Paleozoic aquifers innortheastern Mississippi are composed of sandstone, limestoneand chert which are semi-consolidated to consolidated. A number of aquifers near the outcrop are lenticular and are not continuous over a very large area. The lenticular nature of these aquifers reflects the depositional history of the aquifer material.

Water enters the permeable geologic units and moves downthe dip in a generally west and southwesterly direction towardareas of discharge. A reversal of this general condition may bepresent in areas of heavy withdrawal. Water levels are loweredin the aquifers in the vicinity of discharge or withdrawal, andthe water levels change the direction of ground-water movement.

Aquifers are classed as water-table or artesian dependingon whether the water level is within the aquifer and uncon-fined or whether it is confined. Water in a water-table wellstands at about the same level as in the aquifer outside the well.Water-table aquifers, such as the alluvial aquifer in northwesternMississippi, receive recharge mainly from local precipitation andstreams. This condition results in a seasonal fluctuation of thewater level. The base flow of streams is supplied in part fromthe discharge of water-table aquifers. The terrace deposits thatcap the hills and the alluvium along the streams are helpful inmaintaining the base flow of the streams.

Most of the other aquifers are classed as artesian or semi-artesian aquifers. Artesian aquifers are confined by impermeable beds, usually clay, and the water in wells will rise above thetop of the water-bearing material. Artesian wells imply flowingwells but this is a mistaken idea according to the above definition. Artesian wells located in the deeper stream valleys, innorthwestern Mississippi, and along the coastal counties usuallyhave water levels above the surface and flow.


SCALE IN MILES

/ I j \ Cretaceous jand V

/ h" r' V^Sfi. • I•" ! <VPel«ewuc£ I

. I ! j Nqfttiestmrg,' CajaRoulaT" \"' ! "J fresh

^ - : , I [ j\^... I e ( water0^' ,.„ f Claiborne aVwilcoxaquifeVs'"'''' \ \ i ' /aquifers

-nVV ' ' I \ j i ^>-^___-|avaNableS? ~"Xj- 3-r—r-1"—r1

Figure 3.—Distribution of major ground-water aquifers.


Water quality changes as the water moves down the dipfrom the outcrop to areas of discharge. Most shallow water upto 100 feet deep generally has low dissolved solids, low pH (hydrogen ion concentration) and high carbon dioxide (CO2). Dissolved solids content usually increases down the dip as more mineral matter is dissolved by the water and the type of the waterchanges from calcium to sodium bicarbonate. The deeper wateris usually softer because the calcium and magnesium content,which indicates hardness, has been decreased by ionic exchangefor sodium. The pH of the water generally increases in the deeper aquifers and iron concentrations are reduced. Some of theaquifers, such as the Kosciusko aquifer at some locations incentral Mississippi and some Miocene aquifers on the Coast, contain colored water at particular locations, but this is usually nota regional problem.

Temperature of ground water remains constant throughoutthe year. Water from some of the shallow water-table aquifersmay vary a few degrees but not so much as surface water. Waterof a constant temperature is advantageous for most coolingpurposes and industrial uses. The temperature of shallow groundwater ranges from about 60° to 65°F. (Fahrenheit). The geo-thermal gradient increases 1°F. for every 65 to 100 feet of depth.The temperature of the water from about 2000 feet along theMississippi Coast is 90° to 100°F. To determine accurate watertemperature measurements, the water temperature should bemeasured in a large capacity well that has been pumping a sufficient time for the temperature to equalize in the well.

WATER WELLS

Water wells vary in size, type of material, construction, anddepth. Well production varies for reasons which include pumpsize, casing size, screen size and openings, pump setting, waterlevel and the amount of water that the aquifer is capable ofyielding. Well production is generally based on immediate needand provides no more than a hint of the aquifer potential. Thefull potential of an aquifer is seldom developed, thereby limitingthe information on available water from properly constructedwells.

Well yields are in direct relationship to the pump size andhorsepower requirements, and depth to water level. The diame-


ter of the casing generally determines the size and yield of thepump. Generally, a well with a 2-inch casing diameter will yieldup to 15 gpm, a 4-inch well will yield up to 30-50 gpm, and a 6-inch well will yield up to 125-150 gpm. Higher yields are possible from larger wells.

Wells yielding 5,000 gpm have been constructed in northwestern Mississippi and in Hancock County in southern Mississippi. Most municipal and industrial wells are designed to yieldfrom 500 to 1,000 gpm, but individual wells are known to yieldup to 2,000 gpm. The rural water system wells are usually smallerthan the municipal or industrial wells and yield from 50 to 150gpm. The irrigation and commercial catfish-farm supply wellsin northwestern Mississippi are built to yield several thousandgallons per minute.

Depth of wells varies according to the particular aquiferor aquifers underlying the area. The deepest water well presently in use in the State is reported to be 2,410 feet deep in CalhounCounty in northeast Mississippi. Deeper wells may have beendrilled but records are not available on these wells.

Water well specifications for one location will not necessarilyfit another location. Information on well depths, quality of water,water levels, aquifer thickness, potential yields, and any unusualconditions present are some of the factors to be considered beforewriting well specifications at a particular site. Test holes whichinclude pumping tests, electrical logs and water sampling shouldbe considered in areas that require detailed information when theinformation is not available from other sources. The requirement for providing a specified yield is the responsibility of thecontractor in most Mississippi water well contracts. There aresome locations where an aquifer is not capable of yielding therequired amount of water and this type of contract does notseem equitable. A bonus should be given in this type contractfor providing more water than is required in the specifications.This would encourage proper development of wells. Proper welldevelopment is generally lacking in Mississippi. Once the required yield is reached the well is assumed to be developed. Thisreflects on the well construction industry as a whole. Only a fewwell specifications are written with proper well developmentincluded.


QUALITY OF WATER

The ground water in Mississippi is of good quality for mostpurposes (Table 1). At certain locations minor quality problemsexist such as excessive color, high iron content (greater than0.3 ppm), low pH (hydrogen ion concentration) or acidic waterand excessive total dissolved solids (Table 2). The quality ofground water reflects contact with minerals within the aquifermaterial.

The most persistent complaint concerning quality of groundwater throughout Mississippi is low pH and excessive iron.Neither of these problems is unsolvable by minor treatment.Generally, areation with pH adjustment will solve these problems unless concentrations of iron exist in excess of 2 ppm.Organic color in water is a problem in certain aquifers, notablythe Kosciusko and Cockfield aquifers at some locations across thecentral portion of the State, and some of the deeper Mioceneaquifers along the Coast. Color originates from organic materialand lignite or lignitic material within the aquifer. Large concentrations of organic material, trees, leaves, roots and plants,were buried along with the sand, silt, and clay deposits. Colormay be removed from water by treating with alum, but the costis prohibitive in most cases. Other shallower or deeper aquifersare usually present that can be utilized or another location maybe found where the water from the same aquifer is withoutcolor.

Water containing total dissolved solids greater than 1000ppm is present in some of the deep Cretaceous aquifers in north-central Mississippi. The major constituent in the water is usually sodium chloride or other salts which impart a salty orbitter taste and corrode metal. Removal of excessive dissolvedsolids by treatment is economically unfeasible at the presenttime.

Table 1.—Source and significance of common mineral constitutents and physicalproperties and characteristics of water.

Silica (SiOa).—Silica, dissolved from practically all rocks, does not affectuse of water for domestic purposes. It affects industrial use of waterbecause it contributes to formation of boiler scale and helps cementother scale-forming substances which may cause damage. Water fromwells generally contains more silica than water from lakes and streams.


Iron (Fe).—Iron is dissoved from practically all ro.ks and soils, and nearlyall natural water contains some iron. Water having a low pH tendsto be corrosive and may dissolve iron in objectionable quantities frompipes. Iron precipitates on exposure of water to air, forming an in-

: soluble hydrated oxide which causes reddish-brown stains on fixtures, and on clothing washed in iron-bearing water. In large amounts iron

imparts a taste and makes water unsuitable for manufacture of food,paper, ice, and other products used in food processing. Iron may causetrouble by supporting growth of bacteria, which clog screens and gravelpacking around wells. U. S. Public Health Service standards set alimit of 0.3 ppm Fe and 0.05 ppm Mn in water used for interstate carriers. Iron can be removed by aeration, precipitation, and filtration; byprecipitation during removed of hardness; or by ion exchange.

Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg).—Calcium and magnesium are dissolved mostly from limestone, dolomite, calcareous sand, and gypsumby water containing available hydrogen ions. Calcium and magnesiumare the principal cause of hardness of water and contribute to the formation of scale in pipes, boilers, and hot-water heaters and form anobjectionable curd with soap.

Sodium (Na) and potassium (K).—Compounds of sodium and potassium areabundant in nature and are highly soluble in water. Some ground waterthat is hard may, in passing through rock formations, undergo baseexchange and become soft at greater depths.

Bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonate (CO3).—Bicarbonate and carbonate innatural water result from the action of carbon-dioxide-bearing wateron •rock materials, principally limestone and dolomite. Carbonate ispresent in only a few natural waters. Bicarbonate is of little significance in public supplies except where the alkalinity affects the cor-rosiveness of water.

Sulfate (SO4).—Sulfate is dissolved mostly from soils and beds of shaleand gypsum. In combination with calcium -and magnesium, sulfate contributes in formation of hard scale and affects industrial use of water.

Chloride, «?1).—Chloride is in nearly all water in varying amounts. Thechlorides of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potasium are readilysoluble. Drainage from sewage, salt springs, and oil fields and otherindustrial wastes may add large amounts of chloride to streams andground-water reservoirs. Small quantities of chloride have little effecton the use of water. Chloride imparts a salty taste with threshold varying with the individual.

Fluoride (F).—In nature fluoride occurs in fluorspar, cryolite, and someother minerals. Most natural water contains a little fluoride. U. S.

Public Health Service drinking water standards recommend a limitvarying from 0.7 to 1.0 ppm in areas having ah annual average maximum daily temperature of 70.7 to 79.2 deg. F.^According to Dean(1936), fluoride in large amounts may cause mottling of children's


teeth; however, water having about 1 ppm of fluoride may substantially reduce tooth decay in children who have used the water duringcalcification of their teeth.

Nitrate (NO»).—Nitrate in water represents the final oxidation product oforganic nitrogen compounds. Its presence may indicate pollution, andin high concentration it may be an indication of sewage or other organicmatter. A National Research Council report by Maxcy (1950) concludesthat water having a nitrate content in excess of 44 ppm should be regarded as unsafe for infant feeding. It may be a contributing factor tonatrate cyanosis ("blue-baby disease") in such unusual amounts.

Dissolved solids.—Although the residue on evaporation to dryness does notcoincide completely with the original material in solution, it is generally used synonymously with dissolved solids. Residue on evaporationincludes organic matter and some water of crystallization. Few industrial processes can tolerate water containing an excess of 1,000ppm dissolved solids.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS

Color.—Color refers to the appearance of water that is free of suspendedmatter. It results from extraction of coloring matter from decayingorganic materials such as roots and leaves in bodies of surface wateror in the ground. Natural color of 10 units or less usually goes unnoticed and even in larger amounts is harmless in drinking water; however, for many industrial purposes color is objectionable. It may beremoved from water by coagulation, settling, and filtration.

Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH).—The pH is a measure of the activity ofhydrogen ions in solution. A pH of 7.0 indicates a. neutral solution.Values progressively lower than 7.0 denote increasing acidity, and thoseabove 7.0 denote increasing akalinity. As pH increases, the corrosive-ness of water normally decreases, although excessively alkaline watermay be corrosive to some metal surfaces. pH has an important bearingon the utility of the water for many industrial purposes.

Specific conductance (micromhos at 25° C).—Specific conductance is ameasure of the ability of water to conduct an electric current, and itfurnishes a rouerh measure of the mineral content of the water. It givesno indication of the relative quantities of the different constituents insolution. It is useful in making comparisons of the estimated totalmineral content of different waters, and of following changes in suchcontent of water in a stream.

Temperature.—The temperature shown in tables of analyses is in degreesFahrenheit and represents the temperature of the water at the timeof sampling. Most ground-water measurements were made at the wellhead after sufficient water had been withdrawn to represent the approximate temperature in the formation. Ground water in a givenlocality is generally of constant temperature. The average temperature


of water at shalow depths generally is about the same as the meanannual air temperature. It increases with depth at the rate of 1° foreach 65 to 100 feet.

Corrosiveness.—A water that attacks metal is said to be corrosive. It frequently results in "red water," caused by precipitation of iron; however, not all red water is the result of corrosion. Water from someformations contains considerable iron in solution, which on being exposed to the air, precipitates readily and gives a red-water effect.Acidic waters are capable of causing corrosion of water pipes andwater-heating systems. Preventive measures involve control of theseactive agents or minimizing their effects, and includes maintainingproper pH of the treated water. Electrolysis control inside steel reservoirs and protective coating on metal surfaces also are used forprotection against corrosion. Free carbon dioxide and other gases normally are removed by aeration and, if necessary neutralized by the addition of either lime or soda ash.

Hardness.—In the development of a water supply hardness is one of themost important single factors to be considered. It is caused principallyby the calcium and magnesium in solution and is generally reported asthe calcium carbonate equivalent. Carbonate hardness or "temporaryhardness' is hardness equivalent to the bicarbonate and carbonate."Permanent" or noncarbonate hardness is caused by the combinationof calcium and magnesium with other ions. Scale caused by carbonatehardness usually is porous and easily removed, but that caused bynon-carbonate hardness is hard and difficut to remove. Hardness isusually recognized in water by the increased quantity of soap requiredto make a permanent ather. As hardness increases, soap consumptionrises sharply, and an objectionable curd is formed. Water having ahardness of 60 ppm or less is soft; 61 to 120 ppm is moderately hard;and more than 120 ppm is hard.

Most shallow ground water in Missisippi is acidic in nature.The low pH and excessive concentration of carbon dioxide causesthe water to be corrosive to metal in the well and plumbingwhich results in iron in the water. A large number of the ironproblems occur in this way. A common complaint among wellowners is that a new well will last only about one year beforeiron is noticed in the water. This time corresponds to the lengthof time in which the corrosive water will dissolve the galvinizedcoating on the casing. The problem may be eliminated by usinga corrosive resistant material such as plastic pipe or coatingfor the casing and plumbing system. A plastic screen is alsoused in many instances where the ground water is acidic and attacks metal screens.

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if

WASTE DISPOSAL IN DEEP WELLS

Presently numerous salt-water disposal wells are in use,particularly in southern Mississippi. Most of these wells are located at or near oil fields or salt domes used for storage purposes. These wells should be completed in deep aquifers below thefresh-water zone.

Industrial waste-disposal wells will probably be constructedin the near future. Deep saline aquifers offer a great potentialfor the proper disposal of industrial wastes. Care should be ex-


ercised in the planning and constructing of either type well because of the danger of polluting the fresh ground-water aquifers.The Air and Water Pollution Control Commission must approvethe plans and application before any type of industrial disposalwell is constructed within the State. Detailed construction plansshould be included in any application. The Oil and Gas Boardmust approve the plans and application for any salt-water disposal well in the State.

WATER-BEARING UNITS

Geologic and hydrologic conditions and quality of groundwater varies throughout the State. The State is divided into sixareas (fig.. 4) for the ground water discussion. In each areaa summary is given on the general ground-water and quality ofwater present, a table is given listing the major aquifers and thewater resources of each unit present, and tables are includedwith selected wells and available chemical analyses of groundwater. Maps are included showing location of water wells andthe Mississippi Survey's Groundwater number (MSG). Information previously published on wells was not generally included inthis report. References listing the major publications on groundwater in the State are listed at the end of the report.

GROUND-WATER

AREA I

Northeast Mississippi (Area I, fig. 5) is not generally a goodarea for large ground-water development. The aquifers are listedin Table 3 which gives a summary of their water-bearing characteristics. Aquifers underlie the area but are not as continuousor permeable over a large area as in other sections of the State.Primary aquifers in northeast Mississippi include the Paleozoic,sometimes referred to as Paleozoic chert, and Upper Cretaceousdeposits. The Cretaceous deposits overlie the Paleozoic rocksbut are thin over a large portion of the area. The Cretaceousdeposits are missing in northeastern Tishomingo County wherethe Paleozoic rocks are on the surface.

The general dip of the beds is west'and the strike is in anorth-south direction. The dip ranges up to 30-40 feet per mile for


Figure 4.—Major ground-water divisions of the State for this report.

Tab

le3.

—St

rati

grap

hic

colu

mn

and

wat

erre

sour

ces

inA

rea

I.

ER

AS

YS

TE

MSE

RIE

SG

RO

UP

STR

AT

IGR

AP

HIC

UN

IT

TH

ICK

NE

SS

(fee

t)W

AT

ER

RE

SO

UR

CE

S

'5 1

Ho

loeen

eA

llu

viu

m0

-20

Gen

eral

lyno

tan

aqui

fer.

Supp

lies

som

edo

mes

ticw

ells

alon

gth

estr

eam

s.Th

eal

luvi

umis

prob

ably

thic

ker

inth

efl

ood

plai

nof

the

Ten

ness

eeR

iver

.

Terr

ace

Dep

osit

s0

-10

0

Not

anim

porta

ntaq

uife

r.A

feww

ells

inth

eare

am

oyut

iliz

eth

isaq

uife

r.A

thic

kde

posit

ofsa

ndan

dgr

avel

caps

theh

ills

para

llel

toth

eTe

nnes

see

Rive

r.M

osto

fthe

sede

posit

sar

eno

tpot

entia

laq

uife

rsbe

caus

eth

eyor

epr

esen

tath

ighe

leva

tions

only

.

3 8 u V 0

Sel

mo

Rip

ley

0-5

00

-

Not

anim

porta

ntaq

uife

r.Th

eaq

uife

ris

the

sour

ceof

wat

ersu

pply

forsh

allo

wdo

mes

ticw

ells

inth

ewes

tern

part

ofAl

corn

Cou

nty.

Qua

lity

ofw

ater

isfa

irfro

mth

isaq

uife

r.Th

ew

ater

has

olo

wpH

and

iron

cont

entm

aybe

high

.

Dem

opol

isch

alk

No

tan

aq

uif

er.

Co

ffee

san

d

Aso

urce

ofsu

pply

forsh

allo

wdo

mes

ticw

ells

inAl

corn

and

Pren

tiss

Cou

ntie

s.H

ighe

ryi

eldi

ngw

ells

may

bepo

ssib

leat

certa

inlo

catio

ns.

Wat

erqu

alit

yisg

ener

ally

poor

.Th

ew

ater

has

alo

wpH

and

cont

ains

exce

ssiv

eiro

nco

ncen

trat

ion

ata

num

ber

oflo

catio

ns.

1 5

Tom

bigb

eesa

nd

An

impo

rtan

taqu

ifer

inm

osto

fTi

shom

ingo

and

all

ofA

lcor

nand

Pren

tiss

Cou

ntie

s.N

umer

ous

shal

low

dom

esti

c,in

dust

rial

and

mun

icip

alw

ells

are

com

plet

edin

the

Eula

waq

uife

rin

this

area

.Q

uali

tyof

wat

eris

gene

rally

fair.

The

wat

erus

ually

has

alo

wpH

and

iron

cont

entm

aybe

apr

oble

m.

Lo

wer

Tu

sca

loo

sa

Atra

nsiti

onal

type

depo

sitbe

twee

nth

eun

derly

ing

Pale

ozoi

cro

cksa

ndth

eov

erly

ing

Euta

wde

posit

s.A

larg

enu

mbe

rofw

ells

com

plet

edin

theb

ase

ofth

eEu

taw

may

beco

nsid

ered

tobe

inth

eTu

scal

oosa

prov

ided

the

aqui

ferc

onsi

sts

ofco

arse

sand

and

grav

el.

Anu

mbe

rof

rura

lw

oter

supp

lyw

ells

inth

eso

uthe

rnpa

rtof

tho

area

are

prod

ucin

gfro

mth

eTus

calo

osa

aqui

fer.

Qua

lity

ofw

ater

isfa

irto

poor

from

this

aqui

fer.

Iron

cont

enta

ndlo

wpH

ore

them

ajor

prob

lemsa

ssoc

iate

dw

ithth

isw

ater

.

'5 N O e <£

Devonian, Mississippion, andPennsylvanian

Un

dif

fere

nti

ate

dR

ock

s10

00*

An

impo

rtant

aqui

fer

inAl

corn

,no

rther

nPr

entis

san

dTi

shom

ingo

coun

ties.

This

aqui

fer

supp

lies

them

unic

ipal

wot

erfo

rC

orin

than

dlu

ka.

Oth

erpu

blic

,ind

ustri

alan

ddom

estic

wel

lsar

ecom

plet

edin

this

aqui

feri

nAl

corn

and

north

ern

Tish

omin

goC

ount

ies.

Yie

ldsf

rom

this

aqui

fera

reup

to90

0gpm

inth

evic

init

yof

Cor

inth

.Q

uali

tyof

wat

eris

gene

rally

good

.Th

epH

ofth

ew

ater

is7

orab

ove

and

the

iron

cont

ent

isus

ually

low

.T

heha

rdne

ssis

fairl

yhi

ghan

dmin

eral

iza

tio

no

fth

ew

ate

ris

mo

dera

te.

OT

W I—I

o H O r1 o o 8 > r %

EXPLANATION

lAl

Water well with MSG number

Figure 5.—Location of selected wells in Area I.


most of these deposits. Local variations may occur and the bedsmay dip steeply.

PALEOZOIC AQUIFERS

The Paleozoic rocks are exposed at the surface in the vicinity of Pickwick Lake on the Tennessee River and are theoldest rocks exposed in the State. The Paleozoic rocks usuallyare not good aquifers and typically consist of dense, hard, consolidated limestone or sandstone which has very little permeability. The top of the Paleozoic rock in the subsurface throughoutmost of the area is distinguished by a weathered chert zone. Thisweathered Paleozoic chert marks the unconformable contact between the Paleozoic rocks and the overlying Cretaceous beds.The chert is deeply weathered with fractures and fissures atsome locations and resembles a chert-gravel deposit. The weathered chert is an important aquifer and a potentially importantaquifer throughout parts of Tishomingo, Alcorn and northernPrentiss Counties. The aquifer will yield large volumes of waterto wells where permeability has been sufficiently developed inthis zone. The permeability is low at some locations and faultingis associated with the unit in the vicinity of Corinth.

Depth of the Paleozoic aquifer is relatively shallow throughout most of northeast Mississippi. The weathered chert occursfrom a depth of 160 feet in section 1, Township 2 South, Range10 East in Tishomingo County to about 450 feet deep at Corinthin Alcorn County, with thicknesses varying from 20 feet toabout 100 feet.

Large capacity wells, up to 900 gpm, have been completed inthe weathered chert at Corinth and rural water associationwells yielding 100-150 gpm are developed in this aquifer innorthern Tishomingo County (Table 4 and fig. 5). A well for theTown of Iuka, (E 1), 366 feet deep was completed in 1965 in thePaleozoic aquifer and pumped 750 gpm. This is very unusualto have a high yield from this depth in the Paleozoic rocks otherthan in the weathered chert zone. Prediction of well yields isdifficult because of the varying conditions which resulted inhigh or low permeability in this unit. Test drilling along withpumping tests should be used to determine the quantity of wateravailable at specific locations from this aquifer.

Tab

le4.

—R

ecor

dsof

.sel

ecte

dw

ells

inA

rea

I.

Wel

l:to

.sSo

rter

sco

rres

pond

toth

ose

onw

ell-

loca

ticr.

raps

,ch

esiic

al-a

Mly

sis

tabl

es,

and

pu

lin

gte

stta

bles

.

Maj

ority

ofvo

llsar

ero

tary

dril

led.

Wat

erle

vel

tM

,M

easu

red;

P.,

rep

ort

ed.

Ele

vati

ons

Ele

vati

ons

cel.

orr.

iixd

firs

tly

irw

-tc

?»;!

r.ir

..-.is

rapa

havi

ngco

ntou

rin

terv

als

of10

ir2-

'-co

t.

Uso

ofV

tell:

0,D

cces

tic-

I,In

dust

rial

:IK

,Irr

igit

icn

N,N

onos

0,O

bser

vatio

n;I',

Pucl

ic=

ujpl

y:s>

--te

c:;

T,

Test.

peta

rkc:

C,

Che

mic

alA

naly

sis;

o,O

bser

vatio

nM

all;

p,

Pir

pin

gT

est

.

