mixtures and their separations
TRANSCRIPT
Mixtures and their separationsJanadi Gonzalez-Lord
04112023Prepared by JGL
2
Table of contents
bullSyllabus requirementsbullPure and impure substances bullClassification of mixturesbullSeparation of mixturesbullTypes of separation techniquesbullExperimentsbullIndustrial usesbullSeparating mixtures in everyday life
04112023Prepared by JGL
3
Syllabus requirements
04112023Prepared by JGL
4
Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
a) differentiate between mixtures and compounds in terms of composition and formation
b) recognize that the components of mixtures can be separated by simple means
c) define the terms miscible immiscible soluble insoluble heterogeneous homogenous and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids soluble to gases and solids
d) identify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
e) define solute and solvent
f) identify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
g) identify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
h) describe the separating methods of simple distillation fractional distillation filtration layer separation
i) draw line diagrams for the methods in (h)
04112023Prepared by JGL
5
Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
j carry out filtration and layer separation in the laboratory and write up notes about the procedure and results
k recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
l Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
mobserve the set up as a teacher demonstration the simple distillation process
n identify other methods of separation such as chromatography centrifugation solvent extraction
o suggest methods for separating mixtures based on the properties of their components eg sand and salt
p name two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
6
Pure and impure substances
04112023Prepared by JGL
7
Matter can be sub-divided into PURE and IMPURE SUBSTANCES or MIXTURES PURE substances can be sub-divided into ELEMENTS and COMPOUNDS
IMPURE substances or MIXTURES can be sub-divided into HOMOGENOUS and HETEROGENOUS
04112023Prepared by JGL
8
Source wwwmghssaeduauInternetFacultiesScienceYear10PicselementsAndCompoundsgif
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
04112023
9
Prepared by JGL
Elements versus compoundsAn element A compound
bull consists of only one kind of atom
bull cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
bull can exist as either atoms (eg argon) or molecules (eg nitrogen)
bull consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
bull can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means)
bull has properties that are different from its component elements
bull always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
04112023Prepared by JGL
10
An element
Consists of only one kind of atom
can exist as either atoms (eg argon)
or molecules (eg nitrogen)
cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
If you try to break apart an atom or molecule you get an ATOMIC BOMB
ArAr
N N
N N
04112023Prepared by JGL
2
Table of contents
bullSyllabus requirementsbullPure and impure substances bullClassification of mixturesbullSeparation of mixturesbullTypes of separation techniquesbullExperimentsbullIndustrial usesbullSeparating mixtures in everyday life
04112023Prepared by JGL
3
Syllabus requirements
04112023Prepared by JGL
4
Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
a) differentiate between mixtures and compounds in terms of composition and formation
b) recognize that the components of mixtures can be separated by simple means
c) define the terms miscible immiscible soluble insoluble heterogeneous homogenous and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids soluble to gases and solids
d) identify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
e) define solute and solvent
f) identify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
g) identify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
h) describe the separating methods of simple distillation fractional distillation filtration layer separation
i) draw line diagrams for the methods in (h)
04112023Prepared by JGL
5
Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
j carry out filtration and layer separation in the laboratory and write up notes about the procedure and results
k recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
l Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
mobserve the set up as a teacher demonstration the simple distillation process
n identify other methods of separation such as chromatography centrifugation solvent extraction
o suggest methods for separating mixtures based on the properties of their components eg sand and salt
p name two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
6
Pure and impure substances
04112023Prepared by JGL
7
Matter can be sub-divided into PURE and IMPURE SUBSTANCES or MIXTURES PURE substances can be sub-divided into ELEMENTS and COMPOUNDS
IMPURE substances or MIXTURES can be sub-divided into HOMOGENOUS and HETEROGENOUS
04112023Prepared by JGL
8
Source wwwmghssaeduauInternetFacultiesScienceYear10PicselementsAndCompoundsgif
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
04112023
9
Prepared by JGL
Elements versus compoundsAn element A compound
bull consists of only one kind of atom
bull cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
bull can exist as either atoms (eg argon) or molecules (eg nitrogen)
bull consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
bull can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means)
bull has properties that are different from its component elements
bull always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
04112023Prepared by JGL
10
An element
Consists of only one kind of atom
can exist as either atoms (eg argon)
or molecules (eg nitrogen)
cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
If you try to break apart an atom or molecule you get an ATOMIC BOMB
ArAr
N N
N N
04112023Prepared by JGL
3
Syllabus requirements
04112023Prepared by JGL
4
Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
a) differentiate between mixtures and compounds in terms of composition and formation
b) recognize that the components of mixtures can be separated by simple means
c) define the terms miscible immiscible soluble insoluble heterogeneous homogenous and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids soluble to gases and solids
d) identify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
e) define solute and solvent
f) identify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
g) identify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
h) describe the separating methods of simple distillation fractional distillation filtration layer separation
i) draw line diagrams for the methods in (h)
04112023Prepared by JGL
5
Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
j carry out filtration and layer separation in the laboratory and write up notes about the procedure and results
k recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
l Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
mobserve the set up as a teacher demonstration the simple distillation process
n identify other methods of separation such as chromatography centrifugation solvent extraction
o suggest methods for separating mixtures based on the properties of their components eg sand and salt
p name two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
6
Pure and impure substances
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Matter can be sub-divided into PURE and IMPURE SUBSTANCES or MIXTURES PURE substances can be sub-divided into ELEMENTS and COMPOUNDS
IMPURE substances or MIXTURES can be sub-divided into HOMOGENOUS and HETEROGENOUS
04112023Prepared by JGL
8
Source wwwmghssaeduauInternetFacultiesScienceYear10PicselementsAndCompoundsgif
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
04112023
9
Prepared by JGL
Elements versus compoundsAn element A compound
bull consists of only one kind of atom
bull cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
bull can exist as either atoms (eg argon) or molecules (eg nitrogen)
bull consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
bull can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means)
bull has properties that are different from its component elements
bull always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
04112023Prepared by JGL
10
An element
Consists of only one kind of atom
can exist as either atoms (eg argon)
or molecules (eg nitrogen)
cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
If you try to break apart an atom or molecule you get an ATOMIC BOMB
ArAr
N N
N N
04112023Prepared by JGL
4
Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
a) differentiate between mixtures and compounds in terms of composition and formation
b) recognize that the components of mixtures can be separated by simple means
c) define the terms miscible immiscible soluble insoluble heterogeneous homogenous and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids soluble to gases and solids
d) identify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
e) define solute and solvent
f) identify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
g) identify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
h) describe the separating methods of simple distillation fractional distillation filtration layer separation
i) draw line diagrams for the methods in (h)
04112023Prepared by JGL
5
Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
j carry out filtration and layer separation in the laboratory and write up notes about the procedure and results
k recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
l Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
mobserve the set up as a teacher demonstration the simple distillation process
n identify other methods of separation such as chromatography centrifugation solvent extraction
o suggest methods for separating mixtures based on the properties of their components eg sand and salt
p name two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
6
Pure and impure substances
04112023Prepared by JGL
7
Matter can be sub-divided into PURE and IMPURE SUBSTANCES or MIXTURES PURE substances can be sub-divided into ELEMENTS and COMPOUNDS
IMPURE substances or MIXTURES can be sub-divided into HOMOGENOUS and HETEROGENOUS
04112023Prepared by JGL
8
Source wwwmghssaeduauInternetFacultiesScienceYear10PicselementsAndCompoundsgif
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
04112023
9
Prepared by JGL
Elements versus compoundsAn element A compound
bull consists of only one kind of atom
bull cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
bull can exist as either atoms (eg argon) or molecules (eg nitrogen)
bull consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
bull can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means)
bull has properties that are different from its component elements
bull always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
04112023Prepared by JGL
10
An element
Consists of only one kind of atom
can exist as either atoms (eg argon)
or molecules (eg nitrogen)
cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
If you try to break apart an atom or molecule you get an ATOMIC BOMB
ArAr
N N
N N
04112023Prepared by JGL
5
Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
j carry out filtration and layer separation in the laboratory and write up notes about the procedure and results
k recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
l Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
mobserve the set up as a teacher demonstration the simple distillation process
n identify other methods of separation such as chromatography centrifugation solvent extraction
o suggest methods for separating mixtures based on the properties of their components eg sand and salt
p name two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
6
Pure and impure substances
04112023Prepared by JGL
7
Matter can be sub-divided into PURE and IMPURE SUBSTANCES or MIXTURES PURE substances can be sub-divided into ELEMENTS and COMPOUNDS
IMPURE substances or MIXTURES can be sub-divided into HOMOGENOUS and HETEROGENOUS
04112023Prepared by JGL
8
Source wwwmghssaeduauInternetFacultiesScienceYear10PicselementsAndCompoundsgif
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
04112023
9
Prepared by JGL
