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MIT 4.430 Daylighting Instructor C

Reinhart

t

eh vior

ehavior ner

Christoph Reinhart

4.430 The Source

Christoph Reinhart

4.430 The Source

4.430 Daylighting

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDepartment of ArchitectureBuilding Technology Program

OccupanOccupan gyConsiderationsEnergyConsiderationsOurSun:SourceNASA

Course Outline Spring 2011

Week1: CourseIntroduction TheSourceWeek2: TheSensor HDRWorkshop(StataCenter)Week3: MassingStudies WhereistheSun?Week4: PhysicalModelBuilding SolarGainsManagementWeek5: +++ HeliodonMeasurements(InstructorTraveling)+++Week6: DaylightSimulations LightandMatterWeek7: MidtermPresentationsI MidtermPresentationsII

Week8: +++SpringRecess+++

Week9: CircadianEffects(Lockley) DaylightAvailabilityWeek10:VisualComfort&Glare EnvelopeDesign

Week

11:

Patriots

Day

(no

class)

Advanced

Simulation

Concepts

Week12:ElectricLighting Basics OccupantBehavior&ControlsWeek13:IntegratingLight&Energy InteriorDesign/ParametricDesignWeek14:FinalPresentationsI FinalPresentationsIIWeek15:DaylightinginPractice FieldTrip

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Reinhart

Designing for Daylight

The

Holy

and

Nature

Basilica

di

Sagrada

Familia,

Gaudi,

1882,

Barcelona,Spain.

Photo by Richs5812 on Wikimedia Commons.

Photo by Bordas on Flickr.

Sequoia trees in Muir Woods.

2
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Trees_and_sunshine.JPGhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/norimaki/6829409658/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/norimaki/6829409658/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Trees_and_sunshine.JPG

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MIT 4.430 Daylighting, Instructor C

Reinhart

Emotions

Photo bytortipedeon Flickr.

Daylighting

is

related

to

the

senses

Photo byKippelboy onWikimedia

Commons.Photo by marco_pozzoon Flickr.

Photo by Ulises00on Wikimedia Commons.

Treasury of Atreus in Mycenae, Greece, 1250BC.

3
http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3411/3617335575_8052ddd9a2_z.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/MACBA-_Interiors001.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/MACBA-_Interiors001.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/MACBA-_Interiors001.JPGhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/67684108@N00/2962707262/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Casa_Giraldi_Luis_Barragan.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Casa_Giraldi_Luis_Barragan.JPGhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/67684108@N00/2962707262/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/MACBA-_Interiors001.JPGhttp://farm4.staticflickr.com/3411/3617335575_8052ddd9a2_z.jpg

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Appropriateness

DoeLibraryatUCBerkeley 1911, Architecture : Emiliy Bebar d

ChurchofLight,1989, ArchitectureTadaoAndo

Photo by Mark Pritchardon Flickr.

Photo by Satoshi Okudaon Flickr.

Functions

as

desired

Photo by Kunimasa Kawabeon Flickr.

Photo by davamarieon Flickr.

4
http://www.flickr.com/photos/toobeautiful/372830395/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/grilog/68762382/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/kawabek/5438675330/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/davamarie/2761691442/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/davamarie/2761691442/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/davamarie/2761691442/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/kawabek/5438675330/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/grilog/68762382/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/toobeautiful/372830395/sizes/z/in/photostream/

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Reinhart

Implementing

daylighting

is

important

for

[]thehappinessoftheoccupants.

A Daylit Work Space

5

architecture: Meier-Weinbrenner-Single, Nrtingen (Germany)architecture: Meier-Weinbrenner-Single, Nrtingen (Germany)

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Reinhart

Aspects of a well daylit space

Figure

from

DaylightingHandbook(Reinhart)

Definition of a well daylit space

A space that is primarily lit with natural light and that combines a

high occupant satisfaction with the visual and thermal environment

with low overall energy use for lighting, heating and cooling.