Wate

rle

vel

Elc

v.

Ab

ov

ei+

Jo

fla

nd

or

belo

wC

asin

gsu

rfac

e,la

nd

Dep

thni

aret

erda

tira

surf

ace

Dat

eo£

(ft.

)(i

n.)

(ft.

)(f

t.)

[fca

surc

nont

t!all

or.

sp

er

Use

Min

ute

Date

Alcorn

Countv

FI

KossuthHighSchool

1961

442

6485

91

1961

P88

1961

G1

City

ofCorinth,

HellNo.

11

1967

492

12

445

123

1967

P750

1967

Paleozoicaquifer

G2

CityofCorinth,WellNo.

10

1967

500

12

480

145

1967

P700

1967

Paleozoicoquifer

K2

StateHighwayDepartment,

RoadsidePark

1968

240'

4450

70

1968

P10

1968

K3

RienzlWater

Association,

Hell

No.

2

1969^

400

8480

126

1970

P145

1970

K4

Rienzl

Hater

Association,

Well

No.

1

1968

370.

10

'•45

Prentiss

132

Countv

1968

F'"

150

1968

B3

New

CandlerWater

Assoc.

"1968

460

8540

190

1968

P130

1968

D2

Holcut-CairoHater

Assoc.

1969

305

8590

'.146

1969

P250

1969

Tutcalooia

aquifer

F.l

Big"V"Water

Assoc.

1966

503

8532

..-201

1966

P220

1966

F2

Big"V"Water

Assoc.

•1.969,

472-:.:

4540

.T

15

1969

co

CO

I—I

CO

CO

I—I

*n hi

o M O o 2 a i> r< CO <

Tab

le4.

—R

ecor

dsof

sele

cted

wel

lsin

Are

aI.

—(C

onti

nued

)

Ow

ner

Yea

r

Dri

lled

Dcp

tli

(fl.

)

Cas

ing

Dia

melc

i

(in

.)

Ele

v.o

fla

nd

surf

ace

da

tum

(ft.

)

V/a

lcr

Level

Use

Yie

ld

Rem

ark

s

Well

Abo

ve(:

)or

belo

wla

nd

sulf

ate

Da

leo

f(f

l.)

Mea

sure

men

tN

o.

Ga

llo

ns

per

Min

ute

Da

te3 > H H

Tis

ho

min

go

Co

un

ty

B1

Shor

t-C

olem

anU

tili

tyD

ist.

19

68

29

08

62

01

52

19

68

P2

00

19

68

Pa

leo

zo

ica

qu

ifer

EI

To

wn

of

Iuka

19

6S

36

61

25

80

74

19

65

P7

50

19

65

Pa

leo

zo

ica

qu

ifer

L1

Den

nis

Wa

ter

Asso

cia

tio

n1

96

71

51

10

60

08

01

96

7P

10

01

96

7C

O

OL

2D

en

nis

Wa

ter

Asso

cia

tio

n1

96

81

59

10

60

08

01

96

8P

65

19

68

t3

Go

lden

Wa

ter

Asso

cia

tio

n1

96

51

15

10

55

6P

80

19

65

L4

To

wn

of

Belm

on

t1

96

91

30

10

58

04

S1

96

9P

10

01

96

9C

O

O CO

co

l-H

CO

co

i—i

>T3


Water levels of the Paleozoic aquifer range from 35 feet to150 feet below land surface depending on elevation and amountof pumpage in the area. The water is under artesian pressure,but no flowing wells are reported because of the elevation ofthe land surface. A slight depression in the water level is presentat Corinth due to the large withdrawal of water from the Paleozoic aquifer.

CRETACEOUS AQUIFERS

Cretaceous deposits are exposed on the surface to the westand south of the Paleozoic rocks. Cretaceous beds in this areaare relatively thin and are deposited on the Paleozoic rocks. Cretaceous deposits are generally unconsolidated and consist ofsand, silt, clay, gravel, chalk and mixtures of these sediments.

Thickness of the Cretaceous deposits increases toward thesouth and west as the depth of the Paleozoic rocks increases.The beds range from the surface to about 500 feet deep in thewestern and southern part of the area. Aquifers of Cretaceousage include the Tuscaloosa, Eutaw, Coffee sand, and the Ripley(including the McNairy sand member). Chalk members are present but are not aquifers.

The Eutaw aquifer is important in the western and southern part of Area I. Municipal, industrial and domestic wells utilizethe Cretaceous aquifers throughout the southern and westernsection of the area. Large capacity wells completed in the Eutawaquifer are possible, but most wells are for domestic use withsmall yields. The Eutaw is recognizable in the subsurface incentral and western Alcorn and Prentiss Counties. Tuscaloosadeposits may be present in the zone immediately above the Paleozoic rocks in the southern and western part of Area I. TheTuscaloosa is usually coarser and probably is only 50 feet thickat the maximum in northern Prentiss, southern Alcorn andsouthern Tishomingo Counties.

The Coffee Sand and Ripley (McNairy sand) occur at highelevations throughout much of the area. Numerous domesticwells are completed in these aquifers. Wells yielding 100-200 gpmmay be constructed in these aquifers at certain locations, provided the aquifers are coarse and thick enough to yield largeamounts of water.


Water levels for wells in the Cretaceous aquifers are fromflowing wells 2 to 5 feet above land surface to nearly 200 feetbelow land surface. The general elevation in northeast Mississippi is from 420 to 806 feet.

QUALITY OF WATER

Most of the ground-water in extreme northeast Mississippiis of good quality for general use (Table 5). Some constituentsmay require removal by treatment before the water is used fora specific purpose. Iron content is slightly higher in the Cretaceous aquifers than in the underlying Paleozoic aquifer.

Water from the Paleozoic aquifer is alkaline or neutral(pH-7), fairly hard water (60 to 120 ppm) and moderately mineralized. Iron concentrations are generally low in this aquifer.Chloride concentrations in water from some wells are from 70 to125 ppm, which is slightly high.

The shallow Cretaceous aquifers usually contain water thathas a low pH (acidic) to moderate pH depending on locationaquifer, and depth. Mineralization is low and iron concentrationis usually not a problem except for the Coffee sand, Ripley (including McNairy) and the Tuscaloosa aquifers. Water from theRipley has a low pH and contains a high iron concentration atmost locations. Arural water supply well for Holcut-Cario (D 2MSG) in Prentiss County was completed in the Tuscaloosa aquifer and had an iron concentration of 20 ppm.

Water treatment for low pH or high iron content is fairlyinexpensive and simple. Standard treatment includes aerationand pH adjustment with lime. Iron removal equipment wouldhave to be used on concentrations ofabove 2or 3 ppm.

GROUND WATER

AREA II

Northeast Mississippi is underlain by several important aquifers ofthe Cretaceous system (fig. 6). Large quantities of waterare available from the thick permeable aquifers which underliethis area (Table 6). This area is one of the largest ground-waterprovinces in Mississippi as it includes parts of twenty counties

Tabl

e5.

—C

hem

ical

anal

yses

ofw

ater

from

wel

lsin

Area

=a.

Qo

4:O

<

F1

44

21

-9-6

80

.75

Alc

orn

Co

un

ty

G1

49

24

-29

-68

3.2

.12

3.6

47

.53

97

.55

*

G2

50

04

-29

-68

1.2

.22

3.6

47

.53

95

.57

*

K3

40

01

2-3

-69

.2

K4

37

01

1-2

4-6

90

.25

38

.46

8.9

98

.69

2.5

0

Pren

tiss

Co

un

ty

7.7

71

5.5

0*

B3

46

09

-26

-68

2.4

.3

D2

30

57

-15

-69

20

D2

23

07

-15

-69

8.0

F1

50

37

-9-6

81

.0

F2

47

29

--6

9.9

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1968

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1968

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1969

686

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1967

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1966

490

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95

1966

II3

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1966

541

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1967

596

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67

1967

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1969

360

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128

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1967

395

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450

205

1967

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1968

619

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174

1968

K5

City

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No.

151968

570

8335

193

1968

L2

Pennsylvania

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1966

580

12,8

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L5

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12,8

263

161

1967

nl

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1967

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1965

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1968

Tech

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Ass

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jfci

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No.

2

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n19

65W

ell

No

.1

Cra

wfo

rdW

ater

Ass

ocia

tion

1967

1,17

5

Wre

nK

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n19

69

Cas

onw

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n19

68

Wre

nW

ate

rD

istr

ict

1966

Co

on

tail

Wa

ter

Ass

oci

ati

on

1967

Ga

tbn

an

Wa

ter

Ass

ocia

tio

n1

96

7

Inte

rna

tio

na

lM

iner

al

and

1968

Che

mic

alC

arpa

siy

Ham

ilto

nW

ater

Ass

oci

ati

on

1968

32

3

62

0

4GB

46

0

Blo

ckB

elt

Bcp

eric

cne

Stat

ion

1966

1,2(

38

Pin

eytf

eods

Wat

erA

ssoc

iati

on19

661,

785

Tow

no

fM

acon

1969

1,85

7

Mas

tiul

avil

lcW

ater

Ass

ocia

tion

1968

1,83

2

Nav

alA

irS

tato

n,

Au

xili

arv

1968

2,m

Fie

ldA

lph

a

ate

iL

evel

Cos

ing

Dia

mete

r

tlev.

ofle

nd

su

tfo

cc

da

tum

(ft.

)

Ab

ove

(•J

orb

elo

v/la

nd

surf

ace

Uu

tco

f(f

>.)

Mea

sure

men

t

Irvn

dcs

Co

un

tv

33

01

08

26

084

200

50

302

105

301

105

320

143

MonroeCountv

18,

8

4,

2

330

350

291

280

132

140

NoxubeeCountv

8,

42S2

11

8,

4210

+

16,10

2

8,

4175

7

8,G

240

3

1965

1965

19G8

1965

1965

1967

1969

1968

1966

1967

1967

1968

19

68

19

66

19

67

19

70

19

68

19

69

Yie

ldG

all

on

spe

rU

seM

inu

teD

ole

11

0

17

5

10

0

35

0

35

0

13

1

19

65

19

65

19

68

19

65

19

65

19

67

130

1969

168

1968

125

1966

200

1967

110

1967

30

1968

80

1966

80

1967

1235

1970

150

1968

60

1970

W Co § o W co

O r—I

CO

CO

CO

I—I

Tab

le7.

—rR

ecor

dsof

sele

cted

wel

lsin

Are

aII

.—(C

ontin

ued)

Wel

lN

s.

Yeo

rD

rill

edD

epth

A1

roub

leSp

ring

sW

ater

Ass

ocia

tion

1969

B1

Cen

ter

Gro

veW

ater

Ass

oci

ati

on

1965

D2

Ad

ato

nW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n

B3

Ad

ato

nW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n

C1

Cit

yo

fS

tark

vill

c

C2

Tri

itca

noW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n

D1

Cla

yton

Vil

lag

eW

ater

Ass

oci

ati

on

1968

E1

Wak

eF

ore

stW

ater

Ass

oci

ati

on

1967

F2

Bra

dley

Wat

erA

sso

cia

tio

n

F3

long

viow

Wat

erA

ssoc

iati

on

G1

Blu

ofi

eld

Wa

ter

Ass

ocia

tio

n

G2

Ta

lkin

gW

arri

orW

ater

Ass

oc.

G3

iniv

ors

ity

Hei

ghts

Cor

pora

tion

H1

Scs

sim

sC

orm

nuni

tyW

ate

rA

sso

c.

II2

Ckt

oc

Wat

erA

sso

cia

tio

n

K1

Cra

igSp

ring

Wat

erA

sso

cia

tio

n

19

65

19

65

19

65

19

68

19

68

19

63

19

65

19

68

19

62

19

65

19

68

19

66

2,1

50

1,8

41

1,5

94

1,6

45

1,5

21

1,4

04

98

9

2,0

40

1,6

96

1,7

39

1,4

68

1,4

26

1,3

10

1,2

30

1,2

34

1,9

40

Cas

ing

Dia

mete

r

(in.

)

Ele

v.or

lan

dsu

rfa

ce

da

tum

Wa

ter

Lev

el

Ab

ove

(I)

orb

elo

wla

nd

surf

ace

Dat

eor

(ft.

)M

easu

rem

ent

att

lhb

oh

aC

ou

nty

A5

00

5

;4

06

\<l

29

0

!'i31

3

1038

01

!2

30

i2

63

220

132

28

07

6

33

01

37

33

01

00

1965

1965

1968

1968

19G7

1969

1964

1965

1968

1964

1965

1968

1966

Ga

llo

ns

per

Min

ute

Da

leR

emar

ks

150

150

loo

100

150

130

150

1969

1965

1965

1965

1966

1968

1967

1968

1964

1965

1968

1965

1968

1966

U.S

.(I.

:;,

info

rma

tio

n

CO

CO

(—1

CO

CO

t-i

*0

T> o H o f o a l-H > r CO ti w <j

H

Tab

le7

.—R

eco

rds

ofse

lect

edw

ells

inA

rea

II.—

(Co

nti

nu

ed)

To

cco

po

laW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n

Cit

yo

fP

on

toto

c

To

wn

of

Sh

erm

an

VT

otei

Li-

vcl

Well

No

.

A1

C1

D2

D3

D4

E2

M1

Ea

st

Po

nto

toc

Wa

ter

Asso

cia

tio

n1

96

9

Ran

dolp

hW

ate

rD

istr

ict

Tro

yW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n

Dcp

lo(f

t.)

Ela

v.•

of

tone

!

Cos

ing

surf

ace

Rem

ote

rd

atu

m

(in.

)(f

t..)

Ab

ove

(•)

tor

belo

w

lon

d

surf

ace

Do

teo

f

(fi.

)M

easu

rem

ent

Use

Yie

ld

Yco

r

Dri

lled

Ga

llo

ns

per

Min

ute

Da

le

Po

nto

toc

Co

un

ty

19

64

1,5

75

10

,6

40

01

40

19

64

P1

50

19

64

19

67

1,1

88

12

,8

48

03

30

19

68

P5

00

19

68

19

68

85

01

03

90

15

51

96

8P

20

01

96

8

19

69

1,0

30

85

01

30

11

96

9P

20

01

96

9

19

69

82

68

40

03

01

19

69

P2

00

19

69

19

66

1,5

G5

8,

45

31

31

01

96

6P

12

81

96

6

19

68

1,0

G0

8,

A4

90

29

31

96

8P

12

01

96

8

Pren

tiss

Co

un

ty

19

65

42

01

0,

63

50

48

19

65

P2

40

19

65

19

66

44

21

0,

63

70

Tip

pa

hC

ou

ntv

48

19

66

P2

20

19

66

19

66

86

18

54

0•

18

01

96

6P

12

51

96

6

19

64

1,1

20

8,6

46

51

20

19

64

P2

50

19

64

19

68

67

13

62

92

85

19

68

P1

00

19

63

19

GB

94

08

66

03

15

19

68

P1

50

19

68

19

68

69

04

63

01

96

8T

30

19

68

J3

K2

E1

L1

01

P1

cit

yo

fB

ald

hyn

Wel

lS

o.

3

Kh

eele

r-F

ra

nksto

wn

Wa

ter

Asso

c.

Cli

aly

bea

teW

ate

rS

yste

mA

sso

c.W

ell

No

.1

Tow

no

fF

au

lkn

er,

Well

No.

1

Mit

ch

ell

Wa

ter

Asso

cia

tio

n

Dum

as-P

ineg

rove

Wa

ter'

Ass

oc.

Dum

as-P

inag

rove

Wa

ter

Ass

oc.

3 > H W W co

O ci

w a w CO o CO

CO

•—I

CO

CO

hH 1

Tab

le7

.—R

eco

rds

of

sele

cted

wel

lsin

Are

aII

.—(C

on

tin

ued

)

C2

Ito

rth

Ha

ven

Wa

ter

Asso

c.

II2

Ea

stN

ewA

lban

yW

ate

rA

sso

c.

J1

Alp

ine

Wat

erA

sso

cia

tio

n

;•1

S.

C.

Ra

kest

raw

H2

Sapa

Ccm

nu

nit

y

H4

Wa

ltli

all

Wa

ter

Asso

cia

tio

n

J1

Tow

io

fH

ath

isto

n,

.'to.

1-D

X2

Cu

rfce

rla

nd

Wa

ter

Asso

cia

tio

n

Dep

th0

.)

.C

osii

igD

lom

ctc

(in

.)

Ele

v.of

lan

d

surf

acb

rd

atu

m

(ft.

)

V.'

atc

rL

evel

Yeo

r

Dri

lled

Ab

ove

(:;

orb

elo

wla

nd

Su

rfa

ceD

ale

of

(It.)

Mea

sure

men

t

Un

ion

Co

un

ty

19

69

85

68,

44

60

17

B1

96

9

19

69

1,1

17

8,

42

85

19

69

19

68

70

08

43

0

19

67

68

54

,2

\

49

0

Keb

ster

Co

un

ty

19

65

2,1

98

8,4

42

01

97

19

66

19

64

2,4

10

10

44

02

50

19

64

19

65

2,2

35

10

,6

42

12

04

19

65

19

68

1,0

24

3,4

46

02

24

19

68

Gol

lons

per

Min

ute

15

01

96

9

19

51

96

B

15

01

96

8

10

01

96

5

18

01

96

4

31

71

96

5

15

01

96

3

CO 13 CO

CO

H-1 *n 3 o M r? o Q t—

i

a > co


The Cretaceous deposits (Upper Cretaceous sands) are exposed in the area. The beds outcrop in a general north-south beltwith younger beds exposed to the west and south. The beds dipgently at the rate of 20-35 feet per mile from their outcrop andthe trend or strike is in a north-south direction. Cretaceous bedswhich occur near the surface in Lowndes and Monroe countieswould be 2,500 to 3,000 feet deep in northwestern KemperCounty.

The Cretaceous deposits are unconsolidated sediments consisting of sand, silt, gravel, limestone and chalk or mixtures ofthese. Thickness of the Cretaceous deposits is up to 2,500 feetin the southern part of the region.

LOWER CRETACEOUS AQUIFERS

Lower Cretaceous deposits are present in the southern portion of the area. The Lower Cretaceous deposits have the potential of producing large amounts of water in this region butare secondary in importance to the shallower Upper Cretaceousaquifers. The Lower Cretaceous deposits separate the underlying Paleozoic rocks from the Upper Cretaceous series. Thesedeposits underlie Calhoun and Chickasaw Counties,and the northeastern part of Clay County and southward. The northern edgeof the Lower Cretaceous deposit is irregular and the unit thickens rapidly south and westward to a maximum thickness ofabout 1,000 feet in western Winston and southeastern NoxubeeCounties. Only the upper portion, 100 to 300 feet, contains freshwater, particularly in the southern part.

The Lower Cretaceous aquifer has not been tapped for waterin this area because of the availability of shallower aquifersand the depth to the aquifer, 1,500 to 2,500 feet. Electrical logsof oil tests indicate the presence of thick water-bearing zones inthe Lower Cretaceous in Calhoun, Clay, Oktibbeha, Lowndes, andNoxubee Counties.

UPPER CRETACEOUS AQUIFERS

sAll major ground-water development in northeast'Mississippi-is from aquifers in the Upper Cretaceous. The Upper Cre-


taceous deposits overlie the Paleozoic rocks in the northern portion of Area II and overlie the Lower Cretaceous deposits in thesouthern portion.

The Upper Cretaceous deposits are divided into severalformations or groups which include in ascending order the Tuscaloosa Group which is subdivided into the Massive sand, (LowerTuscaloosa), Coker (Middle Tuscaloosa), and Gordo (Upper Tuscaloosa) by some authors; the Eutaw formation which includesthe McShan; and the Selma Group which includes the Moore-ville chalk, Coffee sand, Demopolis chalk, Ripley, Prairie Bluffchalk, and the Owl Creek (Table 6). The aquifers in the UpperCretaceous include the Tuscaloosa, McShan and Eutaw, and theCoffee sand and Ripley of the Selma Group.

TUSCALOOSA AQUIFER

The Tuscaloosa group, which includes the Massive sand,Coker and Gordo aquifers, is an important source of waterthroughout most of northeast Mississippi. Drilling contractorsrely on the diagnostic pink or red color of horizons in the deposits to locate the Tuscaloosa aquifer in the subsurface.

The Tuscaloosa Group is from 500 feet thick near the outcrop in southeastern Monroe County to about 1,500 feet thick insouthern Kemper County. Most of northeast Mississippi is underlain by all or part of the Tuscaloosa Group. Numerous municipal, industrial and domestic wells are completed in theseaquifers. The Tuscaloosa aquifers are second to the Eutaw aquifer in potential ground-water development over this wide area.

The Tuscaloosa group consists of coarse sand, angular androunded gravel and clay. The 100 to 200 foot thick sand andgravel deposits are capable of yielding 500 to 2,000 gpm to properly developed wells (Table 7).

Fresh-water is present in the Tuscaloosa further south thanfresh water is found in the overlying Eutaw aquifer. A test well(K 2) at Electric Mills in northern Kemper County proved thatthe lower Tuscaloosa aquifer was fresh.

EUTAW AND McSHAN AQUIFER

The Eutaw aquifer is the most widely used and has thegreatest potential for ground-water development throughout


northeast Mississippi. The Eutaw is exposed at the surface in awide belt from central Lowndes County to Tishomingo County.The base of fresh-water in the Eutaw is from 1,200 to 1,600 feetin the southern part of Area II. The fresh-water boundary ofthe Eutaw extends to the east and north of the fresh-water limitof the Tuscaloosa aquifer. The Eutaw overlies the TuscaloosaGroup in all areas except in Area I where it overlies the Paleozoic rocks.

The thickness of the Eutaw, including the McShan formation, is up to 400 feet. The Eutaw sediments consist of sand, siltand clay.

Usually, the Eutaw is distinguished by the abundance of themineral glauconite in the sand and the consistency of the fine-tomedium sand.

Domestic and other small wells are completed in the Eutawaquifer throughout much of the area. Large capacity wells formunicipal and industrial use have been completed in the Eutawat many locations. The average yield from this aquifer is about250 to 500 gpm, although slightly greater yields are possible atsome locations. A number of industrial and municipal wells aredrilled through the Eutaw sand to reach the coarse sand andgravel of the underlying Tuscaloosa aquifers.

COFFEE SAND AQUIFER

The Coffee sand is located above the Mooreville chalk andbelow the Demopolis chalk. The Coffee sand is an important aquifer in Alcorn, Prentiss, Tippah, Union, northern Pontotoc, eastern Lafayette, and northwestern Lee Counties. The Coffee sandis exposed at the surface in a belt from central Lee County tothe Tennessee line above Alcorn County.

Thickness of the Coffee sand in the subsurface averagesabout 250 feet. Sediments of the Coffee sand include sand, sandyclay, and calcareous sandstone. Glauconite is present in the sandbut is not as abundant as in the Eutaw. The depth is relativelyshallow in the area of potential use and most of the wells arecompleted at less than 1,000 feet.

Potential yields from the Coffee sand are from 200-300 gpmmaximum. This yield is low in comparison to other aquifers inthe area.


RIPLEY AQUIFER

The Ripley formation, which in the northern part of thearea includes the McNairy sand member, contains importantaquifers in the northern and central part of Area II. The Ripleyformation overlies the Demopolis chalk and underlies the PrairieBluff chalk and the Owl Creek formation.

Thickness of the Ripley is from 50 to 460 feet and includesthe 200 foot thick McNairy member in the north-central portionof the area. The McNairy sand member is an excellent sourceof ground water in Marshall, Benton, Tippah, Union, northernand eastern Lafayette and northern Pontotoc Counties.

The Ripley includes sand, clay, limestone and chalk with theMcNairy being the only major sand unit. Fresh-water is presentin the Ripley to a depth of about 1,000 feet below sea level in thewestern part of the area.

Wells in the McNairy aquifer will yield moderate to highquantities of water throughout most of the area of potentialuse. The availability of the shallower Wilcox aquifers in thewestern part of northeast Mississippi has limited the amount ofdrilling to the McNairy aquifer.

Water levels in northeast Mississippi are from flowing wellswith 44 feet of head to as much as 250 feet below the land sur

face. Flowing wells are common along the Tombigbee River andits tributaries and tributaries of the Mississippi River locatedin northeastern Mississippi. Heavy pumpage in local industrialor municipal areas results in a cone of depression being developedin the water levels at certain locations. Large concentrations ofground water pumpage are located at Amory, Aberdeen, Tupelo,West Point and Columbus in Area II (fig. 6).