Elements versus compoundsAn element A compound
bull consists of only one kind of atom
bull cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
bull can exist as either atoms (eg argon) or molecules (eg nitrogen)
bull consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
bull can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means)
bull has properties that are different from its component elements
bull always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
04112023Prepared by JGL
10
An element
Consists of only one kind of atom
can exist as either atoms (eg argon)
or molecules (eg nitrogen)
cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
If you try to break apart an atom or molecule you get an ATOMIC BOMB
ArAr
N N
N N
04112023Prepared by JGL
6
Pure and impure substances
04112023Prepared by JGL
7
Matter can be sub-divided into PURE and IMPURE SUBSTANCES or MIXTURES PURE substances can be sub-divided into ELEMENTS and COMPOUNDS
IMPURE substances or MIXTURES can be sub-divided into HOMOGENOUS and HETEROGENOUS
04112023Prepared by JGL
8
Source wwwmghssaeduauInternetFacultiesScienceYear10PicselementsAndCompoundsgif
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
04112023
9
Prepared by JGL
Elements versus compoundsAn element A compound
bull consists of only one kind of atom
bull cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
bull can exist as either atoms (eg argon) or molecules (eg nitrogen)
bull consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
bull can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means)
bull has properties that are different from its component elements
bull always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
04112023Prepared by JGL
10
An element
Consists of only one kind of atom
can exist as either atoms (eg argon)
or molecules (eg nitrogen)
cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
If you try to break apart an atom or molecule you get an ATOMIC BOMB
ArAr
N N
N N
04112023Prepared by JGL
7
Matter can be sub-divided into PURE and IMPURE SUBSTANCES or MIXTURES PURE substances can be sub-divided into ELEMENTS and COMPOUNDS
IMPURE substances or MIXTURES can be sub-divided into HOMOGENOUS and HETEROGENOUS
04112023Prepared by JGL
8
Source wwwmghssaeduauInternetFacultiesScienceYear10PicselementsAndCompoundsgif
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
04112023
9
Prepared by JGL
Elements versus compoundsAn element A compound
bull consists of only one kind of atom
bull cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
bull can exist as either atoms (eg argon) or molecules (eg nitrogen)
bull consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
bull can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means)
bull has properties that are different from its component elements
bull always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
04112023Prepared by JGL
10
An element
Consists of only one kind of atom
can exist as either atoms (eg argon)
or molecules (eg nitrogen)
cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
If you try to break apart an atom or molecule you get an ATOMIC BOMB
ArAr
N N
N N
04112023Prepared by JGL
8
Source wwwmghssaeduauInternetFacultiesScienceYear10PicselementsAndCompoundsgif
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
Can be separated into
04112023
9
Prepared by JGL
Elements versus compoundsAn element A compound
bull consists of only one kind of atom
bull cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
bull can exist as either atoms (eg argon) or molecules (eg nitrogen)
bull consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
bull can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means)
bull has properties that are different from its component elements
bull always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
04112023Prepared by JGL
10
An element
Consists of only one kind of atom
can exist as either atoms (eg argon)
or molecules (eg nitrogen)
cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
If you try to break apart an atom or molecule you get an ATOMIC BOMB
ArAr
N N
N N
04112023
9
Prepared by JGL
Elements versus compoundsAn element A compound
bull consists of only one kind of atom
bull cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
bull can exist as either atoms (eg argon) or molecules (eg nitrogen)
bull consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
bull can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means)
bull has properties that are different from its component elements
bull always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
04112023Prepared by JGL
10
An element
Consists of only one kind of atom
can exist as either atoms (eg argon)
or molecules (eg nitrogen)
cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
If you try to break apart an atom or molecule you get an ATOMIC BOMB
ArAr
N N
N N
04112023Prepared by JGL
10
An element
Consists of only one kind of atom
can exist as either atoms (eg argon)
or molecules (eg nitrogen)
cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means
If you try to break apart an atom or molecule you get an ATOMIC BOMB
ArAr
N N
N N
04112023Prepared by JGL
11
A compound
consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
Water (formula H2O)
For every water molecule there are 2 Hydrogen atoms for every 1 Oxygen atom
has properties that are different from its component elements
For example hydrogen and oxygen are gases but water is a liquid
OH H
OH H
H H O OO
H H
OH H
OH H
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Examples of elements and compounds
Source wwwphysicalgeographynetfundamentalsimagescompounds_moleculesjpg
Elements
Compounds
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Compounds versus MixturesA mixture
Remember that a compound
bull consists of two or more different elements andor compounds physically intermingled
bull can be separated into its components by physical means and
bull often retains many of the properties of its components
bull consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
bull can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means)
bull has properties that are different from its component elements
bull always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
Syllabus requirement metdifferentiate between mixtures and compounds in terms of composition and formation
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Prepared by JGL
A mixture can beA mixture of
different types of atoms
A mixture of different types of
molecules
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
N N
O O
H H
Cl H
N N
H H
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Match the following
1 Pure elements
2 Elements made of SINGLE
ATOMS
3 An element made of MOLECULES
4 Mixture of TWO elements
5 Mixture of THREE elements
6 Pure compounds
7 Mixture of TWO compounds
Answer A C D
Answer A D
Answer C
Answer E F
Answer H
Answer G
Answer B
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Classification of mixtures
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Mixtures can beHomogeneous Heterogeneous
bull The prefixes homo- indicate sameness
bull A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout
bull Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as solutions
bull The prefixes hetero- indicate difference
bull A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases
bull The three phases or states of matter are gas liquid and solid
Syllabus requirements metdefine the terms heterogeneous homogenous and apply them correctly
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Example of homogeneous mixtures
Some mixtures around us are things we dont even think of as mixtures
Vinegar is a homogeneous mixture of water and acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Most commercial vinegars have an acetic acid content of about 5 Acetic acid gives vinegar its characteristic odor
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Example of heterogeneous mixtures
The combination of oil and vinegar in salad dressing is a common example of a HETEROGENEOUS mixture
Here the two layers are distinctly visible
Each layer by itself is considered a HOMOGENEOUS mixture
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Mixtures can be same phase
Mixtures
Solid + SolidLiquid + LiquidGas + Gas
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Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
Mixtures
Solid + LiquidSolid + Gas
Liquid + Gas
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Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Alloys ndash
mixtures of metals
bull Example brass (CuZn)
Liquid + Liquidbull Example
gasoline (a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)
Gas + Gasbull Example Air
( N2 O2 Ar CO2 other gases)
Gas + Liquidbull Example
Carbonated beverages (CO2 in water)
Solid + Liquidbull Example Sea
water ( NaCl and other salts in water)
Solid + Gasbull Example H2
in platinum or palladium
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Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
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Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
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Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
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Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
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DECREASING SOLUBILITY
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Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
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Separation of mixtures
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A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
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Types of separation techniques
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Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
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Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
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Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
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Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
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ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
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Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
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Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
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Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
12
Examples of elements and compounds
Source wwwphysicalgeographynetfundamentalsimagescompounds_moleculesjpg
Elements
Compounds
04112023
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Compounds versus MixturesA mixture
Remember that a compound
bull consists of two or more different elements andor compounds physically intermingled
bull can be separated into its components by physical means and
bull often retains many of the properties of its components
bull consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
bull can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means)
bull has properties that are different from its component elements
bull always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
Syllabus requirement metdifferentiate between mixtures and compounds in terms of composition and formation
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
A mixture can beA mixture of
different types of atoms
A mixture of different types of
molecules
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
N N
O O
H H
Cl H
N N
H H
04112023Prepared by JGL
15
Match the following
1 Pure elements
2 Elements made of SINGLE
ATOMS
3 An element made of MOLECULES
4 Mixture of TWO elements
5 Mixture of THREE elements
6 Pure compounds
7 Mixture of TWO compounds
Answer A C D
Answer A D
Answer C
Answer E F
Answer H
Answer G
Answer B
04112023Prepared by JGL
16
Classification of mixtures
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Mixtures can beHomogeneous Heterogeneous
bull The prefixes homo- indicate sameness
bull A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout
bull Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as solutions
bull The prefixes hetero- indicate difference