Paper:CFReinhartand JWienold,"TheDaylightingDashboard - A Simulation-BasedDesignAnalysisforDaylitSpaces",accepted forpublication inBuildingandEnvironment,2010.

FigurefromDaylightingHandbook(Reinhart)

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Reinhart

Automated Shades

Rolex Center,Rolex Center, Lausanne,Lausanne, Switzerland,Switzerland, Architecture Sanaa,Architecture Sanaa, Photo ReinhartPhoto Reinhart

The Ultimate Adaptive Space

Rolex Center, Lausanne, Switzerland, Architecture Sanaa, Photo ReinhartRolex Center, Lausanne, Switzerland, Architecture Sanaa, Photo Reinhart

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Reinhart 1

Blind Use in New York City Classrooms

183teachersurveys,9participatingschools

MDesS thesis,Jennifer Sze 2009Question 14: How often do you adjust the shading device(s)?

Five Daylighting Definitions

1:The interplayofnatural light and building formtoprovide avisuallystimulating,healthful, and productive interiorenvironment.

2:The replacement of indoorelectric illuminationneeds bydaylight,resulting in reduced annual energy consumption for lighting

3: The use of fenestration systems and responsive electric lightingcontrols toreduce overall building energyrequirements (heating,cooling, lighting)

4:Dynamic control of fenestrationand lighting to manage andcontrol building peakelectric demand and load shape

5:The use of daylighting strategies to minimize operating costs andmaximizeoutput, sales, or productivity

Definitions courtesy of S. Selkowitz

5%

8%

31%

21%

18%

17%

Multiple times a day

Once or twice a weekOnce or twice a month

Never

OtherN/A

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

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Reinhart 1

177 Participants (over 80 using LEED)

What do your peers think?

Paper:GalasiuAD,ReinhartCF, "CurrentDaylightingDesignPractice:ASurvey,BuildingResearch&Information36:2pp.159-174,2008.

Surveyof 177 design practitionersFigure

from

DaylightingHandbook (Reinhart)

Five Daylighting Definitions

Architectural definition:The interplayofnatural light and buildingformtoprovide a visuallystimulating, healthful, and productiveinterior environment.

Lighting Energy Savings definition:The replacement of indoorelectric illumination needs by daylight, resulting in reduced annualenergy consumption for lighting

Building Energy Consumption definition:The use of fenestrationsystems and responsive electric lighting controls toreduce overallbuilding energyrequirements (heating, cooling, lighting)

Load Management definition:Dynamic control of fenestration andlighting to manage and control building peak electric demand andload shape

Cost definition:

The use of daylighting strategies to minimize

operating costs and maximize output, sales, or productivityDefinitions courtesy of S. Selkowitz

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Reinhart 1

Metrics

Performance Metrics

A

metric

is

a

system

of

related

measures

that

facilitates

the

quantification

of

some

particular

characteristic.

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Reinhart 1

Dashboards

Paper Reinhart C F, J Wienold,"The Daylighting Dashboard- A Simulation-Based Design Analysis for Daylit Spaces". Building andEnvironment,201146:2386-396

Comparative Analysis vsBenchmarks

A

metric

is

a

system

of

related

measures

that

facilitates

the

quantification

of

some

particular

characteristic.

Metric

values

for

a

particular

design

solution

can

either

used

for

relative comparisons between alternative design solutions or forabsolute

comparison

against

a

benchmark

value.

Relative comparisons allow conclusions such as whether onedesign

variant

fulfills

a

design

goal

better

than

another.

Comparisons

against

a

benchmark

value

can

be

used

to

establish

pass/fail

criteria.

The

attraction

of

using

a

pass/fail

criterion

is

that

a

design

variant

is

effectively

compared

to

allspaces

that

were

used

to

establish

the

benchmark

value.

Ideally,

this should have been a representative sample of all comparablebuildings

or

spaces

in

the

building

stock.

Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.

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Reinhart 1

Quantitative versus Qualitative

Summer

2007

Daylighting

Metrics

Study:

The

degree

of

agreementbetween the experts was surprising given that the same individuals

tend

to

frequently

disagree

when

it

comes

to

the

development

of

quantitative performance metrics of imaginary daylit spaces. Incontrast,

daylight

factor

predictions

are

much

more

divergent.

Photographs of the Daylighting Metrics Study

removed due to copyright restrictions.

A

Universally

Accepted

Well

Daylit

Space

Chapel

of

St

Ignatius,

1997

Seattle

Washing

by

S

Holl.

Maybe we have just not found a

framework to describe and

quantify this goodness?

Photo bysolskenon Flickr.

12
http://www.flickr.com/photos/solsken/5862105593/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/solsken/5862105593/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/solsken/5862105593/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/solsken/5862105593/sizes/z/in/photostream/

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Reinhart 1

Design Tools

Daylighting Design Tools

PercentageofParticipants[%]

Galasiu&Reinhart,BRI2008

FigurefromDaylightingHandbook

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Reinhart 1

nergy

humb

Fruitful Relationship between Simulations,

Rules of Thumb and Physical Models

Rules of

Rule of ThumbSimulation Physical Model

The Source -Sunlight

Courtesy of Shelby Doyle.Used with permission.

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Reinhart 1

Our Sun

150 million km away; diameter of 1.4 million km; surface temperature of 5800 K

Photo by NASA/SDO(AIA) on Wikimedia Commons.

Solar Spectrum


15
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg

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Reinhart 1

Solar Spectrum

Image created by Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art.

Four Wavelength Bands

Figurefrom DaylightingHandbook(Reinhart)

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Reinhart 1

Annual Solar Radiation

TopofAtmosphere

GlobalHorizontalRadiationfordifferentLatitudes

Photo by NASA Goddard Space Flight Centeron Wikimedia Commons.


FigurefromDaylightngHandbook(Reinhart) 200EPWweatherfilesites

Source: Barron, Eric. "Investigating the Climate System: Energy."

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. June 2003.

SolarConstant1367W/m2

17
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Landsat_Celebrates_40_Years_of_Observing_Earth_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Landsat_Celebrates_40_Years_of_Observing_Earth_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Landsat_Celebrates_40_Years_of_Observing_Earth_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg

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Reinhart 2


Figure

fromDaylightingHandbook(Reinhart)

Direct Sunlight and Diffuse Daylight

A considerable part of sunlight that is entering the Earths atmosphere is scattered/

reflected

of

clouds,

aerosols,

air

molecules,

and

water

vapor

before

it

hits

the

Earths

surface.Thispartisresponsiblefortheblueskyandiscalleddiffusedaylight.

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Reinhart 2

Opening Angle

0.5Degree

Direct Sunlight

Solar Disk: 0.5 Degree

Circumsolar Region: 5 Degree

Our Sun

50-70%of allsolarradiationisdirect

I.e.youalwaysshouldknowwherethesunis.


Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

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Reinhart 2

dyn mic inter ction

Direct/Diffuse

Radiation

for

Different

Sky

Types

of light and building form

Sky Conditions


Courtesy of Marilyne Andersen. Used with

permission.

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Reinhart 2

Distribution of Radiation

AnnualRadiationperSurfaceOrientationforBoston

Generated

by

J

Niemasz

with

DIVA

for

Rhino


Courtesy of Jeff Niemasz. Used with permission.

Daily Radiation on Surfaces

SouthwardorientationislessbeneficialinSeattlethaninArizona.Figure

from

DaylightingHandbook

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Reinhart 2

Daily Radiation for Boston

Figure

from

DaylightingHandbook

Percentage of Outside Daylit Hours

During Occupancy


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Reinhart 2

Percentage of Inside Daylit Hours

During Occupancy


Forlatitudesbelow50othereisalsothepotentialtodaylightinteriorspacesfor80%of

core

commercial

hours.

