missouri compromise maine was union free state missouri slave · was admitted as a slave state....

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1820 Missouri CompromiseMaine was admitted to the Union as a Free State and Missouri was admitted as a Slave State. Also, The Boundary line between future free and slave states was set at the 36° 30’ mark. Under Henry Clay’s plan, this was supposed to maintain a balance of power in the Senate between Free and Slave states. There were 12 Free and 12 Slave States.

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Page 1: Missouri Compromise Maine was Union Free State Missouri Slave · was admitted as a Slave State. Also, The Boundary line between future free and slave states was set at the 36° 30’

1820 Missouri Compromise‐Maine was admitted to the Union as a Free State and Missouri was admitted as a Slave State. Also, The Boundary line between future free and slave states was set at the 36° 30’ mark. Under Henry Clay’s plan, this was supposed to maintain a balance of power in the Senate between Free and Slave states. There were 12 Free and 12 Slave States. 

Page 2: Missouri Compromise Maine was Union Free State Missouri Slave · was admitted as a Slave State. Also, The Boundary line between future free and slave states was set at the 36° 30’

After the Texas War for Independence ended in 1836, Texas applied to become a state in the United States. It was not allowed to do so until 1845 because there was a genuine fear that the annexation of Texas into the Union might tear the country apart. Northerners did not like the idea of  having a new slave state. This would throw off the balance of free and slave states in the Congress because  Slave states would have a voting advantage in the Senate. 

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1845 Texas was admitted as a slave state over Northern objections. Mexico was also angered by the annexation of this land. This would eventually lead to the Mexican‐American War. The balance between Slave and Free States was reestablished in 1848 when Wisconsin became a Free State. At that time, there were 15 Free States and 15 Slave states. This balance would never be achieved again. No new state would elect to be a slave state. 

Page 4: Missouri Compromise Maine was Union Free State Missouri Slave · was admitted as a Slave State. Also, The Boundary line between future free and slave states was set at the 36° 30’

The Wilmot Proviso  would have outlawed slavery in the area  taken from Mexico in the Mexican American War. Although it did not become law, it did highlight the issue of slavery and the sectional differences between  North and South brought to the surface the tensions between these areas.

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1850 Compromise‐ After the Mexican‐American War, under the Missouri Compromise it was assumed that California would be split into two the southern section would be admitted as a Slave State and the northern section would be admitted as a Free State because the 36˚ 30’ line crossed through the middle of the state.  This wouldn’t happen. Under this compromise California would be admitted as a Free State

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Also, New Mexico and Utah territories were organized without mention of slavery. Their status as a Free or Slave State would be determined by the people of these states themselves. This concept is called popular sovereignty.  Basically, the right to vote for or against slavery was given to the people in New Mexico and Utah Territories.

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The slave trade was prohibited in the District of Columbia (Washington D.C.) and to please the South a new Fugitive Slave Act was put into affect. This law was to help slave owners recapture slaves. People accused of being a fugitive under this law were held without an arrest warrant and they had no right to a jury trial. Northerners were required to help recapture slaves. If they helped runaways they would face jail time and fines. Southern slave‐catchers were allowed to roam the North looking for escaped slaves. This had the effect of galvanizing many Northerners against slavery and reenergized the Abolition movement in the North. 

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Almost from the beginning of the United States there has been a movement that opposed the use of slaves. 

In the original wording of the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson (a slave owner and future 3rd President of the United States) had  written a section condemning the instruction of slavery. This was edited out of the document in the final draft.   

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This argument between the slave and free states only increased when the constitution was being written up.  The Southern States refused to sign the any document produced if slavery was infringed upon anyway. Remember slavery, also, became an issue in determining how many representatives each state would have in the House of Representatives.  The compromise they came up with was the 3/5 Compromise in which slaves counted as 3/5 of a person.  

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By the 1820’s, Abolition‐the movement to free African Americans from slavery had taken hold. More than 100 anti‐slavery societies were advocating the African Americans be resettled in Africa.  Among these was the American Colonization Society that had been founded to encourage black emigration.  

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One of the most radical of the white abolitionist was William Lloyd Garrison.  Active in the religious reform movement in Massachusetts, Garrison became the editor of an antislavery paper in 1828. Three years later he established his own paper, The Liberator, to deliver an uncompromising demand: immediate emancipation (the slaves should be freed).     