bull A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases
bull The three phases or states of matter are gas liquid and solid
Syllabus requirements metdefine the terms heterogeneous homogenous and apply them correctly
04112023Prepared by JGL
18
Example of homogeneous mixtures
Some mixtures around us are things we dont even think of as mixtures
Vinegar is a homogeneous mixture of water and acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Most commercial vinegars have an acetic acid content of about 5 Acetic acid gives vinegar its characteristic odor
04112023Prepared by JGL
19
Example of heterogeneous mixtures
The combination of oil and vinegar in salad dressing is a common example of a HETEROGENEOUS mixture
Here the two layers are distinctly visible
Each layer by itself is considered a HOMOGENEOUS mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
20
Mixtures can be same phase
Mixtures
Solid + SolidLiquid + LiquidGas + Gas
04112023Prepared by JGL
21
Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
Mixtures
Solid + LiquidSolid + Gas
Liquid + Gas
04112023Prepared by JGL
22
Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Alloys ndash
mixtures of metals
bull Example brass (CuZn)
Liquid + Liquidbull Example
gasoline (a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)
Gas + Gasbull Example Air
( N2 O2 Ar CO2 other gases)
Gas + Liquidbull Example
Carbonated beverages (CO2 in water)
Solid + Liquidbull Example Sea
water ( NaCl and other salts in water)
Solid + Gasbull Example H2
in platinum or palladium
04112023Prepared by JGL
23
Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
04112023Prepared by JGL
24
Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
25
Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
04112023Prepared by JGL
26
Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
04112023Prepared by JGL
28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
04112023
30
Prepared by JGL
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
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Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
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Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
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ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
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Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
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Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
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Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
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All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
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Compounds versus MixturesA mixture
Remember that a compound
bull consists of two or more different elements andor compounds physically intermingled
bull can be separated into its components by physical means and
bull often retains many of the properties of its components
bull consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
bull can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means)
bull has properties that are different from its component elements
bull always contains the same ratio of its component atoms
Syllabus requirement metdifferentiate between mixtures and compounds in terms of composition and formation
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A mixture can beA mixture of
different types of atoms
A mixture of different types of
molecules
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
N N
O O
H H
Cl H
N N
H H
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Match the following
1 Pure elements
2 Elements made of SINGLE
ATOMS
3 An element made of MOLECULES
4 Mixture of TWO elements
5 Mixture of THREE elements
6 Pure compounds
7 Mixture of TWO compounds
Answer A C D
Answer A D
Answer C
Answer E F
Answer H
Answer G
Answer B
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Classification of mixtures
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Mixtures can beHomogeneous Heterogeneous
bull The prefixes homo- indicate sameness
bull A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout
bull Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as solutions
bull The prefixes hetero- indicate difference
bull A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases
bull The three phases or states of matter are gas liquid and solid
Syllabus requirements metdefine the terms heterogeneous homogenous and apply them correctly
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Example of homogeneous mixtures
Some mixtures around us are things we dont even think of as mixtures
Vinegar is a homogeneous mixture of water and acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Most commercial vinegars have an acetic acid content of about 5 Acetic acid gives vinegar its characteristic odor
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Example of heterogeneous mixtures
The combination of oil and vinegar in salad dressing is a common example of a HETEROGENEOUS mixture
Here the two layers are distinctly visible
Each layer by itself is considered a HOMOGENEOUS mixture
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Mixtures can be same phase
Mixtures
Solid + SolidLiquid + LiquidGas + Gas
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Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
Mixtures
Solid + LiquidSolid + Gas
Liquid + Gas
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Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Alloys ndash
mixtures of metals
bull Example brass (CuZn)
Liquid + Liquidbull Example
gasoline (a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)
Gas + Gasbull Example Air
( N2 O2 Ar CO2 other gases)
Gas + Liquidbull Example
Carbonated beverages (CO2 in water)
Solid + Liquidbull Example Sea
water ( NaCl and other salts in water)
Solid + Gasbull Example H2
in platinum or palladium
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Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
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Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
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Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
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Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
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DECREASING SOLUBILITY
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Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
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Separation of mixtures
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A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
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Types of separation techniques
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Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
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Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
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Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
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Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
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ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
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Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
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Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
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Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
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Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
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Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
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Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
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Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
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Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
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Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
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49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
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Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
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Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
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53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
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60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
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61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
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63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
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Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
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87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
A mixture can beA mixture of
different types of atoms
A mixture of different types of
molecules
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
N N
O O
H H
Cl H
N N
H H
04112023Prepared by JGL
15
Match the following
1 Pure elements
2 Elements made of SINGLE
ATOMS
3 An element made of MOLECULES
4 Mixture of TWO elements
5 Mixture of THREE elements
6 Pure compounds
7 Mixture of TWO compounds
Answer A C D
Answer A D
Answer C
Answer E F
Answer H
Answer G
Answer B
04112023Prepared by JGL
16
Classification of mixtures
04112023
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Mixtures can beHomogeneous Heterogeneous
bull The prefixes homo- indicate sameness
bull A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout
bull Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as solutions
bull The prefixes hetero- indicate difference
bull A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases
bull The three phases or states of matter are gas liquid and solid
Syllabus requirements metdefine the terms heterogeneous homogenous and apply them correctly
04112023Prepared by JGL
18
Example of homogeneous mixtures
Some mixtures around us are things we dont even think of as mixtures
Vinegar is a homogeneous mixture of water and acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Most commercial vinegars have an acetic acid content of about 5 Acetic acid gives vinegar its characteristic odor
04112023Prepared by JGL
19
Example of heterogeneous mixtures
The combination of oil and vinegar in salad dressing is a common example of a HETEROGENEOUS mixture
Here the two layers are distinctly visible
Each layer by itself is considered a HOMOGENEOUS mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
20
Mixtures can be same phase
Mixtures
Solid + SolidLiquid + LiquidGas + Gas
04112023Prepared by JGL
21
Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
Mixtures
Solid + LiquidSolid + Gas
Liquid + Gas
04112023Prepared by JGL
22
Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Alloys ndash
mixtures of metals
bull Example brass (CuZn)
Liquid + Liquidbull Example
gasoline (a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)
Gas + Gasbull Example Air
( N2 O2 Ar CO2 other gases)
Gas + Liquidbull Example
Carbonated beverages (CO2 in water)
Solid + Liquidbull Example Sea
water ( NaCl and other salts in water)
Solid + Gasbull Example H2
in platinum or palladium
04112023Prepared by JGL
23
Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
25
Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
04112023Prepared by JGL
26
Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
04112023Prepared by JGL
28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
15
Match the following
1 Pure elements
2 Elements made of SINGLE
ATOMS
3 An element made of MOLECULES
4 Mixture of TWO elements
5 Mixture of THREE elements
6 Pure compounds
7 Mixture of TWO compounds
Answer A C D
Answer A D
Answer C
Answer E F
Answer H
Answer G
Answer B
04112023Prepared by JGL
16
Classification of mixtures
04112023
17
Prepared by JGL
Mixtures can beHomogeneous Heterogeneous