With

93%

of

the

worlds

population

living

at

latitudes

below

50o,

daylightingcanbeconsideredtobeaglobalsolutionforlightingbuildings.

Measuring Climate

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Reinhart 2

Climate Data

Dry Bulb Temperature [C]

Relative Humidity[%]

Direct Solar Radiation [W/m]

Diffuse HorizontalSolar Radiation [W/m]

Wind speed [km/h]

Wind direction [Degree]

Cloud Cover [%]

Rainfall [mm]

and outside levels.

Measuring Global Solar Radiation

Pyranometersandphotometers (PhotoTomStoffel,NationalRenewable EnergyLaboratory)

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Reinhart 2

Measuring Diffuse Solar Radiation

shadowband pyranometer

Source: Quaschning, Volker. "Pyranometer with Shadowband."http://www.volker-quaschning.de.

Measuring Solar Radiation

pyranometer

shadow band pyranometer pyrheliometer

YankeeBF3

Sunshine

Sensor

Huksefluxon Wikimedia Commons.Photo by Hukseflux

on

Wikimedia Commons.

Source: Quaschning, Volker. "Pyranometer withShadowband."http://www.volker-quaschning.de.

.

25

Courtesy of Delta-T Devices Ltd. Used with permission.

Photo by
http://www.volker-quaschning.de/http://www.volker-quaschning.de/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Hukseflux_huksetrackv1.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Hukseflux_radiometer_sr11_photo.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Hukseflux_radiometer_sr11_photo.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Hukseflux_huksetrackv1.jpghttp://www.volker-quaschning.de/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Hukseflux_huksetrackv1.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Hukseflux_radiometer_sr11_photo.jpghttp://www.volker-quaschning.de/http://www.volker-quaschning.de/

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Reinhart 2

~

Measuring Direct Solar Radiation

YankeeBF3

Sunshine

SensorRadiometers installed on an automatic solar

tracker(PhotoTom Stoffel, NREL) Courtesy of Delta-T Devices Ltd.Used with permission.

GSD Weather Station

Temperature &RelativeHumidity

SolarRadiation

Wind Speed &Direction

Data Logger

HardwareCosts $2000 (Oct 2008)

(Weather StationStarter Kit $1214;TripodKit $245;HoboSoftware $99;2 PCcables$18;SolarRadiationSensor $199;LightSensor Bracket$25;LightSensor Level$30)

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Reinhart 2

GSD Weather Stationhttps://www.hobolink.com/p/1fcdd9d073af407b59f0fdfddac25924

Courtesy of Onset Computer Corporation. Used with permission.

Typical MetereologicalYear

A Typical

Meteorological

Year (TMY) is defined as a set of real

measuredhourly

values for dry temperature, for global,

diffuse and direct normal

solar

radiation,

and

for

wind

velocity. The

data

are

in

true

sequence

within

each

month.

The

most

important

input

variables

are:

Dry Bulb Temperature [C]

Relative Humidity[%]

Direct & Diffuse Solar Radiation [W/m]

Wind Speed & Direction [km/h]

Note:

Manysimulations find TMY not stringent enough tomeaningfully test the

performance of a building under extreme weather conditions such as heat waves.

There isa new set of weather data for the US every 12years. Weare currently at

TMY3.

Weatherdata will change due toclimate change.

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Reinhart 3

Google:EnergyPlusweatherdata

The

overwhelming

majority

of

TMY

files

is

based

on

simulated

solar

radiation

combinedwithseparationmodels.

EnergyPlus Weather Data

Beginning of an EPW files

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Reinhart 3

Autodesk Ecotect EPW Weather Tool

What time step to consider?

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MIT OpenCourseWarehttp://ocw.mit.edu

4.430 Daylighting

Spring 2012

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
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