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Fredrick Douglas an escaped slave became one of the most eloquent and outspoken critic of slavery. He traveled the country and the world speaking of the ills of slavery.  In 1847, Douglas began his own newspaper The North Star.   

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The harsh terms of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act surprised many people and infuriated some Northerners.  Some of these people resisted it by organizing “vigilance committees” to send endangered African Americans to safety in Canada. Others resorted to violence to rescue fugitive slaves. Still others worked to help slaves escape from slavery.  As time went on, free African Americans and White abolitionist developed a secret system of escape routes  and people to help slaves escape to freedom (The Underground Railroad) .   

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One of the most famous conductors on the Underground Railroad was Harriet Tubman.  Also Known as “The Moses of Her People”. She was a escaped slave that made 19 trips to the South  and is said to have helped 300 slaves‐including her own parents‐ flee to freedom.       

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Meanwhile, another woman brought the horrors of slavery into the homes of a great many Americans. In 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe published the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which stressed that slavery was not just a political contest but also a great moral struggle. 

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This books stirred Northern abolitionist to increase their protest against the Fugitive Slave Act, while Southerners criticized the book as an attack on the South. The furor over Uncle Tom’s Cabin had barely begun to settle when the issue of slavery in the territories surfaced once again.

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1854 Kansas‐Nebraska Act‐ This was introduced by Senator Stephen Douglas, it would allow the Kansas and Nebraska territories to use popular sovereignty to determine if they wanted to be free or a slave state even though they were above the 36° 30’ line. The  result of this was “Bleeding Kansas”.  Pro‐Slavery  and anti‐ slavery settlers rushed in to influence the election.  Armed conflicts ensued.      

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The Violence was no limited to Kansas. In May Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts delivered an impassioned speech in the senate entitled “The Crime Against Kansas”. For two days he verbally attacked the South and slavery, singling out Senator Andrew P. Butler of South Carolina for his proslavery beliefs.     

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Soon after, Butler’s nephew, Congressman Preston Brooks, walked into the senate chambers and struck Sumner on the head repeatedly with his cane until it broke. Sumner suffered Brain damage and did not return to the Senate for more than three years. 

Northerners were appalled by the incident but southerners cheered Brooks actions.  

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By the end of 1856, the nations political landscape had very different appearance than it had in 1848. The Whig Party had split over the issue of slavery and had lost support in both the North and South. The Democratic Party, which had survived numerous crises  in  its history, was still alive but scared. A new Republican Party had formed and was moving within striking distance of the presidency.   

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In 1852 the Whig vote fell dramatically, which helped to produce a victory for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Peirce. In 1854 the Kansas‐ Nebraska Act completed the demise of the Whigs. Unable to agree upon a national platform, the Southern faction splintered as its members looked for a proslavery, pro‐Union party to join. At the same time,  Whigs in the North sought a political alternative of their own.  

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One Alternative was the American  which became know as the Know‐nothing party, because it members were instructed to answer questions  about their activities by saying “I know nothing”. This party supported nativism, the favoring of native‐born people over immigrants. This party was split over the issue of slavery like the Whigs.   

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In 1854 opponents of slavery in the territories formed a new political party, the Republican Party. The Republicans were united in opposing the Kansas‐Nebraska Act and in keeping slavery out of the territories. Apart from these issues, however, the Republican  party embraced a wide range of opinions. As the party grew, it took in Free‐Soilers, antislavery Whigs and Democrats and nativists, mostly from the North. The conservative faction hoped to resurrect the Missouri Compromise. At the opposite extreme were some radical abolitionists.        

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During the election of 1856 the Republican chose as their candidate John C. Fremont. The Democrats nominated James Buchanan of Pennsylvania. If Fremont had won, the South might have seceded (formally withdrawn from the Union) then and there. However, Buchanan won, and the threat  of succession was temporarily averted.

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Political conflicts only intensified after the election of President Buchanan. The first slavery‐related controversy arose in March 6, 1857, just two days after he took office.   

Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri whose master took him to a free territory. He sued  claiming that he was free because he lived in a free territory.  His case went all the way to the Supreme Court. 

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What were the results of DredScott v. Sanford ?

The court ruled that he could not sue in court because he was not a citizen. He was property. 

