Md. Monir HosenID: 0947

How much climate change? In 2013, the daily level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere surpassed 400 parts per million for the first time in human history. Climate change is determined by how our emissions continue and also exactly how our climate system responds to those emissions.

What is Climate Change?Climate change is one of the most complex issues facing us today. It involves many dimensions – science, economics, society, politics and moral and ethical questions – and is a global problem, felt on local scales, that will be around for decades and centuries to come.

Volcanic eruptions Ocean currents

Earth orbital changes- Solar Variation

Natural Causes of Climate Change

Man-made or Anthropogenic causes G

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Carbon dioxide CO2: Human activities have contributed substantially to climate change by adding CO2. When fossil fuels - coal, oil and natural gas - are burnt they release CO2 into the atmosphere. These greenhouse gas emissions have increased the greenhouse effect and caused Earth’s surface temperature to rise. Methane CH4: The most significant sources of Methane come from the decomposition of organic matter e.g. in landfills and in agriculture. Another large source is from the digestion of ruminants (cows, goats etc). Methane is a stronger GHG than CO2 because it can absorb more heat, however it is much less abundant in the atmosphere.

Nitrous oxide N2O: A very powerful greenhouse gas which is heavily produced in the agriculture sector, specifically in the production and use of organic fertilizers. It is also produced when burning fossil fuels.Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These man-made compounds were produced for industrial use, mainly in refrigerants and air conditioners.

Sectors of GHG EmissionAgricultural and livestock: (24% of 2010 global greenhouse gas emissions)•N2O emissions from agricultural lands range from fertilizer application to methods of irrigation and tillage. • Livestock produce methane (CH4) by their fermentation.• Manure storage contributes to CH4 and N2O emissions. • Rice cultivation produces small amount of CH4, and burning crop which produce CH4 and N2O.

Buildings: (6% of 2010 global greenhouse gas emissions) • Approximately one third of the world’s energy use takes place inside buildings from on-site energy generation and burning fuels for heat in buildings or cooking in homes, contributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Electricity and Heat Production (25% of 2010 global greenhouse gas emissions). •The Electricity sector involves the generation of power through burning of coal, natural gas, oil and petroleum. Carbon dioxide (CO2) makes up the vast majority of greenhouse gas emissions from this sector, but smaller amounts of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are also emitted.  Forestry: (20% of 2010 global greenhouse gas emissions) •Greenhouse gas emissions from this sector come mostly from deforestation. This estimate does not include the CO2 that ecosystems remove from the atmosphere by sequestering carbon in biomass, dead organic matter and soils, which offset approximately 20% of emissions from this sector.

Sectors of GHG Emission Cont.Industry: (21% of 2010 global greenhouse gas emissions) •The Industry sector produces the goods and raw materials we use every day. The greenhouse gases emitted during industrial production are split into two categories: 

Direct emissions are produced by burning fuel for power or heat, through chemical reactions, and from leaks from industrial processes or equipmentIndirect emissions are produced by burning fossil fuel at a power plant to make electricity.

Tourism: • According to the study issued by UNEP, Tourism is contributing 5% of global greenhouse gas emissions from energy used in transport and accommodation facilities.

Transportation: (14% of 2010 global greenhouse gas emissions) • Fossil fuels burned for road, rail, air, and marine transportation gobbles up over half of the planet’s liquid fossil fuels and is responsible for almost a quarter of energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.  Waste: •The most significant GHGs produced from waste is methane, released during the breakdown of organic matter in landfills and recycling. •According to estimates, some 11.2 billion metric tons of solid waste are currently being collected around the world every year, and the decay of the organic portion is contributing around 5 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).

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Energy Supply25.9%

Transport13.1%

Residential & Commercial

Buildings7.9%

Industry19.4%

Agriculture13.4%

Forestry17.4%

Waste & wastewater

2.8 %

GHG emissions growth has accelerated GHG emissions growth has accelerated despite reduction efforts.despite reduction efforts.

(Synthesis Report from IPCC AR4, 2004)

National Research Council - GHG

Analysis of air bubbles trapped in Antarctic ice cores show that, along with carbon dioxide, atmospheric concentrations of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were relatively constant until they started to rise in the Industrial era.

Effects of Climate Change

Projected Temperature Change, 1910 – 2040 Effect of Projected Greenhouse Gas and Sulphate Combined Aerosol Increases. Canadian

Model

Glacier Melting

Sea-level from satellites: 4 cm rise in last 10 years.

Mitigation Measures    Mitigation refers to efforts to cut or prevent the emission of

greenhouse gases - limiting the magnitude of future warming. It may also encompass attempts to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.0

Agriculture & Livestock Fertilizing crops with the precise amount of nitrogen required can lead to lower N2O emissions. Draining water from wetland rice soils during the growing season to reduce CH4 emissions.Adjusting feeding practices and other management methods to reduce the amount of CH4 resulting from enteric fermentation.Managing manure decomposes to reduce N2O and CH4 emissions.Capturing CH4 from manure decomposition to produce renewable energy.

Buildings & Cities

New buildings can be constructed using passive solar building

design, low energy building techniques, using renewable energy sources, building can be made more efficient through the use of insulation, high-efficiency appliances, external window shades.

It possible to reduce heat by using lighter-coloured, more reflective materials in the development of urban areas and planting trees. This saves energy because it cools buildings and reduces the urban heat island effect.

Providing electricity, transportation, and heat for buildings produces high levels of CO2 emission.

Since nearly 50% of electricity comes from coal combustion,

improving coal plant efficiency will significantly reduce carbon emission.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says CCS could contribute between 10% and 55% of the cumulative worldwide carbon-mitigation effort over the next 90 years. The International Energy Agency says CCS is "the most important single new technology for CO2 savings" in power generation and industry.

Alternative ways to produce electricity like Solar power system, Nuclear system or Hydro electric power plant.

Efficient Electricity Production

Transport Conservation

Reducing the time and number of cars on the road will reduce emissions.

Increasing the use of public transportation would reduce the amount of individual driving time.

Developing and using electric or hybrid auto mobiles. Reducing engine-idling. Increasing the use of side walk and developing bike paths.

Reduce waste

•Recycle and buy recycled products.•Choose products that have less packaging.•Reuse, repair, or donate.•Don’t buy it unless you really need it.•Carry cloth bags when shopping.•Use a refillable travel mug or water bottle.•Give your time instead of material gifts, or donate to a charity in the recipient’s name.

Thank you for your kind attention Group-D