QUALITY OF WATER

Generally, the ground-water in northeast Mississippi is ofgood quality for must purposes. Most of the water from theCretaceous aquifers is soft and low in mineral content (Table 8).Excessive iron is present in some of the aquifers particularlythe Tuscaloosa in the eastern part of the region near the outcrop. Moderately hard water is present in the Ripley across thenorthern counties.

6?

omAr

ooo

?0IOtI»I-JIW(30W

SIT

•*OH*

•8-

InM«Jo

?A

%Joso

Depth

Dote

Analyzed

Silica(Si02)

Iron(fe)

Magnesium(Mg)

Chloride(CI)

Flouride(F)

Total

Dissolved

Solids

ToiotHardneii

asC0CO3

PH

Temperature(O'F)

iddississiwdosaoaaosaaaaivM

n3T

Tab

le8.

—C

hem

ical

anal

yses

ofw

oter

from

wel

lsin

Are

aII

.—(C

onti

nued

)

s.

o3

<j

u?*

#a

.3I

U

*i

§

33-5

>s

a

1S

|2s 0

.

(AnalysesbyMississippiStateBoardofHealth,

pjtj)

Clay

Countv

c1

1,1

20

6-2

1-6

76

.80

.24

.80

21

5.7

0*

G1

56

51

0-1

7-6

Ga

.4.0

54

.41

1.9

41

58

.87

*

Ii1

SO

I9

-4-6

86

.8.0

57

.21

2.9

26

1.7

4*

17

.45

114

81

07

-5-6

27

.39

12

.17

2.2

16

.84

*

Xta

wa

nb

aC

ou

nty

15

.6

Kcn

wsr

Co

un

tv

K1

1,3

48

12

-3-C

82

.80

.14

.81

0.9

74

20

.03

.60

K2

2,4

10

12

-3-6

82

.0.7

51

6.0

21

.94

20

8.0

3.6

0

i:2

1,7

18

12

-3-6

81

.61

.09

.61

2.4

34

48

.06

.(1

0

1'2

1,'

il'i

7-1

1-6

88

.8.2

7.2

14

.11

51

4.7

4*

53

1.6

71

28

.2

40

6.3

31

98

.3

18

7.1

53

08

.0

88

.29

43

6.3

2.4

10

68

.71

16

7.9

(co

lor

CO

)

.76

15

.27

48

7.G

90

3.2

12

4S

.91

347

.88

5

1.6

13

76

.2r.

V.

8.1

o g t—I

CO

GOHH

CO a *n t—1

o o S > co a w Hi

?f?f\%

IS

8?.

OLiCh-C*-*

-J~J-J

p

WellNo.

Depth

Dole

Analysed

Silica(SiOj)

(•on(Fe

Calcium(Ca)

Magnesium(Mg)

Sodium(Na)

Polassium(IC)

2Sulfate(S04)-

1CMoride(CIJ

Flouridc(F)

Total.Dissolved

Solidr*

TotalHardnessosCaCC^

PH

Temperature(Q*F)

iddiss-issiwaosaoaaosaaaaxvM

n

3

>

no

52

co

U

1


litC) amjojo^tiia^

H-*

4OD°0 5°tSOUprC;^ |O101

psA|ess;a

lD'ei

ii) »?!">«»

{:(• w-.'ssotej

(°Ml wn-pos

(Giv) uviisau&Byj

i°3) u-n»|03

(aj) ucij

C-OISJ D:>!I!S

p3SX|OUVaiorj

iitdorj

O IS W

*r .j* M

io ti n

i Y

nfnMV'vrjesoo^r

C309cer»r>ceedr*o3a>

to as iaw r* •-.

co r-t r* i*.

5 s

xs ci © n

N <-i «M

(sasrjrjub.b.ou

Tab

le8.

—C

hem

ical

anal

yses

ofw

ater

from

wel

lsin

Are

aII

.—(C

onti

nued

)

£_

sfb

.

z0

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a"5

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Mineralization of the water increases with depth and southward along the strike. The Eutaw aquifer contains water toohighly mineralized for domestic use along the southern andwestern periphery of the region. The lower Tuscaloosa (massivesand) yields water of the best quality throughout most of theregion. Water from the Eutaw is good and is widely used formunicipal, industrial and domestic wells in the area.

Flouride is present in the water from some of the Cretaceousaquifers. Locally the flouride content may be excessive and isup to 7 ppm in some places.

GROUND WATER

AREA III

The area of north central and central Mississippi is underlain by aquifers in several geologic units (fig. 7). Most of theaquifers are shallow and outcrop within the area. The amountof available water in the aquifers varies with location, depthand geologic conditions.

Multiple aquifers are present at most locations and the watersupplies are from various aquifers in the region. The majoraquifers underlying the region (or parts) are the Coffee sandand Ripley of Cretaceous age; the Wilcox, Meridian sand andKosciusko of Eocene age (Table 9). The Neshoba sand, Tallahatta, Winona and Cockfield of Eocene age are minor aquifersin Area III with limited areal extent and use.

The aquifers generally consist of varying thicknesses ofsand separated by clay layers. The sands are present at variouspositions within the particular unit or may comprise the entireunit. Some of the geologic units are lenticular in nature (particularly the Wilcox near the outcrop) and the sand thicknessis difficult to predict.

Most water supplies at the present time utilize shallow aquifers and the deeper aquifers are generally not extensively used.The potential use of the aquifers extends over a large area andgenerally the limiting factor is the downdip extent of freshwater.

Fresh-water is present in Area III to more than 3,000 feetbelow sea level. The deepest fresh-water is in the Wilcox aquifer

Ta

ble

9.—

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in central Scott and Jasper Counties (fig. 2). The Cretaceousaquifers in the extreme northern part of the region containfresh water to a depth of 2,000 feet below sea level. The shallowest fresh waters are present along the eastern part of theregion to a depth of 500 feet below sea level in the Wilcox.

Most of the geologic units are thin near the outcrop andthicken downdip toward the west and southwest. The thickersands are capable of supplying higher yields to wells but generally the mineralization of the water increases with depth.

COFFEE SAND AND RIPLEY AQUIFERS

The northern part of Area III is underlain by fresh wateraquifers in the Cretaceous. Fresh water is present in the Coffeesand to a depth of 2,000 feet below sea level across westernMarshall, eastern DeSoto and northwestern Lafayette Counties.The Cretaceous aquifers are generally not used for water sup-lies at the present time, and these aquifers are important fortheir potential use in the future. The availability of the shallowWilcox, Meridian, and Kosciusko aquifers has limited the useof the deeper Cretaceous aquifers.

The Coffee sand is presently unused in Area III althoughwells are completed in the Coffee sand in eastern LafayetteCounty. Depth to the top of the Coffee sand ranges from about1,400 feet at Potts Camp to about 2,300 feet at Byhalia. Thickness of this unit is estimated to be 150 to 200 feet. Thick sands

capable of yielding large quantities of water are unlikely in theCoffee sand in this region. Quality criteria for certain domesticwells may justify investigating the Coffee sand aquifer in thenorthern part of Area III. j

The Ripley is a potential aquifer in the northern part ofArea III (fig. 3). The Ripley formation lies above the Coffeesand. This unit overlies the Demopolis chalk and is located below the Prairie Bluff and Owl Creek formations. Wells are com

pleted in the Ripley aquifer in Marshall and eastern LafayetteCounties.

Depth to the top of the Ripley ranges from 800 feet atPotts Camp to 1,540 feet at Byhalia (Well No. Dl) (Table 10 andfig. 7). Thickness of the Ripley is estimated to be about 400feet and individual sand beds are as much as 200 feet thick. The

Ta

ble

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Water well with MSG number

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1,0

30

D1

Ras

eH

ill

Wa

ter

Sys

tem

E2

Mo

ntr

ose

Wa

ter

Asso

cia

tio

n

L1

Pa

uld

ing

Wa

ter

Ass

oci

ati

on

No

rth

Kee

per

Wa

ter

Ass

ocia

tio

n

A1

Har

mon

tow

nW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n

B1

Hu

rric

an

eW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n

F1

Cao

tpgr

ound

Wat

erA

ssoc

iati

on

1967

886

1968

603

1968

810

1969

352

1967

240

1966

190

Cas

ing

Dia

mete

r

(in

.)

Ele

v.

ofla

nd

surf

ace

da

tum

(ft.

)

V/o

lur

Level

Ab

ove

(i)

orb

elo

w

lan

d

surf

occ

Da

leo

f(f

t.)

Mea

sure

men

t

Ho

lmes

Co

un

ty

6 4

8,4

10,6

18

6,

3

10,6

10,6

275

205

400

300

265

340

348

300

JasperCounty

83

90

97

4,

2>j

162

10

,8

525

247

Kem

per

Co

un

ty

10

51

58

0

LafayetteCounty

8420

6520

8560

140

90

+ 142

90

32

156

180

154

1968

1970

1968

1965

1968

1967

1967

1968

1967

1968

1969

1969

1968

1967

Yie

ld

Gal

lons

per

Min

ute

75

50

100

200

500

145

300

300

200

80

305

1968

1970

1967

1965

1968

1967

1967

1968

1967

1968

1969

Rem

ark

s

230

1969

C

100

1968

c

120

1967

c

3 t—i

CO

CO

t—i

CO

CO

t—I

I—I

a w O C O a o > CO c H

Tab

le1

0.—

Reco

rds

of

sele

cte

dw

ells

inA

rea

III.

—(C

on

tin

ued

)

Well

No

.

Yea

r

Dri

lled

Dcp

tli

(ft.

)

C1

NorthLauderdaleWaterAssoc.

1966

700

G1

OkatibbeeDamSite-WestBank

1968

541

114

LockheedAircraftCorporation

1969

758

N1

LongCreekWaterAssociation

1965

947

Well

No.

2

S2

ClarkdaleWaterAssociation

1965

1,195

S4

Long

CreekWaterAssociation

1966

1,020

Well

Ho.

1

H1

Edinburg

CbmrvnityWaterAssoc.

196G

849

K1

PilgrimRestWaterAssociation

1967

776

L1

FreenyWaterAssociation

1969

613

L1

Freony

WaterAssociation

1969

254

P1

TownofWalnutGrove

1961

368

D1

CamdenWaterAssociation

1968

476

Fl

Big

Black;

WaterAssoc.7Well

NoT1~1967

923

N2

CantonMunicipalUtilities

1969

930

O1

PearlRiverValley

Authority

Ratliff'sFerryWell

*"1970

314

V/ol.-r

Li-vcl

Cas

ing

Dia

mete

r

(in

.)

Elc

v.

of

ian

ii

surf

ace

da

tum

(ft.)

Above(

)orbelow

land

surface

Dittoof

(ft.)

Measurement

LauderdaleCounty

8,6

520

23

2390

8

10,6

470

10,6

545

10,6

580

10,6

565

211

285

310

288

10

10

6,4

LeakeCounty

385

390

465

465

360

74

140

116

MadisonCounty

10

18,10

4,2

320

222

210

68

37

1968

1968

1969

1965

1965

1966

1966

1967

1969

1969

1968

1967

1969

1970

Ga

llo

ns

per

Min

ute

250

1968

50

1968

520

1969

183

1965

151

1965

150

1966

157

1966

136

1967

300

1969

254

1969

115

1961

100

1968

100

1968

L01G

1969

> H W W w ft CO

O a o CO

o *l

CO

CO

t-t

CO

CO

t-H

Ta

ble

10

.—R

eco

rds

of

sele

cted

wel

lsIn

Are

aII

I.—

(Co

nti

nu

ed)

01

Tow

no

fB

yha

lia

Yea

r

Dri

lled

D1

Slo

dg

cto

vn-E

skri

dg

cW

ate

rA

sso

c.

19E

6

J2

So

uth

Win

on

aW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n1

96

9

M1

Pop

lar

Cre

ekW

ater

Ass

oci

ati

on

1966

C1

No

rth

Pea

rlR

iver

Ha

tor

Asso

c.

19

68

F1

Ken

tf&

kaV

all

ey

Ha

ter

Ass

ocia

tio

n19

66

G1

Cen

tra

lH

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n1

96

8

K1

So

uth

west

Wa

ter

Asso

cia

tio

n1

96

8

P2

lIo

uS

Qw

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n1968

Dep

th(I

t.)

Cos

ing

Dia

mete

r

(in

.)

Ele

v.

of

lan

d

surf

ace

do

lum

(ft.

)

V/al

crle

vel

Ab

ove

(>)

orb

elo

w

lan

d

surf

ace

Da

teo

f(f

t.)

Mea

sure

men

t

MarshallCounty

1,620

Montgomerycounty

530

8,

4280

41

926

2450

170

952

6,4

409

90

NeshobaCounty

690

8,6

140

727

10

530

156

650

8,6

87

390

8,6

162

930

B,6

610

240

NewtonCounty

1966

1967

1966

1968

1966

1968

1968

1968

C1

Bou

iah-

Uub

bard

Ka

tor

Ass

ocia

tio

n19

6896

58

,6

55S

G3

Itu

no

fD

eca

tur

1966

306

12

,8

415

J1

Law

renc

eW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n19

6849

68,

649

3

M1

Chu

nky

Wat

erA

sso

cia

tio

n19

7012

58

280

1968

1966

196B

1970

Ga

llo

ns

per

Min

ute

1966

1969

1967

200

1968

125

1967

225

1968

228

1968

275

1968

200

212

19

69

19

66

l-H

CO

CO

l-H

CO a l-H o W O tr1

O £ o i> tr*

co d s

Tab

le10

.—R

ecor

dsof

sele

cted

wel

lsin

Are

aII

I.—

(Con

tinu

ed)

Elc

v.W

otu

Level

Ab

ove

(i)

of

lan

dor

belo

w

Well

Yea

rD

epll

iC

osin

gD

iam

ete

r

surf

ace

lan

dY

ield

da

tum

surf

ace

Do

leo

fG

all

on

spe

rN

o.

Ow

ner

Dri

lled

(II.

)(i

n.)

(ft.

)(f

t.)

Mea

sure

men

tU

seM

inu

teD

ate

Rem

ark

s

>P

an

ola

Co

un

ty

G1

To

™o

fS

ard

is1

96

71

,14

11

2,

83

G0

16

71

96

7P

75

01

96

7C

>-3

M1

Heb

ron

Wa

ter

Asso

cia

tio

n1

96

81

,10

08

,6

32

01

40

19

69

P1

35

19

69

C

P.

2E

LC

Wa

ter

Asso

cia

tio

n1

96

81

,16

48

,C

17

4+

10

19

69

P2

50

19

G9

CH C

OR

1M

issi

ssip

pi

Sta

teH

ighw

ay1

96

89

22

•»,

23

03

p3

01

96

8o

Dep

art

men

tR

est

Are

ad

U1

Ind

ep

en

den

ce

Wa

ter

Asso

cia

tio

n1

96

82

40

83

20

14

51

96

8P

15

51

96

8C

aV

1L

ibert

yH

ill

Wa

ter

Ass

ocia

tio

n1

96

75

22

83

60

Sco

ttC

ou

nty

13

01

9G

7P

16

51

96

7C

CO

o *4

C2

II.

&H

.W

ate

rA

sso

c.,

Well

rfe.

11

96

89

39

10

•12

31

10

19

68

P3

60

19

68

r—1

CO

D2

Ste

ele

Rin

go

ldW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

nS

orth

Well

1%

81

,17

01

0,

64

70

15

01

96

8P

30

01

96

8C

CO

t—(

CQ

D3

Seb

ast

up

ol

Wa

tur

Asso

cia

tio

n1

96

95

76

16

,8

44

39

51

96

9P

65

01

96

9C

CO

1—< 3

G1

Spring

Hill

WaterAssociation

L1

Paynes

OcnmunityWaterSystem

R1

PeaRidgeWaterAssociation

Tallahatchie

County

19

67

56

06

15

01

96

8

19

67

1,3

12

8,

62

80

12

01

96

7

19

69

1,0

70

43

88

18

21

96

9

13

51

9G

7

15

01

96

7

11

01

96

9

Tab

le10

.—R

ecor

dsof

sele

cted

wel

lsin

Are

aII

I.—

(Con

tinu

ed)

Well

No

.

B1

Tow

no

fC

old

wa

ter

F1

Stra

yhom

Wat

erA

ssoc

iati

on

K1

Str

ayh

om

Wat

erA

sso

cia

tio

n

A4

Ca

da

rett

aW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n

II1

Mt.

zio

nW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n

II3

LeG

rang

eW

ater

Ass

oci

ati

on

D1

Hig

hP

oin

tW

ater

Ass

oci

ati

on

F2

Bon

dC

on

riiu

nit

yW

ate

rS

yst

em

K1

Cit

yo

fL

ou

isvil

le

K2

Cit

yo

fL

ou

isvil

le

K3

So

uth

ea

stW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n

O1

Lib

erty

-Pla

ttsb

urg

Wat

erA

sso

c.

P2

To

wn

of

No

xa

pa

ter

E1

Til

loto

ba

Wa

ter

Ass

oci

ati

on

G1

Cyp

ress

Cre

ekW

ater

Ass

ocia

tion

I.3

Tow

no

fC

off

eevil

le

V/a

le

Yea

r

Dri

lled

Dep

tli

(ft.

)

Cos

ing

Dia

mete

r

(in

.)

Ele

v.

ofla

nd

surf

ace

da

tum

(ft.

)

Ab

ove

(i)

orb

elo

w

lon

d

surf

ace

Dat

eof

(ft.

)M

easu

rem

ent

1967

158

1968

900

1968

1,600

TateCounty

20,12

280

58

10,6

340

120

8,6

320

136

WebsterCounty

1969

272

8,

<1300

79

1967

370

10

480

158

1969

149

8355

46

WinstonCounty

1966

412

10,6

593

173

1965

206

10,6

520

76

1967

354

12

510

115

1967

2,725

4513

302

1965

210

10

554

124

1967

505

10

494

98

1969

525

8155

Yalobusha

County

1964

1,020

8,4

325

110

1967

244

6,4

350

140

1968

458

10,,6

235

12

1968

1968

1968

1969

1967

1969

1966

1966

1967

1967

1965

1967

1969

1964

1967

1968

Yie

ld

Gal

lons

per

Use

Min

ute

P1

22

0

p2

00

P1

50

19

68

19

68

19

68

71

1969

80

1967

76

1969

160

1966

159

1966

692

1967

23

1967

160

1965

160

1967

91

1969

189

1964

100

1967

400

1968

Rem

oilc

s

3 i—i

CO

CO

(-1 s l-H Q 8 O i—<

o > 8 %

Tab

le10

.—R

ecor

dsof

sele

cted

wel

lsin

Are

aII

I.—(C

ontin

ued)

Well

No

.Y

ear

Dri

lled

Ele

v.

ofla

nd

Cos

ing

surf

ace

Dep

thD

iam

eter

datu

m(f

t.)(i

n.)

(ft.)

Wat

erLe

vel

Abo

ve(i

)o

rb

elo

w

lan

d

surf

ace

Dal

eof

(ft.

)M

easu

rem

ent

C2

Mid

way

Con

nrun

ityW

ater

Ass

ocia

tion

19G8

1,92

0

R3

Mis

siss

ipp

iS

tate

Fo

rest

ryC

am.

1968

834

W4

Ca

they

-Wil

lfo

KK

Jon

es19

6B54

0

Ya

zoo

co

un

ty

10

,G

310

621

96

9

4,

238

126

619

G8

A,

318

075

19G

8

Gal

lon

spe

tM

inu

teD

ale

25

01

96

9

10

19

68

51

96

8

3 > W W W CO

O a a co

o l-H

co

co

»—

i

co

co 3


McNairy sand member is an excellent source of ground waterdevelopment in extreme northern Mississippi. Most of the groundwater development in the Memphis area is in the McNairy aquifer. Large quantities of water are available from the Ripleythroughout most of northern Mississippi. The availability ofshallower aquifers in the Wilcox has deemed it unnecessary todrill to the Ripley in most places. Recently (1969) a municipalwell (Dl) was completed at Byhalia (Marshall County) in theRipley and the water is of excellent quality from this well.

Water levels in the Cretaceous aquifers range from flowingwells to about 350 feet deep. Flowing wells should be possible insome of the major stream valleys. The deeper water levels wouldbe located at high elevations on the tops of hills. Information onwater levels is scarce throughout extreme northern Mississippibecause of the few wells completed in these aquifers. Elevationsare high throughout most of the northern part of the region withsome elevations of 700 feet.

WILCOX AQUIFER

The Wilcox is an important aquifer throughout most ofArea III. Numerous industrial, municipal and domestic wells arecompleted in the Wilcox aquifer. The Wilcox is a potential aquifer in the entire region and to the west in Area IV.

The Wilcox outcrops along the eastern part of the region.The Wilcox underlies the Tallahatta Group and is located abovethe Midway Group. Thickness of the Wilcox is from 900 to 2000feet and individual sand beds are up to 200 feet thick. Thickness of the unit increases from the outcrop in the direction of dipwhich is west-southwest. Sand beds generally are present nearthe top and bottom but may be present at any position withinthe unit.

The Wilcox, in the northern part of the area, outcrops in theeast and is nearly 1,000 feet deep (bottom) at Byhalia in thewest. The bottom of the Wilcox is about 1,200 feet deep near Car-rollton in Carroll County in the central part of the region. TheWilcox aquifer is from 1,670 to 1,963 feet deep at Midway inYazoo County. A well would have to be drilled to over 3,000 feetin central Scott and Jasper Counties to penetrate the freshwater section of the Wilcox. Most wells completed in the Wilcox


are shallow to intermediate in depth within Area III. The availability of shallow aquifers in the Tallahatta, Kosciusko and Cock-field deposits has limited the use of the deeper Wilcox sands.

Fresh water is available in the Wilcox throughout Area IIIand extends to a maximum depth of 3,000 feet below sea level inScott and Jasper Counties (fig. 2). Across central Tunica andeastern Quitman counties, the Wilcox is fresh to a depth of 1500feet below sea level. Fresh water is present in the Wilcox to1,000 feet below sea level in the northern part. The base of freshwater is up to 500 feet below sea level across central Montgomery, eastern Attala, western Winston, eastern Neshoba,southwestern corner of Kemper, and central Lauderdale Counties.

Most wells completed in the Wilcox are shallow to intermediate in depth and generally are located in the eastern and southern part of Area III. Some wells in the Wilcox have been drilledto a depth of 1,500 feet across the central part of the region.Very few wells have been drilled to the base of fresh water particularly in the central and southern parts. A deep hole 1,974feet deep) has been contracted (1970) at Quitman in centralClarke County to test the lower part of the Wilcox.

Well yields from the Wilcox range from small to intermediate in most of the region. The majority of wells are for domesticor rural water systems and for municipal wells in the centraland northern part. Most yields from the Wilcox have not exceeded500 gpm. The town of Louisville has several wells which yieldup to 750 gpm from the Wilcox at a depth of about 350 feet(Table 9). Predicted yields are higher in the central and southern region and properly constructd wells should yield up to2,000 gpm at some locations in this region.

Water levels in the Wilcox range from near the surface orflowing in the deeper stream valleys, to several hundred feetdeep at high elevations. Most water levels are from 100 to 150feet deep. A large percentage of the land surface throughoutArea III is 300 to 500 feet in elevation.

CLAIBORNE AQUIFERS

A large number of municipal, industrial and domestic wellsare completed in the Claiborne aquifers in Area III. The Meri-


dian sand, Tallahatta, and Kosciusko are the major aquifers inthe Claiborne Group. The Neshoba sand, Winona, and the Cock-field are Claiborne aquifers with limited areal distribution anduse.

The Claiborne Group overlies the Wilcox and is located beneath the Jackson. Thickness of the Claiborne ranges from 2,500to 3,000 feet and individual formations are several hundred feetthick. The beds increase in thickness in the direction of dip. Thegeneral dip is about the same as the underlying Wilcox (30-35feet per mile). The Claiborne is fresh throughout Area III andhas the potential of furnishing large quantities of water.

MERIDIAN SAND AQUIFER

The Meridian sand is the basal part of the Tallahatta formation and is also basal Claiborne. The Meridian sand suppliesa large number of the water systems in the central part of thearea. Municipal wells at West, Durant, Winona, Carrollton, Grenada, Water Valley, Oakland and Batesville are completed in theMeridian sand. Well yields range up to several hundred gallonsper minute from this aquifer. A large number of small to intermediate yielding wells are completed in the Meridian sandacross the northern and central part of the region.