bull The prefixes homo- indicate sameness
bull A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout
bull Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as solutions
bull The prefixes hetero- indicate difference
bull A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases
bull The three phases or states of matter are gas liquid and solid
Syllabus requirements metdefine the terms heterogeneous homogenous and apply them correctly
04112023Prepared by JGL
18
Example of homogeneous mixtures
Some mixtures around us are things we dont even think of as mixtures
Vinegar is a homogeneous mixture of water and acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Most commercial vinegars have an acetic acid content of about 5 Acetic acid gives vinegar its characteristic odor
04112023Prepared by JGL
19
Example of heterogeneous mixtures
The combination of oil and vinegar in salad dressing is a common example of a HETEROGENEOUS mixture
Here the two layers are distinctly visible
Each layer by itself is considered a HOMOGENEOUS mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
20
Mixtures can be same phase
Mixtures
Solid + SolidLiquid + LiquidGas + Gas
04112023Prepared by JGL
21
Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
Mixtures
Solid + LiquidSolid + Gas
Liquid + Gas
04112023Prepared by JGL
22
Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Alloys ndash
mixtures of metals
bull Example brass (CuZn)
Liquid + Liquidbull Example
gasoline (a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)
Gas + Gasbull Example Air
( N2 O2 Ar CO2 other gases)
Gas + Liquidbull Example
Carbonated beverages (CO2 in water)
Solid + Liquidbull Example Sea
water ( NaCl and other salts in water)
Solid + Gasbull Example H2
in platinum or palladium
04112023Prepared by JGL
23
Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
04112023Prepared by JGL
24
Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
25
Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
04112023Prepared by JGL
26
Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
04112023Prepared by JGL
28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
04112023
30
Prepared by JGL
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
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Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
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Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
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ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
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Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
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Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
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Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
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All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
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Classification of mixtures
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Mixtures can beHomogeneous Heterogeneous
bull The prefixes homo- indicate sameness
bull A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout
bull Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as solutions
bull The prefixes hetero- indicate difference
bull A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases
bull The three phases or states of matter are gas liquid and solid
Syllabus requirements metdefine the terms heterogeneous homogenous and apply them correctly
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Example of homogeneous mixtures
Some mixtures around us are things we dont even think of as mixtures
Vinegar is a homogeneous mixture of water and acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Most commercial vinegars have an acetic acid content of about 5 Acetic acid gives vinegar its characteristic odor
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Example of heterogeneous mixtures
The combination of oil and vinegar in salad dressing is a common example of a HETEROGENEOUS mixture
Here the two layers are distinctly visible
Each layer by itself is considered a HOMOGENEOUS mixture
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Mixtures can be same phase
Mixtures
Solid + SolidLiquid + LiquidGas + Gas
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Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
Mixtures
Solid + LiquidSolid + Gas
Liquid + Gas
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Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Alloys ndash
mixtures of metals
bull Example brass (CuZn)
Liquid + Liquidbull Example
gasoline (a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)
Gas + Gasbull Example Air
( N2 O2 Ar CO2 other gases)
Gas + Liquidbull Example
Carbonated beverages (CO2 in water)
Solid + Liquidbull Example Sea
water ( NaCl and other salts in water)
Solid + Gasbull Example H2
in platinum or palladium
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Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
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Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
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Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
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Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
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DECREASING SOLUBILITY
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Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
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Separation of mixtures
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A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
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Types of separation techniques
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Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
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Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
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Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
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Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
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ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
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37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
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38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
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Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
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41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
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Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
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Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
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45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
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Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
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Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
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49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
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Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
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Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
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53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
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Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
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Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
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57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
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60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
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61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
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63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
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64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Mixtures can beHomogeneous Heterogeneous
bull The prefixes homo- indicate sameness
bull A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout
bull Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as solutions
bull The prefixes hetero- indicate difference
bull A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases
bull The three phases or states of matter are gas liquid and solid
Syllabus requirements metdefine the terms heterogeneous homogenous and apply them correctly
04112023Prepared by JGL
18
Example of homogeneous mixtures
Some mixtures around us are things we dont even think of as mixtures
Vinegar is a homogeneous mixture of water and acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Most commercial vinegars have an acetic acid content of about 5 Acetic acid gives vinegar its characteristic odor
04112023Prepared by JGL
19
Example of heterogeneous mixtures
The combination of oil and vinegar in salad dressing is a common example of a HETEROGENEOUS mixture
Here the two layers are distinctly visible
Each layer by itself is considered a HOMOGENEOUS mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
20
Mixtures can be same phase
Mixtures
Solid + SolidLiquid + LiquidGas + Gas
04112023Prepared by JGL
21
Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
Mixtures
Solid + LiquidSolid + Gas
Liquid + Gas
04112023Prepared by JGL
22
Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Alloys ndash
mixtures of metals
bull Example brass (CuZn)
Liquid + Liquidbull Example
gasoline (a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)
Gas + Gasbull Example Air
( N2 O2 Ar CO2 other gases)
Gas + Liquidbull Example
Carbonated beverages (CO2 in water)
Solid + Liquidbull Example Sea
water ( NaCl and other salts in water)
Solid + Gasbull Example H2
in platinum or palladium
04112023Prepared by JGL
23
Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
04112023Prepared by JGL
24
Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
25
Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
04112023Prepared by JGL
26
Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
04112023Prepared by JGL
28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
04112023
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A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
18
Example of homogeneous mixtures
Some mixtures around us are things we dont even think of as mixtures
Vinegar is a homogeneous mixture of water and acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Most commercial vinegars have an acetic acid content of about 5 Acetic acid gives vinegar its characteristic odor
04112023Prepared by JGL
19
Example of heterogeneous mixtures
The combination of oil and vinegar in salad dressing is a common example of a HETEROGENEOUS mixture
Here the two layers are distinctly visible
Each layer by itself is considered a HOMOGENEOUS mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
20
Mixtures can be same phase
Mixtures
Solid + SolidLiquid + LiquidGas + Gas
04112023Prepared by JGL
21
Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
Mixtures
Solid + LiquidSolid + Gas
Liquid + Gas
04112023Prepared by JGL
22
Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Alloys ndash
mixtures of metals
bull Example brass (CuZn)
Liquid + Liquidbull Example
gasoline (a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)
Gas + Gasbull Example Air
( N2 O2 Ar CO2 other gases)
Gas + Liquidbull Example
Carbonated beverages (CO2 in water)
Solid + Liquidbull Example Sea
water ( NaCl and other salts in water)
Solid + Gasbull Example H2
in platinum or palladium
04112023Prepared by JGL
23
Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
04112023Prepared by JGL
24
Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
25
Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
04112023Prepared by JGL
26
Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