It also ruled that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional Because it violated the 5th Amendment protections of property, including slaves. For territories to exclude slavery would be to deprive slaveholders of their property. Basically, you could take your slave anywhere. 

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This decision increased factional tension. The northerners were upset and the southerners were jubilant. 

The decision permitted the extension of slavery and guaranteed slave owners rights everywhere.

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Several Months after the DredScott decision one of Illinois’  the greatest political contests got under way:  the 1858 race for the U.S. Senate between Democratic incumbent Stephen Douglas and the Republican challenger Congressman Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln challenged the man known as the “Little Giant” to a series of debates on the issue of slavery in the territories.  Douglas accepted the challenge.     

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The two men’s positions were simple and consistent. Neither wanted slavery in the territories, but they disagreed on how to keep it out. Douglas believed deeply in popular sovereignty. Lincoln, on the other hand, believed that slavery was immoral. However, he did not expect individuals to give up slavery unless Congress abolished slavery with an amendment.   

In one of these Debates Lincoln gave his famous “House Divided Speech”. 

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Douglas won reelection and Lincoln, despite his loss, became a national figure and strengthened his standing in the Republican Party

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John Brown’s attempted  to capture the U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry in 1856 and hoped to start a slave rebellion. He had hoped that slaves from the area would join in the fight on his side. No slaves did. After a battle with the locals and then the U.S. Marines Brown and six of his people were captured. 

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What were the results of the failed Harper’s Ferry raid?

Brown was put on trial for murder and treason. He was convicted and hanged. 

In the North on the day he was hanged, abolitionist tolled bells and fired guns in a salute to Brown. He became a martyr for the anti‐slavery cause. 

Southerners were enraged by Brown’s actions and horrified by Northern reactions to his death.       

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As the 1860s presidential election approached the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln.  Lincoln appeared to be moderate on his views. Although he pledged to halt the further spread of slavery, he also tried to reassure the Southerners that a Republican administration would not “interfere with the slaves or with them, about their slaves.” Nonetheless,  many Southerners viewed him as an enemy.  

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Three other major candidates besides Lincoln vied for office. The Democratic party was split over the issue of slavery. 

Lincoln emerged as a winner with less than half the popular vote and with no electoral votes in the South. He did not even appear on the ballot in most of the slave states because Southern hostility toward him. The outlook for the Union was grim. 

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Lincoln’s victory convinced Southerners– who had viewed the struggle over slavery partly as a conflict between the states’ right of self‐determination and federal government control–that they had lost their political voice in the national government. Some Southern states decided to act. South Carolina led the way, Seceding from the Union on December 20, 1860.       

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Although Lincoln was elected president in November 1860, he would not be inaugurated until the following March. The Union’s official response to secession remained the responsibly of President Buchanan. Declaring that the government had no authority to forcibly preserve the Union, Buchanan urged Congress to be conciliatory. 

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In December, Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky proposed a series of amendments to the Constitution. Crittenden’s Compromise, as the newspapers called it, would guarantee slavery where it already existed. It would also reinstate the Missouri Compromise line and extend it all the war to the California border. Slavery would be prohibited in all territories north of the line and protected in all territories south of the line    

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At Lincoln’s request, congressional Republicans voted against Crittenden’s Compromise. Accepting slavery in any of the territories, Lincoln argued, “acknowledges that slavery had equal rights with liberty, and surrendered all we have contended for.”     

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Mississippi soon followed South Carolina’s lead, as did Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana,  and Texas.  

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On February 8, 1861, delegates from the seceding states met in Montgomery, Alabama, where they declared themselves to be a new nation—the Confederate States of America, also know as the Confederacy drew up a constitution that closely resembled the U.S. Constitution, but with a few noticeable difference. It acknowledged the independence of each state, guaranteed slavery in Confederate territory forever, banned protective tariffs, and limited the president to a single six‐year term. 

The Confederates then unanimously elected former senator and Mexican‐American War hero Jefferson Davis as their President.   

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In his inaugural address, Davis declared, “The time for compromise has now passed. The South is determined to… make all who oppose her smell Southern powder and feel Southern steel.” He then called on the remaining Southern states to join the Confederacy.      

Page 45: Missouri Compromise Maine was Union Free State Missouri Slave · was admitted as a Slave State. Also, The Boundary line between future free and slave states was set at the 36° 30’