The depth of the Meridian sand varies with location withinthe region. The top of the unit is 400 feet at Byhalia, MarshallCounty, in the northern part of the region and 800 feet deep atBlack Hawk in Carroll County, in the central part of the region.The top of the Meridian sand is estimated to be 1,200 feet in central Jasper County in the southern part of the region.

Thickness of the Meridian sand ranges from 30 to 150 feet.The unit is thick in the northern and central part of Area III andthins in the southern part. The Meridian sand is difficult to recognize at certain locations where the Meridian lies on sands of theWilcox.

The Meridian sand is potentially an important aquiferthroughout much of Area III. The yields from individual wellsvary from small to intermediate (20 to 500 gpm). At specificlocations the sand may be replaced or nearly replaced by claybeds.


Water levels in the Meridian are about the same as in theunderlying Wilcox aquifers. Water levels range from flowingwells to about 200 feet deep. Heavy pumpage may have produceddeeper than normal water levels at particular locations in theregion.

KOSCIUSKO AQUIFER

The Kosciusko (Sparta sand) is located about the middleof the Claiborne Group. The Kosciusko overlies the Zilpha andis beneath the Cockfield formation. The Kosciusko is an important source of water across the southern and western part ofArea III.

The Kosciusko is generally composed of varying thicknesses of sand separated by clay beds. Thickness of the sand intervals varies from a few feet to several hundred feet. The position of the sand layers may be at the top, middle or bottom ofthe formation but usually the thicker and coarser sands are located near the base of the unit. Thickness of the Kosciusko isfrom about 200 to 800 feet with the thickest section occurring inthe western part of Area III.

Fresh water is present in the Kosciusko aquifer throughoutthe region (fig. 2). Most of the wells which utilize the Kosciuskoaquifer are shallow (100 to 400 feet) except along the westernedge and southern part (Table 10). The Kosciusko is exposedacross the central and western part of the region. Well yields aresmall to intermediate from this aquifer. Larger yields are indicated at certain locations as thick sands are available at sufficient depths for large withdrawals. The Kosciusko furnisheswater to numerous municipal, industrial and domestic wells inthe western part of Area III. Well fields producing from the Kosciusko aquifer are located at Forest (Scott County), Canton(Madison County), Yazoo City (Yazoo County), Como and Sar-dis (Panola County), Coldwater and Senatobia (Tate County),and Hernando, Olive Branch and Southaven (DeSoto County).

Water levels in the Kosciusko are generally deep in AreaIII. Some flowing wells are present in the deeper stream valleys.Water levels are up to 200 feet below the surface and even deepernear areas of heavy pumpage. Elevations in Area III are in the300 to 500 foot range except in the stream valleys.


MINOR AQUIFERS

The Neshoba sand, and Basic City (Tallahatta undifferentiated) are aquifers in the Tallahatta formation (Table 6). TheNeshoba sand is present in the central part of Area III. TheNeshoba sand is not recognized southeast of Newton County ornorth of the Yalobusha River in Grenada County. Some waterwells are completed in the Neshoba sand but yields are fairlylow from this aquifer.

The Tallahatta undifferentiated or Basic City is an aquifer innorthern Mississippi. A few wells are completed in these aquifersbut are not significant because of the limited use and distribution.

The Winona is a minor aquifer in the north central part ofArea III. The Winona overlies the Tallahatta and is beneath theZilpha. The Winona has a characteristic green color which isfrom the abundance of the mineral glauconite. Some small wellsare completed in this aquifer but generally large quantities ofwater are not available.

The Cockfield is a potential aquifer across the west central part of Area III. The Cockfield overlies the Cook Mountainformation and is located beneath the Jackson Group. The Cockfield is used for domestic and some municipal wells in parts ofYazoo, Madison, Scott, Newton, Jasper, and Clarke Counties.Numerous small wells are completed in the Cockfield in northernMadison and Yazoo Counties and in Holmes County.

QUALITY OF WATER

Generally, the ground water is of good quality within AreaIII. Minor quality problems are present in water from severalof the aquifers throughout the area but, the problems may becorrected with treatment. Some of the usual quality problemsare low pH, excessive iron concentration and carbon dioxide content (Table 11). Treatment of these problems is relatively simple and generally involves aeration, pH adjustment and settling.

Most of the water contains low dissolved solids and is soft.The water is a sodium or calcium bicarbonate type and may beused for most general purposes. Water from wells 500 feet deepor less usually has a low pH (5-6.5 pH) and contains high (50-80ppm) carbon dioxide.

Tab

le1

1.—

Ch

emic

alan

aly

ses

ofw

ater

fro

mw

ells

inA

rea

III.

1•_

_^^

cT6

o<

t

z 5o

oS

a"5

o

c

E.2 1

8a

<«3

sa

.

U.

**

—fe

oy

•g

oe>

_o 6

T2 3

•a

-5J3

^2

"5Q

1(3

5S

X

3 O a E

(Analysesby

MississippiStateBoardofHealth,

ppn)

AttalaCounty

K2

621

11-1-GG

L2

541

9-22-6G

S2

600

1-17-69

02

520

11-18-68

F1

M2

426

8-21-68

936

8-21-68

6.4

9.G

0.5

3.5

.7

5.0

F1

690

7-12-68

trace

II1

96

3-28-68

1.5

H1

368

2-25-69

I.1

330

11-4-68

2.

F1

47

01

0-3

1-6

7

30.04

12.82

2.0

4.41

14.02

2.00

6.4

1

3.65

G.0B

1.46

1.70

.97

19.50

2.70

CarrollCounty

51.91*

65.22*

Ch

oct

aw

Co

un

ty

53

.70

*

Cla

rke

Co

un

ty

15

.75

10

8.0

0

1.5

0

3.2

0

DeS

oto

Co

un

ty

22

.38

30

.94

31

7.0

6.4

15

86

.7

15

8.7

590

6.4

20

7.4

1

18

1.7

9

81

.29

29

4.6

6

G.3

3.3

7.5

5.7

6.1

8.2

3 > pd

H w O c|

W o CO

o CO

CO

l-H

CO

CO

t—I

*n

Tab

le11

.—C

hem

ical

anal

yses

ofw

ater

from

wel

lsin

Are

aII

I.—

(Con

tniu

ed)

-g

oS

e Z

a.

O

a.£

•o

(AnalysesbyMississippiStateBoardofHealth,

ppm)

GrenadaCounty

A2

65

38

-21

-68

9.6

0.1

3.2

01

62

.54

*

H1

46

61

-5

-6

77

.2.1

2.4

.51

25

.27

*

Ho

lmes

Co

un

ty

F1

1,3

40

5-2

4-6

8.2

16

0.3

2*

N1

93

92

-25

-69

1.0

8.0

11

.70

36

.00

2.

R1

1,1

30

4-3

-67

3.2

.28

0.0

6*

U1

1,2

70

4-3

-67

7.2

.22

.00

1.2

23

22

.49

*

VI

1,3

96

4-1

5-6

94

.80

84

.12

0

Jasp

er

Co

un

ty

D1

886

9-27-67

E2

603

4-3-68

h1

810

9-12-68

A1

352

7-29-69

B1

240

1-13-69

F1

190

1-9-68

4/2

4.0

lafavettoConwy 0 0

3.2

1.3

9

2.4

0,

.73

2.0

0

1.2

0.5

03

.22

24

.36

39

G.0

0

30

8.2

3

8.4

8.4

37

5.5

98

.X8

0

11

6.4

42

77

.0

19

8.2

5trao

e7

.87

6

75

6.6

81

07

.97

5

20

2.9

4

36

3.0

85

8.7

35

07

.2

15

07

.9

15

.39

85

.66

2

31

7.6

39

5.5

62

55

5.3

62

co

co

t—i

CO

CO

•—I

•d ••d r—i

Q H O r o o I—(

o > r CO d <

SL

•9KO"1O

S<R

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woo

-J^J-J

C*-J*

-4wto

Depll.

Dote

Analyzed

5i<_y

Iron(Fe>

Mognesium(Mel

Sodium<Na)

Potassium(K)

Chloride(CH

Flovridc(F)

Total

Dissolved

Solids

ToralHardness

osC0CO3

Temperature(O'F)

iddississiwaosaoaaosaaaaxvM

n

3

>

oo3-+

3

c'

74

co

u


t'dtO) »inioJ»dur»j

Hd

ssaupiofj piojL

sP!i°SpaAjcnjrj

l°l°l

(d) »p!««>U

113) »priO|io

It-OS) »(°JlftS

(ji) lanistoioj

(o^y unipo;

(b\v) unrtouSoty

(03) uinjO|i>3

(»j) UOi|

(Z0!S)

paz/|Duvatog

i|ld»Q

l *& I

i5

O _ W <D

Oi N *f

Tab

le1

1.—

Ch

emic

alan

aly

ses

of

wat

erfr

om

wel

lsin

Are

aII

I.—

(Co

ntn

iued

)

r?v

.h

.«*

a

-a

oS

o_

>-

ao <

0 0

c

s E •5

E C CI

z. E

E 2 o

3 ,5

6D JO

•5JS

o2

o

5

1?'

S8

o

1 c 1

G1

1,341

1-9-f.B

M1

3,100

11-8-68

I»2

3,1G4

12=30=69

U1

240

5-13-69

V1

522

1-9-68

D2

1,170

D3

573

G1

405

1967

G1

560

7-26-67

LI

1,312

6-20-69

R1

1,070

5-8-67

F1

900

2-12-69

K1

1,600

2-12-69

2.4

1.2

trace

.1

4.8

.1

2.4

.6to

3.0

21.63

6.0

.2

(AnalysesbyMississippiStateBoardofHealth,ppm)

PanolaCounty

4.01

6.81

1.22

4.13

162.98

1

10.75

6.54*

SoottCounty

117.50

Tallahatchie

County

13

.62

7.2

91

8.0

8*

26

7.1

0*

21

.63

41

3.3

94

.0

Ta

teC

ou

nty

9.2

12

.91

3.7

50

3.2

01

02

0

390.80

44.92

54.50

.13

14

.59

8.3

8.4

70

8.5

74

5.6

63

6.3

67

8.9

8.4

81

28

.11

64

6.3

51

06

.0

18

26

48

.42

tra

ce

8.3

75

46

5.2

10

B7

.43

54

8.0

73

56

.51

25

2.0

6

6.4

8.3

3 > H M W W H CO O cj

W o H co

O CO

co

CO

CO


(d„0) *'• 'OJodiuai

Hd

cCO"0 SD

SP!I°Spo.\|C5s;a

l°l°l

(j) aprjno|J

(•$• uinrssotoj

(ON) urmpos

<U (byv) ujnisou6oyv

(03) uin;0|O3

(»d) "<=>!

(Z0!S) "HIS

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J-

l|tdOQ

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r> r> o

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co \D

00m

r» in r- m co cn

o o r- o •»• o

rsi co co

1 T 10 vs is 10•H M T I I IrH r-l in *T O O

r I I N r-l i-lO O CO I I I

vo ^ in o in ino in n *n o cmcn m r> cn in in

H CI H m -1 n

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1 \o> 1cn 1 r-*

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W O iJ


Water from the Meridian aquifer in northern Grenada, Tallahatchie, and Yalobusha Counties may have excessive iron concentration. The deeper Wilcox generally has good quality of waterbut the aquifer is not as productive as the Meridian in the northern part of Area III.

Water from the shallow Wilcox and other aquifers may contain excessive iron (1 to 5 ppm). The water from the deep Ripleyaquifer (in northern Mississippi) is thought to contain low dissolved solids. Water from the Kosciusko in the central and southern part of Area III may be colored at certain locations. Coloredwater may be present in some of the Wilcox, or Claiborne aquifers in the central and southern part of the region. The color isderived from organic material such as trees, leaves, roots, etc.,or lignite deposited along with the aquifer material. Color maybe removed by using alum but the treatment cost is high. Coloredwater is not harmful to drink and an aquifer may yield coloredwater at one location and not at another location a few hundredor thousand feet away.

GROUND WATER

AREA IV

Northwestern Mississippi, commonly called the MississippiDelta, is an important ground-water region. An abundance ofground-water is present at shallow depths and wells yieldinglarge amounts are common throughout most of the region. Thisregion is an important agricultural area and large farms arenumerous.

Fresh-water is available in Area IV from 1,000 to 2,000 feetbelow sea level. The northern part, including parts of DeSoto,Tunica, Tate, Panola, Quitman, and Coahoma Counties, is underlain by fresh-water in the Wilcox Group to a maximum depthof 1,000-1,500 feet below sea level (fig. 2). The southern part isunderlain by fresh-water sands in the Tallahatta and Cockfieldaquifers to a maximum depth of 1,000 to 2,000 feet below sealevel. The base of fresh water is shallowest (1,000 feet below sealevel) in an area which parallels the Mississippi River from central Issaquena County to central Coahoma County. Some slightlysaline water is encountered in the Cockfield aquifer south ofGreenville in the vicinity of Wayside.


The principal deep water-bearing Tertiary units in Area IVin ascending order are: the Wilcox Group, Meridian sand of theTallahatta formation, Tallahatta undifferentiated, Kosciusko(Sparta sand), Cockfield and the Alluvium (Table 12). The shallow (100 to 200 feet depth) Alluvium of Recent age is the mostimportant aquifer for yielding large quantities of water to wells.Multiple aquifers are present at most locations in Area IV andthe water quality usually determines which aquifer will be utilized (Table 12 and fig. 8).

The Tertiary deposits are exposed generally to the east ofArea IV with a few units exposed along the edge of the Loesshills. The Alluvial deposits blanket the entire area and the topography is flat throughout the Delta. The general dip of the Tertiary beds is toward the west at 15-35 feet per mile and the strikeis in a north-south direction. The formations thicken toward theMississippi River which is the approximate axis of the GulfCoast Embayment.

WILCOX AQUIFER

The Wilcox aquifer is an important source of ground-waterin the northern part of northwestern Mississippi. Fresh water ispresent in the Wilcox to 1,500 feet below sea level across Quitman and Tunica Counties (fig. 2).

The Wilcox is above the Midway and contains the oldestfresh water aquifers in the region. The depth to the top of theWilcox is from 700 feet below sea level at Crenshaw to 1,100feet below sea level due west at the Mississippi River. Mostwells are completed near the base of the unit.

Wells in the Wilcox supply water to several towns in AreaIV, particularly the northern part of the Delta. The City ofMemphis has wells and well fields completed in the Wilcox aquifer. The Wilcox supplies water to Tunica in Tunica County, LakeCormorant in DeSoto County, Sledge in Quitman County, Crenshaw in Panola County, Coahoma Junior College in CoahomaCounty, and Greenwood in Leflore County.

Depth of Wilcox wells is from 1,700 to 1,860 feet at Tunica.Two wells are 1,404 and 1,420 feet deep at Crenshaw which ison the eastern edge of the Delta. A well 1,560 feet deep located

Ta

ble

12

.—S

tra

tig

rap

hic

colu

mn

an

dw

ate

rre

sour

ces

inA

rea

IV.

SER

IES

Qu

ate

rna

ry

Oli

go

ccn

e

Ter

tia

ry

ST

RA

TIG

RA

PH

IC

UN

IT

Ya

zoo

cla

y

Moo

dys

Bra

nch

Zil

ph

a

Ta

lla

ha

tta

Un

dif

fer

en

tia

ted

Merid

ian

san

d

Un

dif

fere

nti

ate

d

TH

ICK

NE

SS

(fee

l)

15

0-2

00

35

0-5

00

60

0-7

00

WA

TE

RR

ES

OU

RC

ES

Yie

lds

larg

evo

lum

esof

wat

erto

shal

low

wel

ls(le

ssth

an20

0fe

et)

thro

ugho

utm

osto

fth

ear

ea.

Larg

eca

paci

tyw

ells

yiel

ding

3,00

0to

5,00

0gpm

are

com

mon

inth

ear

ea.

Thi

saqu

ifer

supp

lies

num

erou

sir

riga

tion,

indu

stri

alon

dSo

mem

unic

ipal

wot

ersy

stem

s.R

ecen

tly(

I970

)ala

rgen

umbe

rof

com

mer

cial

cotf

ish

farm

supp

lyw

ells

have

been

inst

alle

d.Q

uali

tyof

wat

erfr

omth

isaq

uife

ris

poor

.

An

aqui

fer

inpo

rtsof

War

ren,

Shor

key,

and

Yaz

ooC

ount

ies.

Thi

saqu

ifer

supp

lies

anu

mbe

rof

dom

estic

wel

lsin

thes

eco

unti

es.

Qua

lity

ofw

ater

isge

nera

lly

good

.

No

ton

aqui

fer

No

tan

aqui

fer

Supp

lies

ala

rge

num

bero

fw

ells

inth

eso

uthe

rnpa

rtan

dal

ong

the

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er.

The

mun

icip

olsu

pply

atG

reen

vill

e,W

aysi

de,

Lcl

ond,

Lom

ont,

Scot

t,B

enoi

t,R

osed

ole

and

Gun

niso

nis

from

this

aqui

fer.

Qu

ali

tyof

wat

eris

fair

togo

od.

Som

eof

the

wat

eris

ambe

rco

lore

d.

No

tan

aq

uif

er.

An

impo

rtan

toq

uife

rth

roug

hout

mos

tof

the

area

.N

umer

ous

mun

icip

al,

indu

stri

al,

and

dom

esti

cw

ells

are

com

plet

edin

this

aqui

fer.

Qua

lity

ofw

ater

isge

nera

lly

good

.

No

ton

aq

uif

er

No

tex

ten

sive

lyus

edas

ana

qu

ifer

.

An

impo

rtan

taq

uife

rth

roug

hout

mos

tof

the

cent

ral

and

nort

hern

part

ofth

isar

ea.

Mos

tof

the

wel

lsar

efo

rdo

mes

tic

use

and

afe

wla

rger

wel

lsut

iliz

eth

isaq

uife

r.T

his

oqui

fer

isdi

ffic

ult

tose

para

tefro

mth

eun

derl

ying

Mer

idia

nsa

nd,w

hen

both

unit

sar

esa

nds.

Qua

lity

ofw

ater

isge

nera

lly

good

from

this

aqui

fer.

Supp

lies

olo

rge

num

ber

ofw

ells

thro

ugho

utth

een

tire

orea

.A

num

ber

ofm

unic

ipal

,in

dustr

ial,

and

dom

estic

wel

lsar

eco

mpl

eted

inth

isoq

uife

r.Q

uoli

tyof

wat

eris

good

.

An

impo

rtan

taqu

ifer

inth

eno

rthe

rnan

dea

ster

npo

rtof

the

area

.L

arge

volu

mes

ofw

ater

are

pum

ped

from

this

aqui

fer

for

mun

icip

alan

din

dust

rial

purp

oses

.Q

uali

tyof

wat

eris

good

.

3 > H W co

O a si

o w CO

O co

co

Co

CO


at Lake Cormorant is completed in the Wilcox. Most domesticand other municipal wells in this area are completed in the shallower Kosciusko or Meridian sand aquifers.

Well yields from the Wilcox aquifer are from small tomoderate. Yields from the Wilcox average about 200 gpm in theexisting wells. Higher yields may be possible from the Wilcoxas municipalities outside the area are pumping 500-550 gpm fromindividual wells (Table 13).

lo -^

1*5 ==

•I 7 -9

* 75

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J ?

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2 u = -^— ° 2

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To

ble

13

.—R

eco

rds

of

sele

cted

wel

lsin

Are

aIV

.—(C

on

tin

ued

)

Well

.N

o.O

wn

erY

ea

r

Dri

lled

Deri

l.

CD

Cos

ing

Dia

mete

r

(in

.)

Elc

v.

of

!on

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surf

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do

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f»l.

)

Ab

ove

(

orb

elo

v

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)

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''

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Mea

sure

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se

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ld

Ga

llo

ns,

per

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ute

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s

Hu

mp

hre

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ou

nty

B3.

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rdM

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ter

Asso

cia

tio

n1

97

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78

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12

19

70

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19

67

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19

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19

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96

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68

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19

67

80

78

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61

96

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19

66

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81

96

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96

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70

92

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30

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78

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21

40

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96

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25

19

66

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Sch

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rH

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19

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19

68

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st

19

65

1,1

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21

20

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64

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94

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19

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ater

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19

66

1,2

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.+4

21

96

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7S

19

66

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yors

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65

56

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Tab

le13

.—R

ecor

dsof

sele

cted

wel

lsin

Are

aIV

.—(C

ontin

ued)

Ow

ner

Year

Dri

lled

Dep

tri

(II.

)

Col

ing

Dia

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Figure 8.—Location of selected wells in Area IV.

("•p.. •%!HOLME

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1968

1967

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Thickness of the Wilcox ranges from 650 to 700 feet in thenorthern part of the Delta. The Wilcox strata are composed ofinterbedded clay, silt, sand, and thin tongues of limestone andcalcareous-cemented sandstone. Lignite or organic material iscommonly interbedded with the clay and may occur as individualbeds. Thick to thin sands separated by clay layers are typicalin the Wilcox.

Water levels are relatively high in wells completed in theWilcox aquifers. Water levels are 8 to 56 feet above the landsurface in most of the Area. A well 1,680 feet deep at Greenwoodin the Wilcox had a reported water level of 95 feet above landsurface in 1938. Wells completed in the Wilcox aquifers in northern DeSoto County have water leve's 15 to 20 feet below landsurface. This lower water level is a result of the large withdrawals from the Wilcox in the Memphis area.

CLAIBORNE AQUIFERS

MERIDIAN SAND AQUIFER

Most of northwest Mississippi is underlain by the Meridiansand aquifer of the Tallahatta formation. The base of fresh waterranges from 1,000 to 2,000 feet in the Meridian sand in the central and south central part of Area IV. The Meridian sand isthe basal unit in the Claiborne Group and overlies the WilcoxGroup. Sufficient depths to penetrate the Meridian sand rangefrom 700 feet below sea level at Greenwood, in the eastern part,to 2,000 feet at Leland, in the western part. The base of theMeridian sand ranges from 1,100 feet below sea level at Tunicain the north to 2,000 feet at Yazoo City in the south.

A large number of industrial, municipal and domestic watersupplies in northwestern Mississippi are from the Meridian sandaquifer. The Meridian sand is from about 250 feet thick in thewestern part of the region to 175 feet in the eastern part. Generally, the unit is composed of sand with small amounts of siltand clay present. The sand has been replaced with sandy clay orclay at a few locations in the region. The dip and strike of thebeds are similar to the underlying Wilcox.

The Meridian sand aquifer has the potential of supplyinglarge yields to wells throughout most of northwestern Mississippi. Pumping rates of wells developed in the Meridian sandrange up to nearly 3,000 gpm.


Water levels in the Meridian sand aquifer are above theland surface or near the land surface in Area IV. A well in the

Meridian sand at Eden, Yazoo County, which is 1,735 feet deep,had a water level of 140 feet above the land surface in 1954.

Water levels are at land surface or slightly below in wells completed in the Meridian sand in the vicinity of Greenwood wherelarge withdrawals are from this aquifer.

TALLAHATTA, UNDIFFERENTIATED AQUIFER

The Tallahatta is comprised of Neshoba sand and the BasicCity, but for the purpose of this study these are included in theTallahatta, undifferentiated. The Tallahatta, undifferentiated isnot as consistant in thickness or areal distribution as the underlying Meridian sand. The sands range from thin to thick and usuallyare fine- to medium-grained. The unit is composed of clay orclaystone with very little sand at a number of locations.

Some municipal and industrial wells are completed in thesands of the Tallahatta, undifferentiated. Generally, the aquiferis the source of domestic water supplies throughout northwestern Mississippi.

Water levels in these aquifers are about the same as theunderlying Meridian sand. Most wells flow above the land surface.

KOSCIUSKO AQUIFER

The Kosciusko formation contains thick water-bearing sandsthroughout much of northwestern Mississippi. Municipal, industrial and domestic wells are completed in the Kosciusko aquifers in the region. The base of fresh water is present in theKosciusko or Cockfield in the area that parallels the MississippiRiver to about Coahoma County in the north.

The Kosciusko formation overlies the Zilpha and underliesthe Cook Mountain formation. The Zilpha consists of dark-brownclay and the Cook Mountain is a clay or marl and neither unit isan aquifer. The Kosciusko consists of several sands separated byclays and some quartzite. The sands are not continuous over alarge area. The Kosciusko and other members of the ClaiborneGroup usually contains more sand in the northern part of theregion.