04112023Prepared by JGL
28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
04112023
30
Prepared by JGL
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
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Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
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All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
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19
Example of heterogeneous mixtures
The combination of oil and vinegar in salad dressing is a common example of a HETEROGENEOUS mixture
Here the two layers are distinctly visible
Each layer by itself is considered a HOMOGENEOUS mixture
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Mixtures can be same phase
Mixtures
Solid + SolidLiquid + LiquidGas + Gas
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Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
Mixtures
Solid + LiquidSolid + Gas
Liquid + Gas
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Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Alloys ndash
mixtures of metals
bull Example brass (CuZn)
Liquid + Liquidbull Example
gasoline (a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)
Gas + Gasbull Example Air
( N2 O2 Ar CO2 other gases)
Gas + Liquidbull Example
Carbonated beverages (CO2 in water)
Solid + Liquidbull Example Sea
water ( NaCl and other salts in water)
Solid + Gasbull Example H2
in platinum or palladium
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Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
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Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
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Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
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Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
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27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
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28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
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Separation of mixtures
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A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
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31
Types of separation techniques
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32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
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Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
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Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
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Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
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36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
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37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
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38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
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40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
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43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
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44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
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47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
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48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
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51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
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Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
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56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
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60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
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61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
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Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
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64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
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Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
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Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
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How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
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Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
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Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
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Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
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Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
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Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
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ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
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Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
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Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
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Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
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All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Mixtures can be same phase
Mixtures
Solid + SolidLiquid + LiquidGas + Gas
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Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
Mixtures
Solid + LiquidSolid + Gas
Liquid + Gas
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Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Alloys ndash
mixtures of metals
bull Example brass (CuZn)
Liquid + Liquidbull Example
gasoline (a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)
Gas + Gasbull Example Air
( N2 O2 Ar CO2 other gases)
Gas + Liquidbull Example
Carbonated beverages (CO2 in water)
Solid + Liquidbull Example Sea
water ( NaCl and other salts in water)
Solid + Gasbull Example H2
in platinum or palladium
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Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
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Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
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Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
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DECREASING SOLUBILITY
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Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
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Separation of mixtures
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A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Types of separation techniques
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32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
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Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
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Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
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Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
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ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
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37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
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Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
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Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
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Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
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Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
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Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
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56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
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60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
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61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
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63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
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Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
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76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
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77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
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78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
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81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
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87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
21
Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
Mixtures
Solid + LiquidSolid + Gas
Liquid + Gas
04112023Prepared by JGL
22
Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Alloys ndash
mixtures of metals
bull Example brass (CuZn)
Liquid + Liquidbull Example
gasoline (a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)
Gas + Gasbull Example Air
( N2 O2 Ar CO2 other gases)
Gas + Liquidbull Example
Carbonated beverages (CO2 in water)
Solid + Liquidbull Example Sea
water ( NaCl and other salts in water)
Solid + Gasbull Example H2
in platinum or palladium
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
04112023Prepared by JGL
24
Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
25
Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
04112023Prepared by JGL
26
Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
04112023Prepared by JGL
28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
22
Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Alloys ndash
mixtures of metals
bull Example brass (CuZn)
Liquid + Liquidbull Example
gasoline (a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)
Gas + Gasbull Example Air
( N2 O2 Ar CO2 other gases)
Gas + Liquidbull Example
Carbonated beverages (CO2 in water)
Solid + Liquidbull Example Sea
water ( NaCl and other salts in water)
Solid + Gasbull Example H2
in platinum or palladium
04112023Prepared by JGL
23
Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
04112023Prepared by JGL
24
Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
25
Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
04112023Prepared by JGL
26
Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
04112023Prepared by JGL
28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
04112023
30
Prepared by JGL
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
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81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
23
Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Solid + Solidbull Example
Gravel (sand clay and small rocks)
Liquid + Liquidbull EMULSIONbull Example milk
Solid + Liquidbull SUSPENSION
Examples Tomato juice jello blood
bull COLLOIDS Example glue paint
Solid + Gasbull Example
Smoke (Air and carbon particles)
04112023Prepared by JGL
24
Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
25
Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
04112023Prepared by JGL
26
Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
04112023Prepared by JGL
28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
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A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
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Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
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How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
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Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