Depth of the Kosciusko varies from directly underlying theAlluvium in the vicinity of Greenwood and along the eastern edgeof the Delta to 1,600 feet below sea level north of Vicksburg inthe southern edge of the Delta. Wells sufficiently deep to penetrate the Kosciusko are from 400 feet below sea level at Tunica

in the north, to 2,400 feet north of Vicksburg, in the south. Thebase of the Kosciusko in the west is from 600 feet below sea

level at Friars Point in the north to 1,200 feet at Mayersville inthe south. Thickness of the Kosciusko ranges from 800 feet inthe extreme southern part to about 500 feet over the remainderof the area. Erosion of the top of the Kosciusko has taken placealong the eastern edge of the region and the thickness is 100 to200 feet.

Water levels are generally below land surface in the Kosciusko and flowing wells are limited to the extreme southern partof the region. Heavy pumpage throughout the area has causedthe once flowing wells to have water levels 10-30 feet below landsurface.

COCKFIELD AQUIFER

The Cockfield formation is an important source for municipal, industrial, and domestic water supplies. This includes a narrow area bordering the Mississippi River from central Washington County to Coahoma County. The Cockfield underlies otherareas of northwestern Mississippi but usually is shallow and incontact with the overlying alluvial deposits. Eight municipalitiesor communities along the Mississippi River in the central partof Area IV have wells completed in the Cockfield aquifer (Wayside, Greenville, and Leland in Washington County, and Lamont,Scott, Benoit, Rosedale and Gunnison in Bolivar County).

Well depths in the Cockfield are 430 feet at Wayside (Washington County) to 469 feet at Gunnison (Bolivar County). A wellin the Cockfield is 657 feet deep at Benoit (Bolivar County) andthe average depth is 500 feet at Greenville (Washington County).The lower part of the Cockfield contains high total dissolvedsolids in the vicinity of Wayside and slightly south of Greenvillealong the Mississippi River.

Thickness of the Cockfield is about 500 feet along the Mississippi River but thins south of Greenville. The Cockfield con-


sists of clay, with lignite beds and sands of varying thickness.The clay is usually lignitic and irregularly bedded.

Water levels in the Cockfield throughout much of the regionare from 10 to 30 feet below land surface. Water levels in

the Greenville area are 70-75 feet below land surface because of

the heavy withdrawals.

ALLUVIAL AQUIFER

The Mississippi River Alluvium is one of the most prolificand widespread aquifers in northwestern Mississippi. Alluvialdeposits blanket and underlie the entire Yazoo Delta.

Thickness of the alluvial deposits are from a few feet to 200feet thick and average about 140 feet (Harvey, 1956). Generally,the thicker alluvium extends parallel to the Loess or Bluff Hills,and the thinner alluvium extends along the Mississippi in Washington and Bolivar Counties (Brown, 1947, p. 54).

The alluvium is composed of silt, clay and loam in the upperpart and coarse sand and gravel in the lower part. Thickness ofthe lower highly permeable zone averages nearly 100 feet overmost of the region.

Well depths are from 140 feet up to 200 feet in the Alluvialaquifer. Yields from this aquifer are exceptionally high withindividual wells producing up to 5,000 gpm. Most large diameterindustrial, municipal and irrigation wells yield from 1,000 to3,000 gpm. Well fields in the alluvial aquifer furnish water toseveral municipalities and electrical power generating plants inArea IV. Numerous irrigation wells have been completed in AreaIV and recently a large number of wells for commercial catfishfarms are being installed in the Delta.

Water levels are shallow in the alluvium and are from 5 to

30 feet below the surface. Deeper water levels exist near areasof heavy pumpage as in Bolivar County. Water levels are cyclicand reflect climatic conditions of the area. Water levels recoverseasonally in the Alluvium whereas water levels in the deeperTertiary aquifers are slow to react to climatic changes. The Alluvium is generally replenished or recharged by the winter andspring rains.


QUALITY OF WATER

Generally, the deeper aquifers contain the better qualitywater. The deeper Tertiary aquifers are used for most municipaland domestic water supplies throughout Area IV. Irrigation,cooling water and industrial water supplies are from the shallowAlluvial aquifer. The water from the Alluvial aquifer is of poorquality. Generally, the water from the Alluvium contains excessive iron and carbon dioxide content, and the pH of the wateris low. Iron concentrations are up to 20 ppm in some of the waterfrom the Alluvium (Table 14).

Iron concentrations may be a problem in some of the deeperTertiary aquifers at some locations. At Greenville and Lelandthe water from the Cockfield is an amber color.

GROUND WATER

AREA V

Central Mississippi is underlain by the Wilcox, Kosciusko,Cockfield, Forest Hill, Catahoula, Hattiesburg and Citronelleaquifers (Table 15). The Claiborne Group includes the Kosciusko(Sparta) and the Cockfield aquifers which are important acrossthe northern part of this area. The Forest Hill is an importantlocal aquifer in the vicinity of Jackson. Toward the south theClaiborne aquifers thin, permeability decreases, and color ismore prevalent. Numerous municipal, industrial and domesticwells are completed in either the Cockfield or Kosciusko aquifersacross Central Mississippi (Table 16 and fig. 9).

The Wilcox is fresh along the northern border of Area V.The deepest water in the State is present in central Smith County(below 3,000 feet) in the Wilcox. The development of the Wilcoxaquifer has been limited by the extreme depth, 2,000-3,000 feet,and the availability of aquifers at shallower depths. A few smallwells have been completed in the top of the Wilcox aquifer inHinds, Madison and Rankin Counties, but nothing significant.The WilcoX is shallower in western Rankin and eastern HindsCounty because of the affect of the Jackson dome. The potentialof the Wilcox is large in these areas.

Miocene aquifers which include the Catahoula and Hattiesburg are relatively shallow and underlie the southern^ j>a?£ of

Ta

ble

14

.—C

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197.21*

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69.82

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WarrenCounty

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66.17

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esin

east

ern

Way

neC

ou

ntv

.G

ener

ally

nota

naq

uife

r.So

me

dom

esti

cw

ells

util

ize

this

oqui

fer

sout

hof

the

outc

rop,

part

icul

arly

inY

azoo

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nty.

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impo

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taqu

ifer

inth

eno

rthe

rnha

lfof

the

area

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umer

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ater

supp

lies

are

from

this

aqui

fera

cros

sth

ear

ea.

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lity

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ater

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nera

lly

good

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igh

colo

r,ir

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n-ce

nfra

tion

ond

hydr

ogen

sulf

ide

Iso

prob

lem

atse

me

loca

tion

s.N

oton

oqui

fer.

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impo

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taq

uife

rac

ross

mos

tof

the

area

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umer

ous

mun

icip

al,

indu

stri

alan

ddo

mes

tic

wel

lsyi

eld

larg

evo

lum

esof

wat

erfro

mth

isaq

uife

r.Q

uali

tyis

good

inth

eno

rthe

rnan

dce

ntra

lpa

rtof

the

area

.C

olor

edw

ater

and

low

perm

eabi

lity

are

pres

enta

lso

me

loca

tion

sin

the

sou

ther

npa

rto

fth

ea

rea

.N

ot

ona

qu

ifer

.

Not

onoq

uife

r.N

oton

oqui

fer.

Apo

tent

ial

aqui

fer

imm

edia

tely

sout

hof

the

nort

hern

boun

dary

line

ofth

ear

ea.

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ava

il-

abil

ity

ofsh

allo

wer

aqui

fer*

and

the

dept

h.ha

sli

mit

edth

enu

mbe

rof

wel

lsdr

ille

din

this

aqui

fer.

Afew

wel

lsha

vebe

endr

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din

the

vici

nity

ofJa

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nan

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ther

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hern

part

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eof

the

wat

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ybe

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red

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rticu

lar

loca

tions

.

3 > H H W w w to o d w H to o to to to to

Tab

le1

6.—

Reco

rds

of

sele

cte

dw

ells

inA

rea

V.

V/c

llN

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bers

corr

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wel

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(ch

emic

al-a

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sist

obie

san

dpu

mpi

ngte

stlo

blci

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ority

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ells

orer

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easu

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dete

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liov

ing

conl

our

inte

ivoi

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Use

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omes

tic;

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dust

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csl.

C1

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rna

tio

na

lP

ap

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ompa

nyW

ell

No

.2

6

Yea

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rill

ed

1970

D1

Mans

County

KatorAssociation

1966

G1

AdamsCantyWaterAssociation

1966

G2

AdacaCountyWaterAssociation

196C

D9

KatchezTraceParkway

1968

p3

AndersonWalker,Jr.

1968

G10

C,

S.andI.KatcrAssociation

1968

H1

PattisonWaterAssociation

1967

H1

HcxsunvillcWaterAssociation

1966

Ele

v.

of

lan

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leo

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ent

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am

sC

ou

ntv

542

12

260

155

1966

267

10

220

62

1966

267

10

260

Claiborne

62

Countv

1966

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6288

209

1968

116

422S

88

1968

405

£250

170

1968

220

2201

83

1967

460

10,

6224

115

1966

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ld

Ga

llo

ns

per

500

1966

300

1966

300

1966

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68

19

68

03

W 03

CO

l-H

l-H

Q m o o o l-H

O !> P CO a %

Tab

le1

6.—

Reco

rds

of

sele

cte

dw

ell

sin

Are

aV

.—(C

on

tin

ued

)

Yea

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.)

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ter

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ove

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cosu

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tow

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rA

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al

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rin

gs

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319

49

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inSa

ndan

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rave

lC

otip

any

1968

J29

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hn

of

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an

19

65

K12

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mon

yR

idg

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ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

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67

P56

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yo

fIl

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chu

rst

1966

H9

Tom

so

fG

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otou

n19

65

20

0

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0

76

1

8,

6

9,

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CopiahCountv

19B

467

470

472

480

435

236

+

CovingtonCounty

11

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19

68

19

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19

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65

19

67

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pri

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rA

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cia

tio

n

F2

Sa

lera

wa

ter

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cia

tio

n

K5

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siss

ipp

iH

ighw

ay[t

op

t.R

est

Area

No

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7

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nsc

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II14

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rop

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No.

ND

O1

llu

tba

rdW

ate

rA

sso

cia

tio

n

1966

240

12

90

1968

825

10,

6370

157

1970

632

10,6

380

126

1968

410

4291

66

19

66

19

68

19

70

19

68

19

68

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1968

1,077

10

290

206

1968

1967

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16

404

288

1968

196B

746

16

359

243

1968

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106

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llo

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162

1968

185

1968

S54

1968

150

1965

180

1967

350

1966

100

1968

1000

1966

150

1968

212

1970

34

1966

1967

1968

1969

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LonrenComninityWaterAssociation

1966

8,4

300

170

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C1

Double

PondWater

Association

1969

E1

Townof

Prentiss,

TestHoleNo.1

1969

A1

SosoWaterAssociation

1969

C1

ErataWaterAssociation

1967

C2

CityofLaurel,12thSt.TankWell

1970

32

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52

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19

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6925

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1970

487

1*11

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2

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1967

341

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saithCrossing

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1968

125

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1967

1,620

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Highway28KatcrAssociation

1968

199

405

508

300

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383

120

236

1967

1968

1969

1970

1967

1968

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the area. Large yielding municipal, industrial and domestic wellsare completed in the Miocene aquifers. The Miocene deposits arelenticular in outline near the outcrop areas and in the southernpart of Area V.

Generally, the beds dip toward the south and the trend orstrike is east and west. Thickness of the aquifers may be up toseveral hundred feet.

Water levels range from flowing wells along some of thestreams to about 350 feet below land surface. Deeper water levelsmay accur on tops of some of the higher hills. A well (L 2) 1,650feet deep in Simpson County had a reported water level of 330feet in 1967. Water levels are from 170 to 200 feet below landsurface at Hazlehurst.

CLAIBORNE AQUIFERS

The Kosciusko and Cockfield formations contain importantaquifers throughout the northern part of this region. Depth ofthese aquifers is from near the surface to about 1,500 feet depending on proximity to the outcrop area and elevation. Wellsin the Cockfield and Kosciusko aquifers in the eastern part (Jasper and Wayne Counties) average about 150-500 feet deep whileat the Municipal Airport in Rankin County a thick Cockfieldsand occurs from 450-620 feet and a sand in the Kosciusko occurs from 960-1,150 feet (Well no. K 27, Rankin Co.).

The Cockfield and Kosciusko formation are fairly uniformbut the sand thickness may vary. The Cockfield formation isfrom 530 feet thick in the vicinity of Jackson to about 80 feetthick in the northeastern part of Wayne County. The Kosciuskois from 800 feet thick in northern Hinds County to about 110feet thick in northeastern Wayne County.

The Cook Mountain formation, which is not an aquifer,separates the Cockfield and Kosciusko formations. The Cockfieldand Kosciusko units are composed of similar sediments of sand,clay and varying amounts of lignite. Generally, the shallowerCockfield sand is finer than the deeper Kosciusko but locally,the Cockfield may contain coarse sand.

Fresh-water is present in the Claiborne aquifers to a depthof more than 2,000 feet below sea level in Copiah, Simpson, Lawrence, and Jefferson Davis Counties (fig. 2).


The permeability of the aquifers is low in the southern partas indicated by pumping tests and electrical logs of oil tests. Afew wells in the Kosciusko aquifer have been found to containcolored water across the southern part. A deep test at Hazlehurst in Copiah County and two supply wells at Okatoma inSimpson County yielded colored water and the permeability wasfound to be low.

Yields from wells completed in the Claiborne aquifers maybe as much at 1,200 gpm, with the average about 500 gpm.Numerous municipal, industrial and domestic water supplies arefrom the Kosciusko and Cockfield aquifers.

CATAHOULA AQUIFER

The Catahoula aquifer is an important source of water supplies in the southern part of Area V. Numerous municipal, industrial, and domestic wells are completed in the Catahoula aquifer in Claiborne, Jefferson, northern Adams, Copiah, northernLincoln, southern Rankin, Simpson, northern Lawrence, northernJefferson Davis, Smith, northern Covington, southeastern Jasper, northern Jones and northern Wayne Counties. Large withdrawals of water are made from this aquifer at Laurel, Collins,Taylorsville, Magee, Mendenhall, Prentiss, Monticello, Brook-haven, Hazlehurst, Natchez, and Port Gibson.

Well depths are from less than 100 feet to a.bout 1,000 feetdeep across this area. The average depth of the wells would probably be less than 500 feet. Well yields are less than 100 gpm tomore than 1,000 gpm from this aquifer.

The Catahoula sands are typically lenticular and the aquiferthickness varies in a small area. Prediction of aquifer thicknessat specific locations is difficult because of thickness changes inshort distances. Recently (1970) the City of Laurel has drilledseveral test wells in a small area at the Airport attempting tolocate sufficient sand that would yield 700 gpm. Test, drillingis recommended throughout this area and definitely should beundertaken before planning any large water withdrawal in aspecific area.

HATTIESBURG AQUIFER

The Hattiesburg deposits are on the surface in the southwestern part of Area V. The unit is a fair aquifer in this area andis.used mostly for domestic wells. A few larger wells may be


completed in this aquifer in the southern part of the area. Thesands are typically lenticular and prediction of sand thicknessis difficult at most locations. Separation of the Hattiesburg fromthe underlying Catahoula is extremely difficult.

Very few records of wells are available to determine thewater levels in this area. The water level will probably be similar to the water level in the underlying Catahoula aquifer.

CITRONELLE AQUIFER

The Citronelle formation of Pleistocene age, is an importantaquifer in the southern part of the region. The Citronelle isgenerally composed of sand, gravel, silt and clay. The Citronellegenerally is present at high elevations (400-500 ft. in the northern part) and caps the hills or is present near the top of the hillsthroughout much of the area.

The pumping water level is generally near the base of the Citronelle and the wells are usually screened through this zone orslightly below to allow for drawdown. Large capacity wells shouldhave high specific capacities due to the limited amount of available drawdown of this aquifer at most locations. Municipal, industrial and domestic wells are completed in the Citronelle aquifer inthe vicinity of Crystal Springs. Generally, deeper aquifers offer ahigher potential for water supply except at a few particular locations where favorable conditions exist for using the Citronelleaquifer.

Water levels in the Citronelle aquifer will be shallow atmost locations. The pumping water level is near the base of theunit which is about 100 feet maximum thickness. Water levels inwells completed in the Citronelle are from 24 to 86 feet in thevicinity of Crystal Springs.

QUALITY OF WATER

Generally, most of the aquifers contain water that is good.Usually, the shallow water will have a low pH, be soft to moderately hard, contain low dissolved solids and high carbon dioxidecontent (Table 17). The deeper aquifers usually contain waterthat is alkaline (high pH), soft and contains higher dissolvedsolids.

Color in water is a problem at certain locations in particularaquifers throughout the central part of Area V. Color is thought


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to be associated with the organic material (lignite, leaves, roots,etc.) deposited in the aquifer material. The Kosciusko and Cockfield aquifers are known to contain colored water of varying degrees in the Jackson area, Bay Springs, Waynesboro and otherlocations.

Treatment for color removal (coagulation with alum) is expensive and uneconomical for most purposes. Aquifers that contain colored water are not recommended for well developmentprovided shallower aquifers are avai'.able for use. Most peopleprefer clear water for domestic use.

An investigation in 1969 determined that the high chloridesin a city well at Prentiss was caused by industrial pollution froma local plant. The situation is serious at that particular area andshould not be allowed to continue.

GROUND WATER

AREA VI

South Mississippi is underlain by several thick aquifer systems and at most locations multiple aquifers are present. Theaquifers present in Area VI include the Catahoula, Hattiesburg,Pascagoula, Graham Ferry and Citronelle (fig. 10 and Table 18).Recent publications on the ground water resources in Harrisonand Hancock Counties referred to "Miocene aquifers" for thefresh water section in those areas. The Graham Ferry aquifer isrecognized in Jackson County and is the principal aquifer forindustrial and municipal supplies in the vicinity of Pascagoula.

The aquifers in the coastal counties consist of thick bedsof sand or gravel separated by clay layers. The sands are generally lenticular, thereby are not continuous over a large area. Mostof these aquifers are capable of supplying large volumes of waterto wells in the coastal counties.

The base of fresh water is about 500 feet below sea levelacross the northeastern part of Area VI in Covington, Jones,Wayne and part of Greene and Perry Counties (fig. 2). The deepest fresh water is present in northwestern Hancock and southwestern Pearl River Counties to a depth of 3,000 feet below sealevel. Very few water wells have penetrated the entire freshwater section in the southern half of Area VI (Table 19). Anumber of shallow piercement-type salt domes are located in

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Area VI and to the north in Area V. The base of fresh wateris shallow over some of the domes. Therefore caution should beexercised in drilling deep water wells on these structures. Deepaquifers are present in Harrison and Hancock Counties whichhave the ability of supplying large volumes of fresh water toproperly constructed wells. A test well 2,460 feet deep (USGS)located in Gulfport's industrial park had a water level of about100 feet above land surface.

CATAHOULA AQUIFER

Most of the water supplies in the northern part of Area VIare from the Catahoula aquifer. The wells are generally shallow(100 to 1,000 feet deep) and yield large volumes of water. Theaquifer consists of beds of sand or gravel separated by claylayers. The sand and gravel beds thicken toward the Gulf and areseveral hundred feet thick in south Mississippi.

Numerous municipal, industrial, and domestic water suppliesare completed in the Catahoula aquifer across this area. Theaquifer is used as far south as northern Pearl River, Stone andGeorge Counties. The use of this aquifer has been limited southof the above mentioned area because of the availability of shallower aquifers. Wells yielding up to 2,000 gpm are possible fromthis aquifer at some locations such as Carson in Jefferson DavisCounty and Wiggins in Stone County. The sands are generallylenticular in the northern part of Area VI. Test drilling is recommended for most locations because of the lenticular deposits.

Large volumes of water are pumped from the Catahoulaaquifer at Hattiesburg, Richton, Purvis, and McComb. A largenumber of wells for rural water systems and domestic suppliesutilize this aquifer in the northern part of Area VI.

Water levels are above the land surface along some of thestreams. Flowing wells are primarily located in the Bogue Chitto,Okatoma Creek, Pearl River, Pascagoula River, ChickasawhayRiver, and some of the smaller creeks across the area. Some ofthe deeper water levels reported are from 250 to 380 feet. A wellwhich is 796 feet deep in the Catahoula aquifer at Baxterville,Lamar County, had a water level of 264 feet in 1964. A well 425feet deep at Bassfield, Jefferson Davis County, had a waterlevel of 380 feet in 1964. Slightly deeper water levels may be ex-


pected on tops of high hills. Water levels are depressed in areasof heavy pumpage in a small area such as the Hattiesburg wellfield located at the new water plant.

HATTIESBURG AQUIFER

The Hattiesburg aquifer is not as widely used as the Catahoula aquifer. The Hattiesburg aquifer has the potential of supplying large wells in the central and southern part of Area VI.A number of shallow domestic and small municipal wells utilizethis aquifer in southern Lamar, southern Forrest, Perry andGreene Counties. The municipal wells at Lucedale and two community supply wells north of Lucedale are completed in the Hattiesburg aquifer at a depth of about 1,000 feet. Most of theground-water development from this aquifer is in Pearl River,Stone and George Counties and slightly north of these counties.The extreme depth is the limiting factor south of these counties.The aquifer is presently being used for ground-water supplies inWilkinson, Amite, Pike, Walthall, and Marion Counties, whichare along the Louisiana boundary.

Separating the Hattiesburg from the underlying Catahoulaor the overlying Pascagoula is extremely difficult in the subsurface in Area VI. One solution to this problem is to refer to theseunits as "Mioceneaquifers" and not designate particular aquifers.

Water levels will be similar to those in the Catahoula aquifer.The higher water levels will be located along the streams. A well1,008 feet deep for the Town of Lucedale had a water level of100 feet in 1960.

PASCAGOULA AQUIFER

The Pascagoula aquifer is an important source of watersupply in the three coastal counties, Hancock, Harrison, andJackson. Numerous municipal, industrial and domestic wells utilize this aquifer in these counties. Most of the municipalitiesalong the coast have wells completed in this aquifer. Yields fromthis aquifer are as much as 3,000 gpm at the NASA Test Site.The aquifer consists of thick sands and gravels at a number oflocations along the coast. Multiple aquifers or zones of sands arepresent at most locations.

Water levels are generally above or near the land surfaceexcept in areas of concentrated withdrawals. A number of the


municipal wells have stopped flowing because of the heavy pumpage in a small area. Most of the ground-water development isparallel to the coast across the three counties.

Some of the water from the Pascagoula aquifer is slightlycolored to highly colored in the coastal area. Hydrogen sulfideodor is associated with the water from the deep Pascagoula aquifer at some locations.

CITRONELLE AQUIFER'..vi

The Citronelle deposits generally cover the surface of southMississippi, particularly in the southern part of Area VI. TheCitronelle is present at elevations of 300-400 feet in the northernpart of Area VI and the thickness varies from 80 to 100 feetunless the unit is missing due to erosion. The Citronelle underliesthe terrace deposits along the Coast and is about 100 feet thickat Bayou Casotte in Jackson County. The deposit may be thinnerat other locations on the coast.

The Citronelle is generally composed of coarse sand, silt,gravel and bright colored clays, which are typically near the contact with the underlying Miocene deposits. The slope of+theCitronelle deposits is generally toward the south at 6 to 25 feetper mile.

A large number of domestic wells and a few municipal wellsare completed in the Citronelle aquifer in Area VI. This aquiferhas the potential of furnishing large volumes of water at somelocations.

QUALITY OF WATER

Water from the Citronelle, Miocene and Pliocene aquifers isgenerally good for most purposes.

The quality of the water from.the Citronelle aquifer is<a lowpH, soft to moderately hard, and the mineral content is low(Table 20). Water from the shallow Miocene aquifers is acidicto alkaline, soft, and contains low to moderate (below 250 ppm)total mineral content. Colored water may be a problem in someof the deeper aquifers particularly along the coast.

Iron is a problem at several localities and in various aquifersin Area *VI. Excessive iron concentration is a problem in waterfrom wells particularly in the southwestern part of Area VI.