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Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
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Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
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ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
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Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
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Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
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Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
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All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Liquid-Liquid solutions
Immiscible Partially miscible Miscible
ExampleOil and water
ExampleEthanol and water
ExamplePhenol and water
Increasing mixability
Syllabus requirement metdefine the terms miscible immiscible and apply them correctly ie miscible refers to liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
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Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
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Separation of mixtures
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A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
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32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
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48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
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Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
25
Heterogeneous mixtures
EmulsionsColloidsSuspensions
Solute does not fully dissolve in solvent
Solute particles are clearly visible
Solute particles settle out upon standing
Liquid + liquid
Will separate into immiscible liquids ONLY if no stabiliser added
Solution ltSolute particle sizelt Suspension
Solute particles do not settle out on standing
Solute particles can pass through filter paper
Increasing solute particle size
Syllabus requirement metidentify mixtures as solutions suspensions colloids emulsions based on the states of matter present and their solubility miscibility
04112023Prepared by JGL
26
Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
04112023Prepared by JGL
28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
04112023
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A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
26
Solutions
Solute
Solvent
Solution homogeneous
mixtureThe substance which is
being dissolved
substance in which
the solute is dissolved
Syllabus requirement metDefine solute and solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
04112023Prepared by JGL
28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
27
DECREASING SOLUBILITY
04112023Prepared by JGL
28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
04112023
30
Prepared by JGL
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
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Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
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ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
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Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
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81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
28
Tab
le s
alt d
issolv
ing
in w
ate
rDissolving
When a solute dissolves in a solvent the particles of the solute fit in between the particles of the solvent
There is no chemical reaction The change is reversible and the essential components of the mixture remains the same
Syllabus requirement metIdentify dissolving as one substance fitting in between the spaces of another substance
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
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Prepared by JGL
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
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60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
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61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
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63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
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64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
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Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
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How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
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Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
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Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
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Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
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ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
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Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
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78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
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Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
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All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
29
Separation of mixtures
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A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
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48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
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Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
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56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
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57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
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60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023
30
Prepared by JGL
A mixture of different types of
atoms and molecules
Separate atoms and molecules
NN
O O
N N
O O
O O
N N
OO
N N
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS into
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
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60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
31
Types of separation techniques
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
32
Solid + solid
mixtures
SUBLIMATIONbull One substance sublimes
the other does notbull Example Ammonium
chloride + sodium chloride
SOLVENT EXTRACTIONbull Differing solubilities in
a particular solventbull Example Iodine +
sodium chloride
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
33
Liquid + liquid
mixtures
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONbull Misciblebull Slightly differing
boiling pointsbull Example Ethanol +
water
SEPARATING FUNNELbull Immisciblebull Differing densitiesbull Example Oil +
water
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
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78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
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81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
34
Solid + Liquid
mixtures
SUSPENSIONbull DECANTATION bull Different particle
size bull Example ndash
chalk + waterbull FILTRATION bull Different particle
sizes
SOLUTIONSbull EVAPORATION
CRYSTALLIZATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
bull Example Copper sulphate + water
bull SIMPLE DISTILLATIONbull Widely
differing boiling points
COLLOIDSbull CHROMATOGR
APHYbull Differing
solubilities in a particular solvent leading to differing speeds of movement on chromatogram
bull Example screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
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Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
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60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
35
Dete
rmin
ati
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If both ionic or
both covalentIf miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
YesSyllabus requirement metidentify a method of separating mixtures based on their composition
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
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ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
36
ExperimentsExperiments demonstrating the different methods of separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
37
Experiment 1
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
38
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
39
Sublimation
bullGlass funnel evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating standbull10g of NH4CL amp NaCl mixture
Materials
bullPlace a small amount of the mixture in the evaporating dish bullPlace glass funnel over dish bullLight bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bullContinue heating until no more ammonium chloride is deposited on the funnel
Method
bullWhite solid (ammonium chloride) will be deposited on the upper sides of the funnel
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained 2 ionic solids one of which sublimes (goes from solid to gas) on heating bullThe change is reversible so when the gaseous ammonium chloride comes into contact with the cooler surface of the glass funnel it returns to the solid state
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
40
Experiment 2
Question
You have a mixture of sodium chloride and iodine crystals How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
41
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Soli
dS
oli
dLiq
uid
Liq
uid
If m
ixed
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
42
Solvent extraction
bull Two (2) 100 ml beakers glass stirring rod evaporating dish Bunsen burner heating stand filter paper funnel
bull 10g of iodine crystals (I2) amp sodium chloride (NaCl) mixturebull 10 ml of 111-trichloroethane
Materials
bull Place 10g of the mixture in beakerbull Add 10ml of 111-trichloroethane to beaker bull Stir with glass stirring rod until all iodine crystals are dissolvebull Fold filter paper into glass funnel Filter beaker with NaCl I2 and
solvent mixture into second beaker bull Light Bunsen burner until a small even flame is produced bull Heat second beaker with I2solvent solution until all solvent
evaporatesbull Allow residue to cool
MethodbullOn adding the 111-trichloroethane the mixture separates into two layers bullThe top layer is brown in colour This contains iodine in solutionbullThe second layer is a suspension of NaCl in solventbullWhite crystals are left as filtered residue in filter paper The filtrate is a brown solutionbullOn heating and crystallization brown crystals are left
Results amp Observations
bullThe mixture contained one ionic compound (NaCl) which dissolves only in polar solvents such as water and one molecular compound (i2) which only dissolves in organic solvents
bullThe 2 components could therefore be separated by dissolving the molecular compound in the organic solvent filtering off the ionic compound and recrystallizing the molecular compound
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
43
Solvent extraction
Mixture of iodine + sodium chloride sodium
chloride
Iodine solution
Add 111-trichloroethane (organic solvent)
Iodine (I2) is a covalent compound and
therefore dissolves in organic solvents
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ionic and
therefore only dissolves in polar
solvents
Filter off NaCl (s)
Iodine amp solvent filtrate
Sodium chloride (NaCl
(s))
Evaporate the solvent through slow heating
Cool amp crystallize
Iodine crystals
Syllabus objective metidentify other methods of separation such as solvent extraction
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
44
Experiment 3
Question
You have a solution of copper (II) sulphate and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
45
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscibleIf imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
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84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