Tabl

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SURFACE WATER

Introduction

A tremendous volume of surface water is available for usein Mississippi. Surface water is an important natural resourceand care should be taken in future utilization, development, andconservation. Adequate knowledge and information concerningthe quantity, quality and availability of surface water will behelpful in determining the most beneficial and desired use ofthis resource/Surface and ground water are interrelated and aknowledge of both furthers a basic understanding ofeither. Surface water recharges the aquifers through permeable sand andgravel deposits in the stream bottoms. Streamflow at low stagesor base flow is mostly attributed to ground-water dischargeinto the streams.

An adequate source of available surface and/or groundwater is often a basic requirement for the selection of sites forindustrial plants, commercial fish-ponds, farms and other economic development. Industry is well aware of this requirementand expects to be assured of large amounts of available water inselecting a particular site. Paper mills, generating plants andchemical plants need large volumes of water. One generatingplant may use up to 300 mgd (million gallons per day) or moreof water and a paper mill may require 50 mgd. Primarily, thelargest use of water for these plants is for cooling purposesand quality restrictions are fairly low for this use (saline wateris used if available).

The average annual precipitation ranges from 50 inches inthe northwest to 65 inches in the southeast (fig. 1). Late summer and early autumn are usually the driest seasons, and winterand early spring the wettest. The distribution ofstreamflow during the year is related to the rainfall pattern. The highest demand for water usually occurs when the streams are at theirlowest flow. Storage facilities should be considered on most ofthe smaller streams that are considered for a water source.

The northeastern part of Mississippi is drained by streamsof the Tennessee River system. The major streams in the northern part include the Tennessee River, Hatchie River, TuscumbiaRiver Yellow Creek, and Bear Creek. The western part of theState'drains into the Mississippi River primarily by way of theYazoo, Big Black and Homochitto Rivers. The central and south-

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^OTV3^' ***>%T

Figure 11.—Location of major streams, selected U.S.G.S. gaging stations, andmajor surface-water divisions of the State.


ern parts of Mississippi are drained by the Pearl River and itstributaries. The eastern part is drained by the Tombigbee Riverand tributaries in the north and the Pascagoula River and tributaries in the south. The major streams with their names are illustrated by Figure 11.

Numerous small to medium lakes are located on varioussmall streams throughout the State. Five large flood-controlreservoirs are presently in operation within the State with fourof these located in the hills above the Delta and one north ofMeridian on Okatibbee Creek. The Ross Barnett Reservoir islocated on the Pearl River north of Jackson and is for recreational use and water supply rather than for flood protection.

Storage capacity Potential storageReservoir name in acres capacity in acre-feet

Grenada

Sardis

Arkabutla

Enid

Ross Barnett

Okatibbee

Surface waters are not generally used as a source of watersupply in the State but are used extensively for waste dilutionand disposal, cooling water for industry, and minor irrigationsupply. Two cities, Jackson and Columbus, obtain their watersupply from surface water (Pearl River and Luxapallila Creekrespectively). Meridian's principal source of water supply isfrom surface water but the city has two wells to augment thesurface water source.

Streamflow is a variable condition and depends on severalcontrolling factors which include climate, geology, topographyand runoff. Differences in streamflow exist from basin to basin,within basins and in reaches of individual streams. Similaritiesexist between streams but no two are identical. Stream-gagingrecorders, high water marks and measurements provide recordsof the history of the streams according to streamflow which includes floods and low flows. The U. S. Geological Survey, WaterResources Division, maintains a network of basic data collectingsites on the streams in the State. The Corps of Engineers has a

64,000 1,337,400

59,000 1,569,900

34,000 525,300

28,000 660,000

31,000 305,000

8,800 124,000


stream gaging network established primarily in the Delta andin the northeastern part of the State. Predictions of futurestreamfolw are based on past records and probability of occurrence. Detailed streamflow information is available from the

U. S. Geological Survey or Corps of Engineers (in certain areas)on gaging-stations across the State.

The State is divided into 5 regions for this report beginning in the northeastern part with Area I (fig. 11). A brief discussion of the availability, occurrence and quality of water ofthe major streams is included for each area. Tables are includedfor each area with a summary of stream-gaging data, availabledata on lowest mean discharge for 7 consecutive days, and chemical analyses. The summary of stream-gaging data includesdrainage area, records available, average discharge, minimumdaily discharge, and maximum discharge. Information on lowest mean discharge is included because the minimum flow ofstreams at any site is the best indication of the amount of wateravailable without storage. Chemical quality information isgiven and (if available) includes analyses of water at "high andlow flow. Quality information is often of more concern thanquantity in determining the effective utility or value of a watersource.

SURFACE WATER

AREA I

Area I, northeast Mississippi, is in the drainage system ofthe Tennessee River (fig. 11). Most of the streams are small andthe drainage is generally toward the north. The principal streamsin this region include the Hatchie River (western Alcorn County) , Tuscumbia River (central Alcorn County), Seven Mile Creek(eastern Alcorn County), Yellow Creek (western TishomingoCounty) and Indian Creek (eastern Tishomingo County). Several small streams drain the eastern part of Tishomingo Countyand the largest of these is Bear Creek. Table 21 is a summary ofthe streamflow information available on the streams. Pickwick

Lake, on the Tennessee River, is the northeast boundary betweenMississippi and Tennessee.

Hatchie River and Tuscumbia River have been canalized and

deepened to facilitate drainage in the region. Valuable agricultural land along these streams is protected from flooding to a

Tab

le2

1.—

Su

mm

ary

ofda

tafr

omse

lect

edst

ream

-gag

ing

stat

ions

inA

rea

I.

r?E.

Ave

rage

disc

harg

ein

cubi

cfe

elpe

rse

cond

(cfs

)

Ref.

No

.St

ream

and

Lo

cati

on

Avera

ge

Dis

chor

goY

ears

(cfs

)

1M

atc

hle

Riv

er

at

27

41

94

7-6

115

41

8W

alnu

t(H

vy.

72cr

oss

ing

)

2T

usc

um

bia

Riv

er

west

27

71

95

0-6

112

43

2o

fC

orl

nth

(Hvy

.72

cro

ssin

g)

Min

imu

m

Dai

lyD

isch

arge

(cfs

)D

ate

Ma

xim

um

Dis

char

ge(c

fs)

Dol

e

3Y

ell

ow

Creek

at

Do

skie

14

31

93

7-5

41

62

08

8Ju

ly9,

1948

19

,00

0

Gog

Ing

stat

ion

mai

ntai

ned

byU

.S.

Cor

psof

Eng

inee

rs,

Mem

phis

,T

enne

ssee

,In

for

mat

ion

from

U.

S.G

eolo

gica

lSu

rvey

.

Gag

ing

stat

ion

mai

ntai

ned

byU

.S.

Cor

psof

Eng

inee

rs,

Mem

phis

,T

enne

ssee

,In

for

mat

ion

from

U.

S.G

eolo

gica

lSu

rvey

.

Feb

.1

3,

Gag

ing

stat

ion

mai

ntai

ned

19

48

byT

enne

ssee

Val

ley

Aut

hori

ty.

Info

rma

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am

gagi

ngpu

blic

atio

n.

4B

ear

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eka

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ish

op

,66

719

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66

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.(a

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eli

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from

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93

3-6

8

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t.1

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19

54

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on

tl.

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ca

tS

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er

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certain degree by the canalization of the streams. Flooding is ahazard on most of the streams and flooding records should bechecked before building structures near the streams.

The mouth of Yellow Creek is located in Pickwick Lake andthe discharge of the lower reach of the stream is controlled bythe stage of the lake. Yellow Creek is part of the proposed Ten-nessee-Tombigbee Waterway. The Mississippi legislature recently appropriated funds for the establishment of a port at themouth of Yellow Creek on the Tennessee River. A number ofrecreational facilities are located on Pickwick Lake in Mississippi.

Low flows are common on most of the streams during dryperiods. Table 22 includes data on the lowest mean discharge for7 consecutive days (1960) on Tuscumbia River and Yellow Creek.Storage facilities would have to be provided for a dependablesurface-water supply on these streams. A number of the smallerstreams have very little flow or zero flow during the dry autumnand late summer. Table 21 may be used to compare the dailyminimum discharge of the streams. These figures indicate thatstorage facilities would have to be provided on any of the streamsto furnish an adequate supply of water. Most reservoirs are designed for multi-purpose use which includes water supply andrecreation.

QUALITY OF WATER

The quality of surface water is generally good in Area I.Most of the water is low in mineralization and the water is soft.Some of the water during low flows may contain high iron concentration. The water is slightly acidic to neutral and the wateris not colored. Turbidity and suspended sediments in the waterwill be high during storm runoff periods. Table 23 is a compilation of chemical analyses of surface water in the area. An analysis is included for comparison of both high and low flows.

Individual water samples at various discharge rates shouldbe analyzed for specific industrial processes. Most industrialwater needs vary in the specific water quality requirements.Surface water will probably not be used as a source of publicsupplies in this area as adequate ground water supplies areavailable.

Tab

le22

.—L

owes

tm

ean

disc

harg

efo

r7

cons

ecut

ive

days

otst

ream

-gag

ing

stat

ions

inA

rea

I.ti

on

sin

Are

aI.

Str

eam

an

dlo

ca

tio

n

TuscisnbiaRiver

nearCorinth

Yellow

Creekat

Doskie

ChambersCreekat

Kcndclck,,

•Per

iod

of

Rec

ord

(yea

rs)

Cu

bic

feel

per

seco

nd

82

.1

20

10

MIS

CE

LL

AN

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US

SIA

TIO

KS

16 Fr«

are

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bin

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and

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19

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3 > H M W 90 H Ui

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Tab

le2

3.—

Ch

emic

alan

aly

ses

ofw

ote

rfr

omst

ream

sin

Are

aI.

(Ana

lytic

alre

sults

inpa

ilspe

rm

illio

n,cx

ccpl

usiii

dico

lcd}

(Ana

lyse

sby

U.

S.G

colo

jies

lSu

rvey

)

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iolv

cd

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'rd

nes

s

"TL

Sa

lid

i8

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n

c

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111

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9-2S-69

9-2S-69

5Kov.

3,1959

May30,1960

6Kov.3,1959

May30,1960

1.13

3.74

9.41

10.8

HatchieRiver

at

Walnut

(AnalysisbyMiss.

AirandWater

.PollutionControlComnissionLab.)

TuscunblnRiverWest

ofCorinth

(AnalysisbyMiss.Air

andWater

PollutionControlCommission

Lab.)

.05

160

14

46

6.8

30

30

.2S

2.5

17

.24

65

18

4.7

39

17

56

.93

0

Yell

ow

Creek

Dra

ina

ee

Ca

na

ln

ea

rB

urn

svil

lc

9.3

1.8

0.6

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0

3.9

2.6

2.0

2.3

25

3.8

3.0

1.2

2.0

1.1

16

3.6

2.2

0.1

2.0

.0

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39

23

20

12

0 0

55

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6.6

35

15

Ha

tch

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iver

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ords

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SURFACE WATER

AREA II

Most of northeast Mississippi, Area II, is drained by theTombigbee River system (fig. 11). Part of the northern andwestern area is drained by the tributary system of the Mississippi River.

Large quantities of water are available from the majorstreams, particularly the Tombigbee River. Most large industries in the area are located adjacent to an available surfacewater source. Surface water is used for waste dilution, coolingwater, and process water by most industries. Irrigation systemsuse surface water but there are only a small number of thesesystems in the area. Only one municipality, Columbus, uses surface water as a source of municipal supply in Area II. The Cityof Columbus pumps about 3.2 to 3.8 mgd (million gallons perday) from Luxapallila Creek. Treatment of surface water formunicipal use is expensive and requires skilled personnel tooperate the treatment plant.

The Tombigbee River is the largest stream with a drainage area of 5,600 square miles at the Mississippi-Alabama line.The Tombigbee River is formed by the confluence of the East andWest forks of the Tombigbee near Amory. The average flow atColumbus, for 53 years, (1899-1912, 1928-1968) is 6,183 cfs(cubic feet per second) (drainage area of 4,490 square miles).The maximum discharge recorded at the Columbus gage was148,000 cfs on January 7, 1949 and the minimum discharge was138 cfs on September 30, 1954. (Table 24). The median flow forthe Tombigbee River increases from 630 mgd at Amory to about1,700 mgd at the Mississippi-Alabama line.

The tributaries of the Tombigbee River vary in shape, size,and amount of discharge. The principal creeks are Mackeys, BullMountain, Oldtown, James, Chuquatonchee, Tippah, and Luxapallila Creeks. The main rivers include the Buttahatchee andNoxubee Rivers. Discharge during periods of low flow on thetributaries is important for the supply of water without storagefacilities. Most low flow data is presently based on mean flows forvarious periods, 7, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 183 days. The 7 day periodis shown on Table 25. This procedure excludes the point minimumdischarge which may occur during a period of a few hours or

Tab

le2

4.—

Su

mm

ary

ofda

tafr

omse

lect

edst

ream

-gag

ing

stat

ions

inA

rea

II.

Stre

ama

nd

Lo

cati

on

1.

MackcysCreek

near

Dennis

TombigbeeRivernear

605

Fulton

Oldtovn

Creekat

Tupelo

4.

Bull

Mountain

Creek

near

Staithvlllc

TombigbeeRiver

at

Blgbec

West

ForkTombigbee

River

nearNcttleton

112

335

1,194

617

ToabigbeeRivernear

1,941

Amory

8.

James

Creek

at.

Aberdeen

si

Ave

rage

disc

harg

ein

cubi

cfe

atpe

ri

Ave

rag

eD

isch

orge

Yea

rs(c

fs)

ond

(cfs

)

1937-68

31

101

1928-68

40

893

1943-46

20

175

1951-68

1940-68

28

1944-54

15

1,973

1963-68

1939-68

29

896

1937-68

31

2,935

28.9

1963-68

Dai

lyD

isch

arge

(cfs

)D

ale

8.2

(Since1944)

Sept.3,4,5,1954

Aug.

31

to

Sept.2,1943

Several

times

Aug.

28

to

Sept.3,

1943

Sept.

15,1954

0.8

Sept.

14,15,

1942

Ma

xim

um

Dis

char

ge(c

fs)

Dal

e

16,300

Mar.

21,1955

82,200

Mar.

22,

1955

23,000

Mar.21,1955

40,000

Mar.

22,

1955

52,800

Feb.15,1948

151,000

Mar.22,1955

45

Sept.

20,1954

126,000

Mar.

22,1955

0Severaltimes

4,430

July9,1967

3 KH co

03

l-H

CO

CO

l-H

*0 *0 r-H

O M O r o o l-H > 90 < H

Tab

le2

4.—

Su

mm

ary

ofda

tafr

omse

lect

edst

ream

-gag

ing

stat

ions

inA

rea

II.

(Con

tinu

ed)

9.

10

.

11

.

12

.

13

.

14

15

Str

eam

an

dL

oca

l!:

Bu

tta

ha

tch

ee

Riv

er

nea

rA

berd

een

Ch

uq

ua

ton

chee

Cre

ek

nea

rW

est

Po

int

Tib

bee

Creek

nea

r

Tlb

bee

Ca

talp

aC

reek

at

May

hew

Lu

xa

pa

llll

aC

reek

at

Ste

en

s

To

mb

igb

ee

Riv

er

at

Co

lum

bu

s

No

xu

bee

Riv

er

at

Ma

co

n

78

7-

51

4

92

8

98

.2

30

9

4,4

90

81

2

Ave

rage

disc

harg

ein

cubi

cfe

elpe

rsec

ond

(cfs

)A

vera

ge

Dis

char

geY

ears

(cfs

)

Min

imu

m

Dai

lyD

isch

arge

(cfs

)D

ale

Ma

xim

um

Dis

char

ge(c

fs)

Dol

e

19

66

-6

8

19

43

-68

19

28

-3

0

19

39

-68

19

42

-44

19

52

-57

19

59

-60

19

43

-47

19

49

-68

25

75

1

311

,22

9

51

23

14

8 0 0 0

23

46

923

18

99

-19

12

536

,18

31

38

19

28

-68

19

28

-32

34

92

32

21

93

8-6

8

Au

g.

3,

19

66

Severa

lti

mes

Severa

lti

mes

Au

g.

26

,1

94

3

36

,30

0D

ec.

20

,19

67

45

,80

0M

ar.

29

,19

51

75

,20

0M

ar.

29

,1

95

1

13

,20

0D

ec.

18

,1

96

7

Au

g.

14

,1

95

41

4,2

00

Feb

.2

3,

1961

Sep

t.2

0,

19

54

14

8,0

00

Ja

n.

7,

1949

Au

g.

25

,2

6,

1943

52

,00

0M

arch

30

,19

51

Rec

ord

sfr

on

U.

S.

Geo

log

ica

lS

urv

ey,

Ka

ter

Res

ou

rces

fata

for

Mis

siss

ipp

i,1

S6

2-6

S.

3 r> H W 90 90 H w O d to a CO

o *l


during some type of regulation. Table 25 indicates the lowestmean discharge for 7-day periods at selected gaging stationslocated in Area II.

Streamflow during low stages consists mainly of groundwater discharged into the streams. The bottom of a stream issometimes connected with a highly permeable aquifer and theaquifer or aquifers provide most of the base-flow of streams.The reverse of this is true and at times the streams help in therecharge of the aquifer or aquifers. Most of the low flow of thetributaries in northern Mississippi is derived from those thatdrain the eastern side of the basin (Table 25). Several of thetributaries draining the western side experience periods of noflow. The explanation of this difference in low flows in the eastand west side of the Tombigbee basin is attributed to geologiccontrol. Generally, the Cretaceous beds that outcrop on the western side of the basin are impervious chalk and clays (Demopolischalk, Ripley clay, Porters Creek clay). These impervious deposits have little storage capacity which results in high floodflows and little runoff during dry weather periods.

Some of the streams in the region have high maximum discharges and high average discharges. Table 24 is included sothat several streams may be compared at average, minimum andmaximum flows. An industry may judge whether to consider astream without storage if their maximum draft is lower thanthe low flow.

Flooding is a serious problem on most of the streams. Extensive flooding has occurred in 1892, 1948, 1949, 1951 and 1955on the Tombigbee River. Recent publicity (1969) of this problemhas resulted in plans being formulated to protect the low lyingareas of Columbus with a levee. The danger of flooding at specific locations in or near the flood-plain should be carefully considered. The frequency and height of floods at proposed locations should be considered from past records of floods in theregion.

A few small lakes and reservoirs are available for recreational use in the area. Numerous farm ponds are present andafford private fishing.

Surface water use will probably continue to grow as theindustrial growth increases in the region. The Tombigbee River

Tab

le25

.—L

owes

tm

ean

disc

harg

efo

r7

cons

ecut

ive

days

atst

ream

-gag

ing

sta

tio

ns

inA

rea

II.

Str

ea

mnd

.Lo

cali

Mac

kcys

'Cre

ek,

Den

nis

.

Eas

tFor

k,T

ombi

gbee

Riv

er,

Ful

ton

Old

low

nC

reek

,T

upel

o

Bul

lM

ount

oin

Cre

ek,

Smit

hvil

le

Wes

tF

oik,

Tom

bigb

eeR

iver

,N

ettl

elo

n

Tom

bigb

eeR

iver

,A

mor

y

Tib

bee

Cre

ek,

Tib

bee

Lux

opol

lili

aC

reek

,St

eens

Ter.i

bigb

eeRi

ver,

Colu

mbu

s

Eas

tFor

k,To

mbi

gbee

Riv

er,

Mar

iett

a

Eas

tFor

k,To

mbi

gbee

Riv

er,

Bea

nsFe

rry

Bul

lM

ount

oin

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ek,

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nd*

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> H 90 90 CO o d 90 O H CO O *1 Ui

Ui


is the largest source of surface water in this region and industrialdevelopment will probably be in this general area.

QUALITY OF WATER

The quality of surface water is generally good in northeastMississippi. Generally, the water is low in total dissolved solids,low in iron content, and slightly low pH (acidic) to basic watertype. The water in some of the tributaries draining the outcroparea of the chalk is hard. Table 26 is included to illustrate theparticular type of water at a particular stage and flow on selectedstreams. The dissolved solids content of the water is higher during periods of low flow and the suspended material increasesduring high discharge periods. Turbidity also increases duringstorm runoff as more suspended material is carried by the water.Treatment of surface water has to be flexible and adjust to thevariation of quality of the water at different stages or flows ofthe streams.

SURFACE WATER

AREA III

North central and central Mississippi, Area III, is drainedby streams of the Yazoo, Big Black, Pearl and Pascagoula Riversystems. The northern part is drained by tributaries of the YazooRiver, the Big Black and Pearl Rivers drain the central part ofthe area and the eastern part is drained by tributaries of thePascagoula River.

Most of the streams are small in size and only the BigBlack and Pearl Rivers are fairly large near the southern boundary of Area III. Four of the tributary streams of the YazooRiver have flood-control structures for the Mississippi Deltaconstructed in Area III. A flood-control structure was recently(1969) completed on Okatibbee Creek north of Meridian.

Data from selected stream-gaging stations on streams within the region are included in Table 27. Information on streamsize, drainage area, minimum discharge and years of recordmay be helpful to a potential user.

A large demand for surface-water would require constructing storage facilities on most of the smaller streams. The PearlRiver, near the Leake-Madison County line, the Big Black, near

To

ble

26

.—C

hem

ical

anal

yse

so

fw

ater

fro

mst

ream

sin

Are

aII

.

(Ana

lytic

aliC

'.kJi;

inpa

ri:p

erm

illio

n,ex

cept

a:in

dica

ted)

(Ana

lyse

sby

V.

S.G

eolo

gleo

lSur

vey)

Dis

solv

ed

Ho

tdn

eu

'ci

So

lid

sS

u

-

o2

;';

1D

ole

cf

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llecti

on

n-i

fE

£

»£.

y.

u

fi

E

£

|o

y.

1Z

.

<52

l£'

e=

u

1Kov.

3,1959

29

May

30,

1960

35

2Mnr.3,1959

663

Sept.12,1962

99

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ec.

6,

1967

6S

ep

t.4

,1

96

222

Dec

.1

3,

19

63

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5,

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67

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1963

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CO

l-H

1)

Tab

le2

6.—

Ch

emic

alan

aly

ses

ofw

oter

from

stre

ams

inA

rea

II.—

(Con

tinu

ed)

(Ana

lytic

alre

sults

inpa

rtspe

rmil

lion

,exc

epta

lind

icat

ed}

{Ana

lyse

sby

U.

S.G

eolo

gica

lSu

rvey

}

Ha

rdn

ess

Dis

solv

ed

So

lid

su

U

0

•£D

ale

of

Co

llec

tio

nj a

-ii

&

c

E <5

E c

I j *5

£. |

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u.

6

T>

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ce

n

"s«

E

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1 Z

•6o

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Ko

loln

Sn

rln

gs

9AF

eb.

26

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96

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pri

l3

0,

1964

9.1

5.8

.03

.12

1.9

1.4

.11

.2

.11

.8

.54

1.8

1.4

43

.61

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1.3

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18

18

5 4

2 11

85

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5.9

20

60

Cn

talo

aC

reek

at

Ma

vh

cw

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ov.

4,

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59

May

31

,19

601

.95

1.1

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4.8

3.5

.04

.00

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7

83

2.8

23

1.2

24

5.5

30

03

54

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66

25

18

16

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33

5

30

4

25

42

12

8 0

54

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8.0

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15

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xa

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llil

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reek

at

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cn

s

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ly8

,19

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pri

l3

0,

1964

76

3,0

00

4.9

6.5

.04

.20

1.9

2.4

.61

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.7.7

91

.2.4

S1

.22

.21

.3

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.4 .4

18

15

7 C

02

62

2

6.4

5.8

20

80

Seeo

rde

••fr

oa

-l.

S.

jeo

lo;i

ca

lSu

rvey,-

h'a

trr

Res

ou

rces

Dat

afo

rM

issi

ssip

pi,

19

0;-

63

.

to co

Ui

Ui

>-l

TJ

r-H

Q H O f O O t—i

a > c CO %

Tab

le2

7.—

Su

mm

ary

ofd

ata

fro

mse

lect

edst

reo

m-g

agin

gst

atio

ns

inA

rea

II

Str

eam

an

dlo

co

tio

YAZOO

RIVER

BASIN

1,

Coldwster

River

at

Arkabutla

Dam

2.

Tallahatchie

River

near

SardIs

3.

Tallahatchie

River

at

SardIs

Dan

4.

Yocona

River

at

Enid

Dam

5.

Yalobusha

River

at

Grenada

Dam

6.

ThompsonCreek

atMcCarley

BIG

BLACKRIVER

BASIN

7.