46
Simple distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flaskbull10ml of copper (II) sulphate solution - Cu(SO4) (aq)Materials
bullPlace 10 ml of CuSO4 (aq) into round-bottom flaskbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flamebullHeat solution steadily until the temperature reaches just above 100 degCbullContinue to heat until all the solution turns to blue crystals
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases and changes state (from liquid to solid blue crystals) bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of CuSO4 is 150degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 100degC but below 150degC the water
in the solution changes state from liquid to gas (water vapour) bull The water vapour travels through the Leibig condenser which cools the
temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The CuSO4 remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of simple distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
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Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
47
Thermometer
Round bottom flask
Leibig condenser
Erlynmeyer flask
Heating stand
Bunsen burner
Heating wire pad
Syllabus requirement metDraw line diagrams for simple distillationSource
www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagessimple_distillation2jpg
Water in
Water out
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
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83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
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We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
48
Experiment 4
Question
You have a solution of ethanol and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
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56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
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60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
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61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
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Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
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64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
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71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
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Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
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Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
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77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
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Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
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Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
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Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
49
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
50
Fractional distillation
bullRound bottom flask thermometer Bunsen burner heating stand heating pad Leibig condenser Erlynmeyer flask fractionating columnbull20ml of ethanol and water solution (5050 WV)
Materialsbull Place 20 ml of solution into round-bottom flaskbull Set up the equipment as shown in diagrambull Light Bunsen burner until it achieves a steady blue flame Heat solution
steadily until the temperature reaches 80degCbull Continue to heat until all there is no more increases in the volume of
distillate collected in the Erlenmeyer flask
MethodbullThe volume of the solution decreases by approximately 50bullA clear solution forms in the Erlenmeyer flask over time which is approximately 50 of the original volume
Results amp Observations
bull The boiling point of water is 100degC while that of ethanol is 784degC bull By keeping the temperature just above 78degC but below 100degC the ethanol
in the solution changes state from liquid to gasbull The ethanol vapour travels through the fractionating column where it is
repeated cooled and reheated as it falls back into the base of the column removing impurities
bull The vapour then passes through the Leibig condenser which cools the temperature and causes the water to vapour to change back to its liquid state as this is a reversible change
bull The water remains in the round bottomed flask as its boiling point has not been reached
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of fractional distillation
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
51
Fra
ctio
nal d
istilla
tion
ap
para
tus
Heat is applied to the bottom of the larger round bottom flask that holds the fermented mixture
As the vapors rise in the fractionating column the higher boiling point water condenses and falls back into the round bottom flask
The ethanol continues to rise slowly and reaches the distillation head where a thermometer registers its temperature If the temperature is kept at about 78 C by adjusting the heat ethanol will flow over to the Liebig condenser and turned back into a liquid
The Liebig condenser has a cold water jacket wrapped around a central tube and when the hot ethanol vapor comes in contact with the walls of the inner tube it loses heat and returns to a liquid state
The condensed ethanol drips down and is collected in the smaller round bottom flask
Source wwwchemistrydailycomchemistryupload116Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatuspng
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
52
Experiment 5
Question
You have a solution of oil and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
53
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
54
Separating funnel
bullSeparating funnel clamp stand Erlynmeyer flaskbull20ml of oil and water mixture (5050 WV)MaterialsbullSet up the equipment as shown in diagrambullPlace 20 ml of solution into separating funnelbullAllow the mixture to settle then slowly release valve and allow the bottom layer to flow out into the flask below bullClose valve when the last drop of the bottom layer has been released into flask
MethodbullThe mixture separates into 2 distinct layers
Results amp Observations
bull Water has a higher density than oil It therefore sinks to the bottom of the separating funnel
bull The two components are highly immiscible that is they do not mix well with each other and form a distinctly visible phase boundary between the two upon settling which allows the easy separation using just the human eye
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metdescribe the separating methods of layer separation
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
55
Set u
p o
f sep
ara
ting
fun
nel
ap
para
tus
Results of experiment
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
56
Experiment 6
Question
You have a mixture of sand and water How would you separate them
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
57
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
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Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
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Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
58
Decantation
bull100ml beaker 50 ml beaker glass stirring rodbull30ml of sand and water suspension (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 50 ml beakerbullAllow to stand until the sand settles to bottom and the mixture looks fully transparentbullPour the mixture slowly into the 100 ml beaker Use the glass stirring rod to prevent any of the sand sediment from being poured into the beaker
MethodbullThe mixture went from opaque to transparent with white sediment settling to the bottom upon standing
Results amp Observations
bull The sand and water mixture formed a suspension The solute sand could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The sand particles settled to the bottom as it was denser than water and insoluble
bull The separation of the two components after standing (this process is known as sedimentation) can be done using just the eye as the separation is very distinct However there is a possibility that some sand particles are left in the beaker
Analysis amp Conclusion
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DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023
59
Prepared by JGL
DecantationSedimentation Decantation
Source wwwtutorbenecomcms_imagesdecantationbmp
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
60
Experiment 7
Question
You have a solution of table salt and water How would you retrieve the salt from the solution
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
61
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
SolutionColloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
62
Evaporation crystallization
bullEvaporating dish heating pad heating stand Bunsen burnerbull20ml of salt and water solution (5050 WV)
MaterialsbullPlace solution into evaporating dishbullSet up apparatus as shown in diagrambullLight Bunsen burner and heat solution slowly starting with a low flame and gradually increasing the heatbullContinue heating until all liquid evaporates bullTurn off Bunsen burner Allow residue to cool
MethodbullAll water evaporatesbullThe solution gradually turns to solid crystals
Results amp Observations
bull The water in the solution reaches its boiling point and chnages state from liquid to gas (water vapour)
bull NaCl is an ionic solid which has a very high boiling point as compared to water and remains in the solid state
bull This method is only useful for separating the mixturersquos components when the solvent (in this case water) is not to be retrieved at the end of the experiment
Analysis amp Conclusion
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
63
Evaporation and crystallizationEvaporating dish
Heating stand or tripod
Bunsen burner
Heating pad or wire gauze
Salt water solution
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesevaporationjpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
64
Experiment 8
Question
You have a solution of chalk and water How would you retrieve both components of the mixture
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
65
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Susp
ensi
on
Solution
Colloid
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
66
Filtration
bull Filter paper funnel 100 ml beaker Erlenmeyer flaskbull 30ml of chalk and water solution (5050 WV)MaterialsbullPlace mixture into 100 ml beakerbullFold filter paper as shown in diagram belowbullPlace in funnel then place funnel into Erlenmeyer flaskbullPour mixture into funnel slowly until the entire mixture is transferred without spilling out of funnelbullAllow the mixture to separate out completely before removing the filter paper
Methodbull The chalk remains as residue on the filter paperbull The water comes out in the Erlenmeyer flask
Results amp Observations
bull The chalk and water mixture formed a suspension The solute chalk could not completely mix with the water ie It was partially insoluble
bull The chalk particles are larger than the water molecules and cannot pass through the porous filter paper
bull The water molecules are small enough to pas s through the filter paper
bull This difference in particle size allows the chalk to be separated from the water via the process of filtration
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement met1 describe the separating methods of filtration2 carry out filtration in the laboratory and write up notes about
the procedure and results3 recognize that filtration separates particle based on size
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
67
Pro
ced
ure
for fl
ute
d fi
lter
pap
er
This is used when you need to get faster filtration
Source wwwtheresasaknocompopuppopupaspsid=D674F0CE-C7CB-4A46-94EA-1E79AD64C378ampimgname=034jpg
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
68
Source www3moeedusgedumalltldigital_resourceschemistryimagesfiltrationjpg
Mixture of chalk and
water (suspension)
Water molecules
Chalk particles
The water molecules are smaller than the chalk particles They are small enough to pass through the pores of the filter paper
Filter paper
Beaker
Beaker
Funnel
Water
Filter paper
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
69
How