BigBlackRiver

at

Pickens

Ave

rage

disc

harg

ein

cubi

cfe

etpe

rse

cond

(cfs

)JJ

§A

vera

ge•*

<D

isch

arge

Yea

rs(c

fs)

Doi

lyD

isch

arge

(cfs

)D

ate

Ma

xim

um

Dis

char

ge(c

fs)

Dol

e

1,0

00

19

37

-68

301

,26

90

1,6

80

19

28

-42

142

,09

316

1,5

45

19

40

-68

282

,17

60

56

01

92

8-6

84

08

12

0

1,3

20

19

53

-68

151

,70

30

14

.41

95

6-6

41

91

.0

1,460

1936-68

32

1,785

27

Many

times

30,200

Jan.

22,

1938

Regulated

up

to

1958

since

1942

Sept.

19,1942

65,300

Jan.

15,1932

Regulated

since

Sept.

1939

Many

times

5,780

June

24,

1946

Regulated

Manytimes

36,300

Feb.14,1948

Regulated

Manytimes

4,880

Jan.3,1958

Regulated

Oct.

1,1956

2,810

July

16,1963

Aug.

31,Sept.l,

49,400

Mar.

28,

1951

1943

3 > m 90 90 m O CJ

90 H co

o CO

CO

r—I

CO

CO

Ti

Tab

le2

7.—

Su

mm

ary

ofd

ata

from

sele

cted

stre

om

-gag

ing

stat

ion

sin

Are

aII

I.(C

on

tin

ued

)

Str

eam

an

dL

oca

tio

n

PEARLRIVER

BASIN

8.

YockanookanyRiver

near

Kosciusko

9.

Pearl

River

near

Carthage

10.

Tuacolameta

Creek

at

Walnut

Grove

PASCAGOULA

RIVER

BASIN

11.

ChunkyRivernear

Chunky

12.

Okatibbee

Creek

nearMeridian

13.

Sowashee

Creek

at

Meridian

14.

ChlckasawhayRiver

at

Enterprise

•IS

Ave

rage

disc

harg

ein

cubi

cle

ctpe

rsec

ond

(cfs

)Jj

fA

vera

ge"

<D

isch

arge

Yea

rs(c

fs)

Min

imu

m

Dai

lyD

isch

arge

(cfs

)D

ote

Ma

xim

um

Dls

chor

ge(c

fs)

Dot

e

314

1938-68

30

383

2.3

1,347

1962-68

61,310

31

411

1938-68

30

468

2.4

368

1938-68

30

449

1.6

239

1938-68

30

287

.48

51.9

1950-68

18

56.2

.20

913

1938-68

30

1,137

18

Aug.20-24,

1943

Oct.

30,

1963

Oct.2,1954

19,300

Mar.29,1951

18,200

Mar.

19,1964

34,600

Jan.

7,1950

Creekhas

been

canalized

Sept.28-30,

30,800

Feb.22,1961

1954

Sept.

11-13,

27,000

Feb.22,1961

Flowregulated

1952

1969

Oct.4,1954

9,530

April6,1964

At

timesduring

July,Aug.,Sept.,

1957

Sept.

25-30,

1954

61,700

Feb.

23,1961

Oct.

22,25,1963

RecordsfroaU.S.Ceologlctl

Survey,

KaterResourcesDataforMississippi.

1962-68.

CO

CO

r-H

CO

CO

t—t

*0

t—I

o M O f o o l-H

o > f CO d 90 <


Pickens, and the Chickasawhay River at Enterprise could maintain a fair-sized water supply (11 to 20 mgd) during most ofthe year. The majority of the smaller streams either have aminimum flow of zero or near zero during the dry periods ofsummer and fall. Available information on minimum flows atstream-gaging stations is included in Table 28.

Si|<*- •-

i/><U to

§.!

•-> -3 .-<

*•* >

r. 0£a

i s

m r» .-. ©8 3

8 = A

6 8 =

^ <r o cn o, k, ro

Large amounts of surface water are available during maximum flow of the streams in Area III. Maximum flow, in thepast, has ranged from 2,810 cfs (1963) on Thompson Creek atMcCarley to 65,300 cfs (1932) on the Tallahatchie River nearSardis. ••:*.


All of these streams are subject to flooding. Flooding mayoccur rapidly because of the relative short drainage area andthe steep gradient of the streams. Flood-control structures havebeen constructed on the main streams entering the Delta fromthe hills. Four reservoirs; Arkabutla on Coldwater River, Sar-dis on Tallahatchie River, Enid on Yocona River, and Grenadaon Yalobusha River regulate water that would otherwise floodover the rich agricultural land of the Delta. The regulation ofthe flows has generally served to maintain higher discharges inthe streams during summer and fall months when low flows normally occur and irrigation demand is high in the Delta. All of thereservoirs are designed for multipurpose use and provide recreational areas as well as flood-control. Most of the use for surface water in Area III is for cooling water, irrigation and partially for dilution of wastes near population centers. Some streampollution may be present in certain reaches of the streams.

QUALITY OP WATER

The quality of surface water is generally good. Analyses ofwater from selected streams are included in Table 29. The chemical analyses indicate that the water is soft (4-28 ppm) and contains low (36-94 ppm) dissolved solids.

SURFACE WATER

AREA IV

Area IV, northwestern Mississippi, is drained by the YazooRiver system. The principal tributaries of the Yazoo River include the Sunflower River, Bogue Phalia, Quiver River, Tallahatchie River and Coldwater River (fig. 11). The tributaries risein the hills (Area III) to the east of Area IV and flow downthrough the Delta region. Discharge of the principal streams isregulated by dams located in Area III. A large number of levees,channel improvements and drainage canals are located in AreaIV which aids in the control of excess runoff in the streams during the wet season. Water transportation and commerce is ofmajor importance on the Mississippi River. There is an economicadvantage in locating plants close to water transportation andmanufacturers are aware of this fact.

The flow of the Mississippi River is large during most ofthe year. The average discharge for 40 years (1928-68) is 551,-

Tab

le2

9.—

Ch

emic

alan

aly

ses

of

wat

erfr

om

stre

ams

inA

rea

III.

(Ana

lytic

alre

sults

inpo

rtspe

rmil

lion

,exc

epta

sin

dica

ted)

(Ana

lyse

sby

U.

S.G

eolo

gica

lSur

vey)

Dis

solv

ed

Ha

rdn

ess

To

So

lid

sS

u

-.

Ot^

z c

Do

leof

Co

llecti

on

j 5-H

-

i£

$

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1 1 5

i E

2 i 5 a.

86T

CI

(J

5

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l

O*n

jj-'f.

^

u

Ta

lla

ha

tch

ieR

iver

at

Sa

rd

tsD

am

3

Oct.

Ma

r.

Ju

ne

23

10

22

,1

95

81

95

9

19

59

2,8

50

1,9

60

4,0

80

69

53

80

2.0

1.6

1.3

0.2

2.1

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2

4.6

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7.2

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24

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1 2 5

52

69

80

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6.5

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7

Feb

.Ju

ne

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13

10

22

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58

19

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19

58

3,0

00

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0

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9

45

84

65

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4

.49

4.6

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4.9

1.4

5.1

1.9

20

7.8

1.6

5.6

2.7

21

8.2

3.0

5.5

1.4

34

4.6

4.5

6.0

6.2

0.5 .5 .0

0.8

1.9

1.0

94

68

59

18

24

24

1 6 0

64

78

87

6.3

6.4

6.8

20

22 5

Yo

cka

no

oka

nv

Riv

er

nea

rK

osciu

sko

8

Dec.

Ha

yF

eb

.

9,

24

,2

,

19

59

19

60

19

60

11

0

32

.82

,77

0

44

77

1.9

6.1

3.9

0.0

7.2

1.1

5

1.1

3.6

1.3

0.2

2.4

0.5

50

.01

.74

.5.9

17

4.6

1.2

3.6

1.2

66

.8

Oka

tib

bee

Creek

nea

rM

erid

ian

3.5

5.2

2.8

0.0 .0 .1

0.5

1.3

1.2

38

35

54

41

6 8

0 2 3

23

61

36

5.5

6.5

5.4

10

40

70

12O

ct.

25

,1

96

7

14O

ct.

25

,19

67

9.4

0.2

45

.32

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.02

.827

3.0

4.8

0.1

0.1

54

22

071

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20

Ch

lcka

ga

wh

ay

Riv

er

at

En

terp

ris

e

110

.09

7.6

2.2

8.5

3.3

2611

8.6

0.8

0.1

7528

71

07

6.0

15

Rec

orJs

fro

aU

.S.

Geo

log

ical

Su

rvey

,K

atcr

Res

ourc

esB

ala

tor

Mis

siss

ipp

i,1

96

:-6

S.

> ?o

90

Ui

O a 90

O Ui

o ro

Ui

I—I

CO

co

*0


100 cfs at Vicksburg with a drainage area of approximately 1,-144,500 square miles (Table 30). The average discharge for theMississippi River at Memphis for 35 years (1933-68) is 450,700cfs with a drainage area of approximately 932,800 square miles.These figures indicate the average flow of the river. The increase in flow indicates the amount of water the streams between

Memphis and Vicksburg contribute to the flow.

The Yazoo River and its tributaries drain the major portion of Area IV. The average discharge of the Yazoo River atGreenwood (drainage area of 7,450 square miles) is 9,763 cfsfor a period of record of 46 years (1907-12, 1927-64). A comparison of the streams drainage area, average flow, minimum andmaximum flow may be undertaken by using Table 30. Numerousfloods were recorded in Area IV prior to the completion of theflood-control structures on the streams. Presently, floods arenot a major threat to this region. Low flows are more or lesscontrolled by the upstream flow-regulating structures. Excesswater is usually discharged from the flood-control structuresduring;.periods that low flows otherwise would normally occuron the[streams. Table 31 is included to indicate the low flowson the Sunflower River and Mississippi River.

A large volume of surface water is used for. irrigationthroughout the Delta. The small streams dry uprduring a droughtand are not a dependable irrigation source. Most farmers useboth wells and streams for irrigation sources provided a fairlylarge stream is located nearby.

A number of ox-bow lakes are present in this region andafford recreational areas. Numerous private farm ponds are alsopresent.

QUALITY OF WATER

Generally, surface water in Area IV is of fair quality formost users.-Table 32 gives information on the chemical qualityof the surface water in Area IV. Samples were collected at different rates of flow and will vary according to the amount ofdischarge at that particular time. Analyses are included on boththe high and low rates of flow (if available) for comparisonof the chemical quality.

The water is fairly hard (20 to 172 ppm) and the mineralization of the water is higher (40 to 304 ppm) than most surface

Tab

le3

0.—

Su

mm

ory

ofda

tafr

omse

lect

edst

ream

-gag

ing

stat

ions

inA

rea

IV.

fcf.

No

.S

trea

ma

nd

Lo

ca

tio

n

Ave

rage

disc

Kor

gcin

cubi

cfe

etpe

rse

cond

(cfs

I

Dis

char

geY

ears

(cfs

ID

oily

Dis

char

ge(c

fs)

[

Mo

xim

um

Dis

chor

gc(c

fs)

1.C

old

wa

ter

Riv

er

at

1,0

00

1937

-41

301

,26

9A

rka

bu

tla

Dam

19

42

-68

30

,20

0Ja

n.

22

,19

38R

eg

ula

ted

Ta

lla

ha

tch

ieR

iver

nea

rL

am

bert

1,9

80

19

35

-68

332

,55

7

Ta

lla

ha

tch

ieR

iver

at

Sw

an

La

ke

5,1

30

19

29

-3

8

19

38

-6

8

30

7,1

31

21

3

Ya

zo

oR

iver

at

Green

wo

od

7,4

50

19

07

-1

2

19

27

-6

4

46

9,7

63

53

6

Su

nfl

ow

er

Riv

er

at

Su

nfl

ow

er

76

71

93

5-6

83

39

56

81

Mis

sis

sip

pi

Riv

er

1,1

44

,50

0n

ea

rV

icksb

urg

19

28

-68

40

55

1,1

00

99

,40

0

Oct.

27

-29

,3

2,8

00

Ja

n.

30

,1

93

7A

ctu

al

mea

sure

d19

42fl

ow

of

Co

ldw

ate

rR

iver

beca

use

Ta

lla

ha

tch

ie

is

div

erte

dth

rou

gh

afl

oo

dw

ay.

Oct.

27

,19

424

9,2

00

Ap

ril

9,

1933

Pa

rtly

reg

ula

ted

sin

ce

19

39

.

Oct.

20

,1

94

37

2,9

00

Ja

n.

19

,1

93

2T

rib

uta

rie

sreg

ula

ted

.

Au

g.

16

,19

541

1,7

00

Ap

ril

28

,19

64U

pst

rc.n

r.--

ate

rus

id

Au

g.

9,

10

,1

95

6fo

rI—

iga

tlo

n

Nov.

1,

1939

2,080,000

Feb.

17,1937

Tab

le3

1.—

Lo

wes

tm

ean

disc

harg

efo

r7

cons

ecut

ive

days

atst

rea

m-g

og

ing

sta

tio

ns

inA

rea

IV.

Tef.

No

.S

lieo

ma

nd

loca

tio

n

rVii

od

of

F;e

(yeo

is)

co

idC

ub

icfe

et

per

seco

nd

mu

mio

ns

ofG

oll

on

s

|«-i

day

5 6

Su

nfl

ow

er

Riv

er

at

Su

nfl

ow

er,

Mis

sis

sip

pi

Riv

er

nea

rV

icksb

urg

,

22

26

83

.0

10

2.4

53

.6

66

.1

Lata

forMU-is-ip!

Yei

19

56

19

36

Itii

j.i

rep

ort

byR

ob

inso

nan

dSh

eli

eM

issi

ssip

pi

Boa

rdo

fh

ate

rC

ora

issi

oB

ull

eti

n(."

-I.

3 > H M W 90 w Ui

o a 90 O W CO

o *l

CO

CO

l-H

CO

CO

144

•i I

O


Hd

(3»?Z 1° soip-oioiui)oouDpnpuoo oijioodc.

uinicouGa^y'uinp|eQ

D«08l 10UCjJDJodOAO

uo onpisojj

(CqN) Wl'.H

(j) op»no|J

(ID) »P!'«ra

COS) 3l°JlnS

(cODM) oioucqiooifl

(^) uinisssicj

(°N) "*»P«S

(<Yr)

(•O) wniopD

(»i> '

(e0!s) ro,j,s

(d«)un^oiodiuaj.

<«j>)Oo5ie-.psja

<oei r-IO mo\

so o r-i>. r»vj

ON«or»

r»o

pin

«o vicoa>•S CI

o o oo oo

o r>N N r^ cn

N or»%o

ON N mc* coWr-l

«*NO-*net

N-* m o

PIN «<T

S3 O CI

3a

•»•*

vo c> cn t~

1ft CO

O 1ft

o oo -<N ^

co oo

o o!m V)

om

tfW

u o.

S5

h. CA

N N

no

OOlrt

5 3

HO

N CO

CO CO

O N

Ulf*


water. Turbidity and sediment load is often a problem on themajor streams. Some of the streams contain "muddy" or turbidwater most of the time.

Insecticides and related poisons used for agricultural purposes have increased in use during the past few years in AreaIV. The surface water, including streams and lakes, has becomepolluted to varying degrees by the build up of these poisons. Theaerial application and widespread use of the poisons has intensified this problem in the region.

Some of the streams in the region may contain industrialand/or organic pollution. Effluent from numerous sewage-disposal ponds plus some untreated sewage drains into some of thestreams in the vicinity of Yazoo City, Greenwood, Greenville,and Vicksburg.

SURFACE WATER

AREA V

An abundance of available surface water is present inArea V (fig. 11). Numerous streams and rivers drain the regionwith the largest being the Mississippi River. Other river drainage systems in the region include the Big Black River, PearlRiver, and the Pascagoula River. The eastern part of the regionis the general headwaters for the Pascagoula River system.Numerous tributaries of the major streams form an intricatedrainage system throughout the area.

Several large lakes or reservoirs and many small lakes arepresent in Area V. The Ross Barnett Reservoir on the PearlRiver north of Jackson is the largest lake in the area. The otherlakes in the region include Copiah Lake in Copiah County,Roosevelt Lake in Scott County, Lake Mary Crawford in Lawrence County, and Lake Bogue Homa in Jones County.

The greatest amount of available surface water is located inthe largest rivers. The flow of the Mississippi River averagesmore than 550,000 cfs (40 years record at Vicksburg) and theflow is higher at Natchez. The average flow of the Big BlackRiver at Bovina is 3,315 cfs (32 years of record). The PearlRiver at Jackson has an average flow of 3,745 cfs (51 years ofrecord) and the average flow increases to 6,014 cfs (30 years ofrecord) at Monticello. The Leaf River at Collins has an average

Tab

le33

.—Su

mm

ary

ofda

tafro

mse

lect

edst

ream

-gag

ing

stat

ions

inA

rea

V.

1B

igB

lock

Riv

er

nea

rB

ov

ina

2B

ayo

uP

ierr

en

ear

Wil

low

s

Pearl

Riv

er

at

Jack

so

n

Co

pia

hC

reek

near

Hazle

hu

rst

5S

tro

ng

Riv

er

at

D'L

,o

6B

ah

ala

Cre

ek

near

Orr

.a

7P

earl

Riv

er

near

Mo

nti

cell

o

Leaf

Riv

er

near

Co

llin

s

Tall

ah

att

tft

Cre

ek

near

Wo

ldru

p

10

Tall

ah

ala

Cre

ek

at

Lau

rel

2,8

10

65

3

3,1

00

Avo

ioje

disc

borg

cin

cub

icfe

elpe

r

Dis

char

geY

coiS

(cfs

)

Min

imu

m

Doi

lyD

iscb

arge

(cfs

)D

ale

Dis

cho

rgc

.(cf

s)D

ole

Rcm

o.W

19

36

-68

323

,31

565

Oct.

2,

1954

63

,50

0D

ec.

20

,19

61

23O

ct.

13

,14

,19

63

31

,30

0O

ct.

5,

1964

*onn

uolm

axim

um

45S

ept.

18

,19

638

5,0

00

Mar

.3

1,

1902

Flow

reg

ula

ted

toa

deg

ree

by

Ro

ssB

arn

ett

Reserv

oir

sin

ce

Sep

t.2

7,

19

61

7.8

Sep

t.2

9,3

0,1

96

82

2,0

00

Oct.

4,

1964

*an

nu

alm

axim

um

19

59

-61

*

19

61

-68

1901-13

51

3,745

1928-68

48.6

1948-65*

1965-68

42

9

15

4

5,0

40

19

28

-68

40

19

65

-68

54

112

Sep

t.I,

1954

24

,80

0Ja

n.

7,

1950

15O

ct.

8-1

5,2

4,1

96

76

,38

0A

pri

l2

7,

19

66

Aug

.12

-15,

1967

'O

ct.

24

,19

636

3,5

00

Dec

.2

5,

1961

19

38

-68

306

,01

426

9

75

21

93

8-6

830

1,0

10

55

30

.71

96

5-6

8

23

31

93

8-6

83

03

21

Aug

.2

8-3

0,

1957

48

,50

0F

eb.

23

,19

61

18S

ep

t.3

0,

19

68

2,0

00

Feb

.1

6,

1966

1.8

Kov

.3

,1

95

22

1,1

00

Ap

ril

7,

1964

Oct.

21

,N

ov

.1

,1

96

3

i-o

loeU

-al

<u

rvi

for

•!i

^i«

i!»

!

oo

TO

**

§8.

8.5 O G

O

35

O-

p

n<

<S

*CD

pP

Op,

coCD

o o l-t

W o «<!

to >t

o o

co

So <

->

-i

(6a

»C

u<

J0Q

^O

Cf

(DC

***

s-S

.a

?

3 o 3 &. o 3

2 t-H

CO

co

>-<

CO

CO

r—I

•—I

o M O r o o t—I

o •» r CO d W <J

H


Flooding is possible on all of the streams and tributariesin the region. Consideration of the flood hazard within the floodplains of streams is important in the construction of structures.Levees have been built around Flowood on the eastern side of thePearl River in recent years to prevent flooding in the particular area. The U. S. Geological Survey publishes annually records of floods on a large number of streams over the State.

Low flows are common on most all of the smaller streamsand tributaries in this region. The minimum flow of a streamis of considerable importance to many users and potential users.Minimum low flows are often the conrtolling factor in determining the dependability of the water supply available for industrialor municipal development. Table 34 is included for stream-gaging

Toble 34.—Lowest meon discharge for 7 consecutive days at stream-gaging stations In Area V.

Rcf.

No. Stream and LocationPeriod of Record

tors)Cubic feciper second

Mill ions of Gallonsper doy Year

1 Big Black River near Bovina 22 67.1 43 1954

3 Pearl River at Jackson 41 80 51.4 1904,1954

5 Strong River ac D'Lo 29 17.4 11.2 1954

7 Pearl River near Monticello 20 298.1 191.6 1956

10 Tallahala Creek at Laurel 20 2.6 1.7 1932

! ro-i a report byMississippi fio.m1Bulletin 60-1.

Robinson :1 ol Kater

inJ She It on.Commissioners,

stations on the lowest mean discharge for seven consecutive days.Storage facilities for a dependable water supply would have tobe provided on most of the smaller streams in the area.

QUALITY OF WATER

Most surface water in Area V is of good quality for generaluse. The water contains low dissolved solids and the pH is slightly acidic. Table 35 is a tabulation of chemical analyses on waterfrom selected streams in the area. Two analyses, where available, are listed for comparison at high and low flow of thestreams.

Pollution is a problem on certain streams and reaches ofstreams across the area. Industrial and municipal pollution is aserious problem on the reach of the Pearl River below Jackson.

Tab

le35

.—C

hem

ical

anal

yses

ofw

ater

from

stre

oms

inA

rea

V.

{Ana

lyljco

lres

ults

inpo

rtspe

rmill

ion,

excc

plas

indi

calcd

)

(Ana

lyse

sby

I).S

.Geo

logi

cal

Surv

ey)

Dis

solv

ed

Ha

rdn

ess

tfS

oli

ds

Su

*^

,-.

_

,*?

o•3

5

z

•1

Da

leo

f•

Co

llecti

on

oo ci

9 S3

5•£•

5 It

Site

. S

jS.

1 •3

E

l 1

si l

J

6' sa

°0

| IE

cn

orz

(j

£11

I8

•if

us

r? •§ 5 S Z

u"l 11

X o.

•3

Bin

Black

River

near

Bovina

1O

ct.

Feb

.2

0,

19

58

37

81

7,

1959

9,9

10

4.6

1.5

0.5

5.0

78

.64

.4

4.9

123

.652

6.8

1.9

5.2

3.9

207

.61

4 6.0

0.1 .2

0.9 .2

88

41

42

18

0 2

14

4

67

7.0

6.4

5 5

Oct.

Dec.

11

-20

,1

96

170

11

-20

,1

96

19

,02

09

.1

7.5

.06

.26

4.2

2.6

Bn

vo

uP

ierre

nea

rW

illo

ws

8.2

3.0

.1 .1

.3 .7

52 28

18 9

0 0

82

40

6.3

6.2

21

.88

.31

.825

5.6

0.5

2.8

1.9

122

.8

10

10

Pea

rl

Riv

er

at

Ja

ckso

n

3F

eb

./S

ept

14

,19

585

,60

0.

4,

1962

204

6.7

9.4

.33

.10

2.6

S.O

.83

.21

.49

4.0

1.3

3.4

1.3

213

.4

Co

pia

hC

reek

nea

rH

azle

hu

rst

4.2

4.4

.3 .0

.9 ".3

30

40

10

18

2 1

43

64

5.8

6.1

30 0

4Feb..23;

1966

36-

Aug.

30J

1966

9.1

.01

.00

4.4

2.3

1.0

1.2

6.4

10

1.4

2.3

6.8

5.0

1.7

.0

6.0

5.9

3 Ui

Ui

•H

CO

CO

I—I

I-*

a o tr*

O O o > co d

Tab

le35

.—C

hem

ical

anal

yses

ofw

ater

from

stre

oms

inA

rea

V.—

(Con

tinu

ed)

(Ana

lytic

alre

sults

inpa

rtspe

rmit!

ion,

exce

ptoi

indi

colc

d)

</w

il,-

.ei

:.,•

U.

S.C

eolo

jlic

lli'

,,.c

/)

Dis

solv

ed

Ho

rdn

css

•71

So

lid

s8

0O

5C

-.

V

Do

teof

Co

llecti

on

o"

I"-

"

••?'

i|

r

a.

1

O

6

T5

O z z

3n

?>

h

i-i

•SS'

-ft

=l

May

20,1966

Aug.

29,

1966

3,640

Ko

v.

4,

19

65

Ap

ril

24

,1

96

63

17

,91

01

2 4.2

May

3,

1966

Sep

c.

8,

19

66

22

,00

03

90

70

84

5.6

fi.I

Ma

r.1

6,

19

60

Ju

ne

24

,1

96

05

,92

01

14

1.4

4.4

Oct.

20

,1

96

5M

ay2

3,

1966

10

43

66

72

May

11

,19

65F

eb.

26

,1

96

53

0

55

17

24

9

Sirons;River

at:D'l.n

4.0

5.0

0.5

3.4

2.0

136

.01

.38

.81

.82

L4

.8

Bn

lin

laC

reek

nea

rO

rea

1.7

14

0.1 .0

0.4 .1

35

64

12

18

1.4

1.8

l.l

4.1

.912

.2.4

1.8

1.0

6.0

6.5

2.6

.0 .1.0 .5

32

16

8 6

1'e

arl

Riv

er

nea

rM

on

ticell

o

4.2

4.6

1.3

3.7

1.6

14

7.2

1.4

9.3

2.4

29

8.2

Lea

fR

iver

nea

rC

oll

ins

5.1

6.5

.1 .1.2

1.0

36

54

16

17

2.7

3.6

1.0

1.7

.89

4.0

0.8

2.6

.71

32

.22

.54

.0.0 .1

.5

1.6

19

26

10

12

Tn

lla

ha

tta

hC

reek

nea

rH

ald

rup

Ta

lla

ha

laC

reek

ot

Lau

rel

41

5.

89

6.

42

5.

25

5.

59

5.

86

6.

34

6.

42

6.

3,0

00

40

38

0

88

22

0

32

0

Reco

rds

from

U.

S.G

eolo

gica

lSu

rvey

,V

/ole

rR

esou

rces

Dat

afo

rM

issi

ssip

pi1

94

2-4

8.

3 > i-3

H 90 90 Ui

O a w o co

O *i

CO

CO

)—t

CO

co

*0

Tabl

e35

.—C

hem

ical

anal

yses

ofw

ater

from

stre

ams

inA

rea

V.—

(Con

tinue

d)

(Ana

lytica

lres

ults

inpa

ilspe

rmill

ion,

exce

ptos

indi

cated

)

(Ana

lyses

byU

.S.G

eolo

gica

lSu

rvey

)

Dis

solv

ed

Ha

rdn

ess

~S

oli

ds

8ij

O

&

zD

ate

at

Co

llecti

on

a~

[•'n

r1

£

y,

E •5

1 <

i E p2

6|

6r5 c 0

5

O | z

28.

<o

•so

—

.SS

B

E~

•1i"

J z

u"E

Xs3

MIS

CE

LL

AN

EO

US

AN

AL

YS

ES

Ch

lcka

saw

lia

vR

iver

nea

r.W

ayn

esb

oro

Oct.

21

-31

,19

43

Ma

r.1

7-2

1,1

96

4

Oct.

5,

19

61

Aug

.3

0,

1962

9.1

8.4

4.2

7.0

.00

.17

.00

.00

38

55

4.9

78

2.1

7.6

1.6

1.6

121

41

4.6

13

Hississippl

River

at

Hatches

9.1

14

13

27

3.8

128

3.2

1SL

l.l

0.4

389

51

90

43

580

6.8

20

582

6.9

159

132

28

308

7.4

301

190

41

491

7.1

Froa

areport

byGaydoj,

Michael

K.,

Mississippi

BonrdofKaterCoonissioners,

Bulletin

65-1.

COCO

l-H

co

co

•—i

*0 a o o o •—

i

o > C CO d 90 <


Tallahala Creek below Laurel is polluted by industrial and somemunicipal waste. Discharge of oil field waste,mostly saline water,is a pollution problem in some of the streams across the area.The City of Jackson is presently planning the construction ofa major sewage treatment plant. The Air and Water PollutionControl Commission is working toward solving the pollutionproblem at various locations on the streams.

SURFACE WATER

AREA VI

Large quantities of surface water are available in Area VI,south Mississippi. The principal drainage systems in this regionare the Mississippi, Pearl, Pascagoula, Wolf and Biloxi Rivers.The Pearl and Pascagoula River systems are the largest rivers inthe region discounting the Mississippi River. The Homochitto,Buffalo, Amite and Bogue Chitto Rivers are the major streamswhich drain southwest Mississippi. The Pearl River and tributaries drain the central part of the State. The Pascagoula Riverand tributaries, along with the Wolf and Biloxi Rivers drain thesouthern and eastern part of the State.

Table 36 lists the principal streams in Area VI and summarizes available data from stream-gaging stations. The PearlRiver at Bogalusa, Louisiana, drainage area of 6,630 squaremiles, has an average discharge of 8,693 cfs (1938-68 record).The Pascagoula River at Merrill compares with the Pearl Riverin size and average discharge. The Pascagoula River at Merrill,drainage area of 6,600 square miles, has an average discharge of9,349 cfs (1930-68 record). Either of these streams could supplylarge volumes of water (400 to 500 million gallons per day) atthese particular locations.

Numerous smaller streams are present in Area VI andseveral of these have sustained flows of fair size most of thetime. The Homochitto River at Rosetta has an average dischargeof 977 cfs (1938-68 record) and a daily minimum discharge of129 cfs. The Bogue Chitto near Tylertown has an average discharge of 777 cfs and a daily minimum discharge of 175 cfs(1944-68 record). The Tallahala Creek near Runnelstown has anaverage discharge of 881 cfs and a daily minimum flow of 29 cfs(1939-69 record). The Leaf River near McLain has an averageflow of 5,153 cfs and a daily minimum flow of 478 cfs (1939-68

Tabl

e36

.—Su

mm

ary

ofda

tafro

mse

lected

strea

m-g

agin

gsta

tions

inAr

eaVI

.

fief.

No

.St

ream

ond

Loc

atio

n

Homochitto

River

at

Eddlceton

Homochitto

River

at

Rosetta

Buffalo

Rivernear

Woodvllle

BogueChittonear

Tylertown

Whlteaand

Creek

near

Oak

Vale

HolidayCreekat

Goes

Lower

Little

Creek

near

Baxtervllle

Pearl

River

near

Bogalusa,

La.

Bowie

Creek

near

Hattiesburg

Leaf

River

at

Hattiesburg

TallahalaCreek

nearRunnelstown

•82

Aver

age

dise

horg

oIn

cubi

cloo

tpet

seco

nd(d

s)A

vera

ge,

Min

imum

Disc

harg

e'''D

olly

Disc

harg

eY

eors

(cfs

)(e

h)D

°'e

••M

axim

um

Dis

char

ge(c

fs)

Oat

c

180

750

182

502

131

78.5

1938-68

1951-68

1942-68

1944-68

1965-68

82.6

1961-68

,630

1938-68

304

1938-68

,760

1938-68

612

1939-68

24

7

97

7

24

6

28

129

16

175

66

37

Sept.

29,

1956

30,900

Mar.

29,

1939

Sept.

2,4,1954

Sept.

22-25,28-30,

141,000

Oct.

4,1964

1956

Aug.

14,

18,

19,

44,800

Oct.

4,1964

1954,

Sept.

28,1956

Oct.31,1963

Oct.

29,

1968

Aug1,1968

July

30to

Aug.7,

4,440

Feb.

13,

1966

1968,July12-16,

18-20,1968

45,700

Jan.

7,1950

4,490

Feb.

13,

1966

7129

22

Aug.

19,

1963

30

8,693

1,020

30

432

83

30

2,521

318

29

881

29

7,020

Feb.

12,1966

Oct.

29toNov.

1,

88,200

Feb.

23,

1961

1963

Aug.

29,

1957

Oct.22,1963

Oct.

31,

1963

34,800

Feb.

22,

1961

72,200

Feb.

23,

1961

32,800

Feb.

24,

1961

CO

CO

r-H

CO

CO

I—I

l-H

a M o t-*

o a •—i

o > CO 90 < H

Tabl

e36

.—Su

mm

ary

ofda

tafro

mse

lect

edstr

eam

-gag

ing

statio

nsin

Are

aVI

(Co

nti

nu

ed

)

Ave

rage

disc

horg

ein

cubi

efe

etpe

rsec

ond

(cfs

)

Ref.

No

.S

trea

ma

nd

loca

tio

n

£<

Ave

rag

eD

isch

orge

Yeo

rs(c

fs)

Mi

Dai

ly(c

fs)

Dis

char

geD

an

Ma

xim

um

Dis

char

geIc

fs)

Dat

e

12

Lea

fR

iver

nea

rM

cL

aln

3,5

10

19

39

-68

29

5,1

53

47

8O

ct.

22

.1

96

31

28

,00

0F

eb.

26

,1

96

1

13

Ch

lcka

savh

ay

Riv

er

at

Lea

kesvll

le2

,68

01

93

8-6

83

03

,59

41

60

Oct.

30

,1

96

3.

31

,7

3,6

00

Feb

.2

8,

19

61

14

Pa

sca

go

ula

Riv

er

at

Merril

l6

,60

01

93

0-6

83

89

,34

96

96

No

v.3

,1

93

61

78

,00

0F

eb.

27

,1

96

1

15

Fli

nt

Cre

ek

nea

rW

igg

ins

24

.81

95

3-5

4

19

57

-68

11

49

.51

2D

ec.

7,

19

65

3,6

70

Ap

ril

27,

19

64

16

Red

Cre

eka

tV

est

ry4

16

19

58

-68

10

79

08

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ct.

22

, ,1

96

32

1,5

00

Dec.

12

,1

96

1

17

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ata

wp

aR

iver

nea

rW

llm

er,

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.5

06

19

45

-68

23

93

03

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ep

t.2-

•4,

19

54

30

,00

0Ju

ne

2,

: 19

59

18

Tu

xa

ch

an

leC

reek

nea

rB

ilo

xi

92

.41

95

2-6

81

61

77

1.6

Sep

t.4

, ,5

,1

95

41

7,7

00

Sep

t.19

,1

95

7

19

Bil

oxi

Riv

er

at

Wo

rth

orn

96

.31

95

2-6

81

61

70

1.1

Oct.

21

,1

96

38

,42

0A

pril

27

, ,1

96

4

20

Wo

lfR

iver

nea

rL

yman

25

31

94

5-4

71

96

4-6

8

64

81

25

No

v.1

,1

94

41

8,5

00

Ma

rch

13

, ,1

94

7

Flow

regulated

since

1965.

Records

fron

U.S.

Geological

Survey,

hater

Resource*

Data

forMlsslsdnni.

19M-68.

3 H W 90 W H CO

O 90 O H CO

o *0

*0


record). The Chickasawhay River at Leakesville has an averageflow of 3,594 cfs and a minimum flow of 160 cfs (1938-68). TheLeaf River at Hattiesburg has an average flow of 2,521 cfs anda daily minimum flow of 318 cfs (1938-68 record).

Other smaller streams drain the region but their flows arerelatively small. Storage facilities would have to be provided fora large draft of water to be available. These streams should beconsidered for water supply as generally the quality of wateris superior to some of the larger streams where pollution is aproblem. Table 37 includes available information on the lowestmean discharge for 7 consecutive days at stream-gaging stations.

•->

o E

l.i

^•8

a -a

O M

gii __ _ - -s a no ra» «H

I* S"

J* CO« uu a

r» >o

"3332

a o

15» >

32>.-i g"•h * t! -2

§.-


Flooding is a potential hazard in the flood plains adjacentto the streams in this region. Most of the streams have unusually wide flood plains that represent ancestral streams which werelarger than the present day streams. Notable flooding occurredon the Pascagoula River and tributaries in 1961. Available records of flooding should be checked before building a structurenear any of the streams.

QUALITY OF WATER

The chemical quality of surface water is generally good inArea VI. Most of the water contains low dissolved solids. The pHof the water ranges from about 4.5 to nearly 7. Iron concentration is low and well within the maximum limits (.3 ppm) for mostuses. Table 38 is a tabulation of selected analyses of surface waterin Area VI. Color is high in a number of streams particularlyduring high flow. Swampy areas are numerous throughout theregion. The colored water accumulates in the swamps and drainsinto the streams during storms and high rainfall.

Pollution is a serious problem on some of the streams. Oilfields are associated with some of the high chlorides and oil-waste pollution at numerous sites in the region. Industrial pollution is apparent on Tallahala Creek south of Laurel to the confluence with the Leaf River near Mahned. Organic pollution resulting from the discharge of untreated sewage is a problem oncertain reaches of many streams.

CONCLUSIONS

Ground and surface water will both be important in fulfilling the water supply needs of Mississippi. Generally, surfacewater will continue to provide the large volumes of industrialwater while ground water will be used for municipal, domestic,and small industrial supplies.

Tab

ic3

8.—

Ch

emic

alan

aly

ses

ofw

ater

from

stre

ams

inA

rea

VI.

(Ano

lyti

eoli

ctjl

tsin

poit

spcr

mil

lion

,cV

ecpt

a:in

dica

ted)

:;

•fA

irol

yscs

bytj

.S;

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logi

calS

urve

y)

V"

"H

oid

nes

s

."

•"-

_.

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solv

ed

3'

.

koli

ds!u

ID

ole

of

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llecti

on

c

O J£•

—

£&

<3 1 •3

1

"5 E

jI

o0, ;o

1o"

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u

US

5•6

o

"£.

u

9S

ep

t.8

,1

96

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8.M

ar.-

17{

19

60

2,0

30

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ov.

3-1

1,

1964

62

9F

eb

.1

4-1

8,

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65

16

50

0

12O

ct.1

17

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95

31

38

0F

eb.

18

,1

95

811

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'

13A

ug

.1

4,

1962

47

0F

eb.

18

,1

95

87,

500

14S

ep

t.4

,1

96

81

06

0Ja

n.

8,

1966

20

00

0

16H

ay5

,1

95

92

97

Ja

n.

10

,19

611,

800

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wie

Creek

nea

rH

ntt

lcsb

urn

9.3

1.5

0.0

0

.00

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6.9

3.8

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12.6

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52

.8

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t?R

iver

at

Ha

ttlo

xb

urt:

5.2

2.5

0.0 .0

0.2 .4

29

•1

4

':7 4

)

0 0

36

21

5.7

5.9

52

0

7.5

3.3

.14

.15

5.0

2.4

.43

.71

.61

24

.6

.5'2

.1.8

6-2

.2

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l;R

iver

nea

rM

cL

ain

5.9

3.9

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36

19

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56

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40

4.5

0.0

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.41

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l10

2.4

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41

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11

0 3

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5.8

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40

Ch

lcka

sn

wh

nv

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er

at

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kesvil

le

7.6

7.9

.00

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18 6.9

2.7

52

2.0

32

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1.1

7.4

1.1

18

4.8

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1

13

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.0 .8

25

3

53

56

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30 6

40

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86

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30

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sca

Ro

ula

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er

at

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l

8.7

7.5

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68

1.7

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tied

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str

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10

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22

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5.8

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70

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32

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0

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44

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5.8

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70

Rcco

ids

from

U.

S.G

eolo

gica

lSui

vcy,

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erRe

sour

ces

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afo

rM

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l-H

co

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t—i

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O > Ui

a 90 <

Ta

ble

38

.—C

hem

ica

la

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lyse

so

fw

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rfr

omst

rea

ms

inA

rea

VI.

—(C

on

tin

ued

;

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lyli

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esul

tsin

poil

spe

rmil

lion

,cx

cipi

asin

dica

tedI

fA:ia

l>:e

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y.U

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5„

r«yt

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ds

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us

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2Oct.

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275

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23,

19(i7

838

3Oct.

19,

1939

47

liny

Hi,

I960

26S

Oct..

14,1964

392

July

26

,1965

240

Oct.

20,

1963

72

Jan.

28,

1966

173

dOct.

20,

1965

'.i

May

10,1966

133

Oct:"!

I";

1961

KO

ct.

21

-31

,19

61

10

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r.1

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sctt

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120

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1.9

152

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01

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63

.81

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02

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57

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667

6.5

5

74

6.0

20

lin

fta

loK

ivcr

nea

rK

oo

riv

i11

c

8.2

.00

3.S

1.6

15

1.8

192

.22

4

.0.0

02

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.70

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3.2

14

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2.0

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utr

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ltti

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ea

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1.9

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nrf

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rO

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le

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8.0

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8.0

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lld

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at

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ss

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t.3

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5

28

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27

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5

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26

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1

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16

72

6.0

10

3 > H M W SO co

O cj

90 o » Ui

o COCO

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i

Ui

Ui

l-H

*0

Tab

le3

8.—

Ch

emic

alan

alys

esof

wat

erfr

omst

ream

sin

Are

aV

I.—

(Con

tinu

ed)

(Ano

lytic

olre

sults

inpa

rtspe

rmill

ion,

exce

ptas

indi

cate

d)

(Ana

lyse

sby

U.S

.Geo

logl

eol

Surv

ey)

Dis

solv

ed

Ho

rdn

ets

'

r?S

oli

ds

SU

zD

ate

of

Co

llecti

on

o

i 1-1*

z.1

i J 1i i 1

2 §

u i3

« 5

£c? 2. z

Hi

.1 E-

I •f 1

11 •si

~e

1u

17O

ct.

8,

1963

18H

ay1

3,

1965

13A

pr.

20

,19

601

,93

0

19H

ay2

5,

1960

18A

pr.

2,

1960

1,1

80

20O

ct.

26

,1

96

S45

Ja

n.

6,

1966

4,3

70

Ea

ca

taw

pa

Riv

er

nea

rW

tlin

er.

Ala

.

84

.0

Tu

xa

ch

an

leC

reek

nea

rB

ilo

xi

8.9

1.5

0.1

6.0

81

.01

.3

0.0

3.2

0.6

31

.4.0

2.3

.01

2.0

Bilo

xi

Riv

er

at

Uo

rtr

um

4.9

2.5

0.1 .1

0.1

1.2

5.9

3.0

.12

.07

1.4

1.0

.72

.5.1

62

.2.2

2.4

.34

.8

Wo

lfR

iver

nea

rL

vra

an

3.5

2.8

.1 .11

.01

.3

13 5

.2.0

4

.11

1.5 .6

.32

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5.4

.61

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2.0

4.9

2.5

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.4 .2

MIS

CE

LL

AN

EO

US

AN

AL

YS

ES

Oka

tora

aC

reek

at

Sa

nfo

rd

5.8

4.7

.6.0

'5.2

5.5

5.0

Sep

t.8

,1

96

6H

ay3

,19

661 1

78

,09

0

36

96

5

27

4

,33

0

9.3

6.3

15 5

.9 .9

4.5

.00

.04

.03

.12

.00

.11

1.3

2.9

1.9

1.5

1.6 .9

.93

.81

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.65

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3.3

1.4

12.0

6.1

Bla

ck

Creek

nea

rP

urvis

.0 .1 .1 .0 .1 .1

.2 .2

3.6 .5 .1 .8

33

43

59

14 14 18

71

0 8 5 5 7

0 0 8 3 0 4

36

43

92

21 28

25

5.7

5.4

4.4

5.4

6.0

5.8

52

0

Oct.

25

,1

96

5M

ar.

2,

1966

.811

.80

1412

.3.2

.52

.42

.7

Eac

ataw

paR

iver

nea

rH

url

ey

15

50

Oct.

28

,19

60Ja

n.

9,

1961

.33

.3.4

82

.41

.5

1.2

2.0

42

.84

10 70

Records

froa

U.S.Geological

Survey,

Kater

ResourcesData

forMississippi,

CO

co

•—t

CO

CO

I—I

•a i—i

o M o o Q i—i

o > CO d % «5


Specific areas with an abundance of water (along with othereconomic factors) should have advantages in attracting industry. Industry demands an adequate water supply at any proposed location in the State.

The Mississippi, Yazoo, Big Black, Pearl, Pascagoula andTombigbee Rivers at certain locations have the potential offurnishing large water supplies without storage. Smaller streamsacross the State may contain better quality water but storagewill have to be provided for large water demands.

Ample ground-water is available for municipal and smallto medium sized industrial use in most areas of the State forthe foreseeable future. The aquifers are not seriously being over-pumped in any general area and water levels are declining at anaverage rate of 1 to 2 feet per year in areas of heavy pumpage.Ground water will continue to offer the best quality water andmore economical forms of supply for most uses over the State.Large industry and some of the larger municipalities will continue to depend on surface water as their main source of supply.Tremendous volumes of surface water are available for use atparticular locations in the State.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Various agencies willingly provided information on the waterresources in the State. The Mississippi State Board of Healthprovided copies of water analyses on water wells. The MississippiBoard of Water Commissioners provided completion records ofnumerous wells. The U. S. Geological Survey, Water ResourcesDivision furnished well information on a number of wells whichwere unavailable from other sources. Various water well contractors provided well data on some specific wells used in the report.


SELECTED REFERENCES*

Bicker, Alvin R., Jr., Shows, Thad N., Dinkins. Theo H., Jr.,McCutcheon, Thomas E., Copiah County Geology and MineralResources: Mississippi Geological Survey Bulletin 110, 172pp., 1969.

Boswell, Ernest H., Cretaceous Aquifers of Northeastern Mississippi: Mississippi Board of Water Commissioners, Bulletin63-10, 202 pp., 1963.

Boswell, Ernest H., Thompson, F. H., and Shattles, D. E., Waterfor Industrial Development in Clarke, Jasper, Lauderdale,Newton, Scott and Smith Counties: Mississippi Research andDevelopment Center, 62 pp., 1970.

Brown, Glen Francis, Geology and Artesian Water of the AlluvialPlain in Northwestern Mississippi: Mississippi GeologicalSurvey Bulletin 110, 424 pp., 1947.

Callahan, J. A., Skelton, John, Everett, D. E., and Harvey, E. J.,Available Water for Industry in Adams, Claiborne, Jefferson, and Warren Counties, Mississippi: Mississippi Industrial and Technological Research Commission, Bulletin 64-1,45 pp., 1964.

Cushing, E. M., Map Showing Altitude of the Base of FreshWater in Coastal Plain Aquifers of the Mississippi Embay-ment: U. S. Geological Survey Hydrologic InvestigationAtlas HA-221, 1966.

Gaydos, Michael W., Chemical Composition of Mississippi Surface Waters 1945-62: Mississippi Board of Water.,Commissioners, Bulletin 65-1, 32 pp. n ..

Harvey, E. J., Records of Wells in the Alluvium in NorthwesternMississippi: Mississippi Board of Water Commissioners,Bulletin 56-1, 130 pp., 1956.

Newcome, Roy, Jr., Configuration on the Base of the Fresh-Ground-Water Section in Mississippi: Mississippi Board ofWater Commissioners, Water Resources Map 65-1, September 1965.

Newcome, Roy, Jr., Shattles, D. E., and Humphreys, C. P., Jr.,Water for the Growing Needs of Harrison County, Mississippi, Open-file Report: U. S. Geological Survey, WaterResources Division, 147 pp., 1966.


Robinson, Wm. H., and Skelton, John, Minimum Flows at Stream-Gaging Stations in Mississippi: Mississippi Board of WaterCommissioners, Bulletin 60-1, 91 pp., 1960.

Shows, T. N., Broussard, W. L., and Humphreys, C. P., Jr., Waterfor Industrial Development in Forrest, Greene, Jones, Perry,and Wayne Counties, Mississippi: Mississippi Research andDevelopment Center, 72 pp., 1966.

Taylor, R. E., Humphreys, C. P., Jr., and Shattles, D. E., Waterfor Industrial Development in Covington, Jefferson Davis,Lamar, Lawrence, Marion, and Walthall Counties, Mississippi: Mississippi Research and Development Center, 114pp., 1968.

Tennessee Valley Authority, Division of Water Control Planning,Daily Discharges at TVA Stream Gages in the TennesseeRiver Basin, Report No. 7, 1964.

Wasson, B. E., Source and Development of Public and IndustrialWater Supplies in Northwestern Mississippi: MississippiBoard of Water Commissioners, Bulletin 65-2, 86 pp., 1965.

U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Data for Mississippi,issued annually, 1962-68.

*General References instead of the usual footnote type references of theMississippi Geological Survey.

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