to fi
ltrate
a h
ot s
olu
tion
Click icon to add pictureMaterials required1 Clamp stand 2 Short stem glass funnel3 Glass stirring rod4 Filter paper (fluted)5 Erlenmeyer flask6 Cloth
A filtration procedure called hot gravity filtration is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution
Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate
Source wwwchemistrymcmasterca~chem2o6labmanualexpt1exp1-f3gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
70
Source httpblogkhymosorgwp-content200709stock-filtrationpng
Vacuum FiltrationVacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a desired solid for instance the collection of crystals in a recrystallization procedure
Vacuum filtration uses either a Buchner or a Hirsch funnel
Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration because the solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure The reduced pressure requires that they be carried out in special equipment1 Buchner or Hirsch funnel 2 heavy-walled side arm filtering flask 3 rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum 4 vacuum source
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
71
Experiment 9
Question
How would you separate the pigments in screened methyl orange
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
72
Dete
rmin
ing t
he c
orr
ect
se
para
tion
tech
niq
ue
What is the state of matter of components in mixture
Are the components ionic covalent or mixed
Solvent extraction
Does on the components sublime
Sublimation
Are the components in the mixture miscible
Do they have differing boiling points
Fractional distillation
Do they have differing densities
Separating funnel
Is the mixture a solution suspension or colloid
Do the components have widely differing particle sizes
Decantation
Filtration
Do the components have widely differing boiling points
Evaporation amp crystallization
Simple distillation
Chromatography
Both are
ionic
Sol
idS
olid
Liq
uid
Liq
uid
If mixe
d
Solid
Liq
uid
If miscible
If imm
iscible
Sus
pens
ion
Solution
Collo
id
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
73
Chromatography
bull Chromatography paper glass rod beakerbull 5ml screened methyl orange 50ml waterMaterialsbullScreened methyl orange is dissolved in water and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper bullAlongside it are spotted known colours on a start line bullThe paper is carefully dipped into water which is absorbed into the paper and rises up itbullThe distance moved by the solvent is marked on carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre of the coloured spots is also measured
Methodbull Two different colours appear on the chromotogram at different
points on the paperbull Rf = distance moved by dissolved substance (solute) distance
moved by solventbull The Rf value is calculated for each spot
Results amp Observations
bull Due to different solubilities and different molecular adhesion some colours move more than others up the paper so effecting the separation of the different coloured molecules
Analysis amp Conclusion
Syllabus requirement metidentify other methods of separation such as chromatography
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
74
Chromatography
The material to be separated eg a food dye (6) is dissolved in a
solvent and carefully spotted onto chromatography paper sheet Alongside it are spotted known colours on a start line (1-5)
The paper is carefully dipped into a solvent which is absorbed into the paper and rises up it The solvent may be water or an organic liquid like an alcohol (eg ethanol) or a
hydrocarbon so-called non-aqueous solvents
For accurate work the distance moved by the solvent is marked on
carefully with a pencil and the distances moved by each centre
of the coloured spots is also measured These can be compared with known substances BUT if so
the identical paper and solvent must be used
Any colour which horizontally matches another is likely to be the same molecule ie red (1 and 6) brown (3 and 6) and blue (4 and 6) match showing these three are all in the food dye (6)
These are the pigments present in the dye
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
75
Industrial usesMethods used in industry for separating mixtures
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
76
ChromatographyCalculation of Rf values
The distance a substance moves compared to the distance the solvent front moves is called the reference or Rf value
00ltRflt10 whereRf = 00 (not moved - no good)Rf = 10 (too soluble - no good either)
Rf ratio values between 01 and 09 can be useful for analysis and identification
Chromatography can be used to separate the amino acids in proteins
and to separate drugs in pharmaceutical laboratories
Rf
distance moved by dissolved substance (solute)
distance moved by solvent
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
77
Cen
trifug
atio
n
Click icon to add pictureCentrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures used in industry and in laboratory settings
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Increasing the effective gravitational force on a test tube causes the precipitate to gather on the bottom of the tube
The remaining solution is properly called the supernate The supernate is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a pipette
Source httpwwwfreewebscomltaingcentrifuge2gif
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
78
Cen
trifug
atio
n o
f blo
od
Click icon to add picture Centrifugation is used to separate the components in blood
A centrifuge separates out blood components by their various densities
The red blood cells (RBCs) are denser and move to the bottom of the tube
The plasma fraction is the least dense and will float as the top layer
The buffy coat which contains the majority of platelets will be sandwiched between the plasma and above the RBCs
Syllabus requirement metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures - centrifugation used to separate components of blood body fluids in laboratory testing
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023
79
Prepared by JGL
Fractional distillation in industryContinuous fractionating column
How it works
This is an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction However many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream
The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023
80
Prepared by JGL
Fractionating columns in industryHow it works
Bubble cap trays in fractionating columns
Bubble-cap trays or plates are one of the types of physical devices which are used to provide good contact between the up-flowing vapour and the down-flowing liquid inside an industrial fractionating columnSyllabus requirements metName two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg fractional distillation used to obtained distilled spirits
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
81
Manufacture of rum and spiritsRum is distilled from the fermented products of sugar cane usually molasses As is the case with all distilled spirits rum is water white when first distilled Amber and dark coloured rums obtain their colour from caramel and the extractives from the oak barrel during ageing
Fermentation Fermentation is the process by which the sugar in molasses is converted into ethyl alcohol by the action of yeast
Distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour to produce another liquid
Still Distillation There are two (2) different styles usedRum produced by Wooden Continuous Still distillationRum produced by Copper Pot Still distillation
BlendingBlending is an art form and the Master Blender uses several different types and styles of rum to create a brand in much the same way that an artist uses different colours to create a painting
Ageing and CooperageRum ages best in oak barrels that have been charred on the inside and that nature does not allow for short cuts in the ageing process The cooperage is the area where the ageing barrels are assembled before filling
Soruce httpwoodsrumcoukimagesprocess_largegif
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023
82
Prepared by JGL
Filtration in industryWater purification plant Rapid sand filtration
First to quickly remove the impurities from the raw water a coagulant is added forming the impurities into large clumps that settle to the bottom
After this process the water passes through a coarse sand layer in a filter bed which cleanly removes the impurities
This method is effective even when the raw water is relatively turbid and can be used to treat large amounts of water using only a small area of land
Syllabus requirements metname two industrial methods of separating mixtures eg filtration in purification of domestic water supply
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
83
Separating mixtures in everyday life
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023
84
Prepared by JGL
Sieving is used in several waysCoarse-sieving threshed rice
Definition
Source httpwwwuclacukarchaeologystaffprofilesfullerbaligangbaligang-hand-sievejpg
Separation of a mixture of various-sized particles either dry or suspended in a liquid into two or more portions by passing through screens of specified mesh sizes
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023
85
Prepared by JGL
We use sifting in cookingSifting flour What is sifting
Sifting means to put (flour for example) through a sieve or other straining device in order to separate the fine from the coarse particles
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023
86
Prepared by JGL
We use strainers to make fruit juiceStraining juice Definition
To pass through strainer to separate solids from liquids
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-
04112023Prepared by JGL
87
All these are methods of filtration
Filtration The
process by which a
substance is passed through a filtering
medium in order to separate
larger particles
from smaller
particles
SievingSifting
Straining
Syllabus requirement met Identify sieving sifting and straining as everyday methods of filtration
- Mixtures and their separations
- Table of contents
- Syllabus requirements
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures
- Syllabus requirements - Mixtures (2)
- Pure and impure substances
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Elements versus compounds
- An element
- A compound
- Examples of elements and compounds
- Compounds versus Mixtures
- A mixture can be
- Match the following
- Classification of mixtures
- Mixtures can be
- Example of homogeneous mixtures
- Example of heterogeneous mixtures
- Mixtures can be same phase
- Or Mixtures can be mixed-phase
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Liquid-Liquid solutions
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Solutions
- Slide 27
- Table salt dissolving in water
- Separation of mixtures
- Slide 30
- Types of separation techniques
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Determinating the correct separation technique
- Experiments
- Experiment 1
- Determining the correct separation technique
- Sublimation
- Experiment 2
- Determining the correct separation technique (2)
- Solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction (2)
- Experiment 3
- Determining the correct separation technique (3)
- Simple distillation
- Slide 47
- Experiment 4
- Determining the correct separation technique (4)
- Fractional distillation
- Fractional distillation apparatus
- Experiment 5
- Determining the correct separation technique (5)
- Separating funnel
- Set up of separating funnel apparatus
- Experiment 6
- Determining the correct separation technique (6)
- Decantation
- Decantation (2)
- Experiment 7
- Determining the correct separation technique (7)
- Evaporation crystallization
- Evaporation and crystallization
- Experiment 8
- Determining the correct separation technique (8)
- Filtration
- Procedure for fluted filter paper
- Slide 68
- How to filtrate a hot solution
- Slide 70
- Experiment 9
- Determining the correct separation technique (9)
- Chromatography
- Chromatography (2)
- Industrial uses
- Chromatography (3)
- Centrifugation
- Centrifugation of blood
- Fractional distillation in industry
- Fractionating columns in industry
- Manufacture of rum and spirits
- Filtration in industry
- Separating mixtures in everyday life
- Sieving is used in several ways
- We use sifting in cooking
- We use strainers to make fruit juice
- All these are methods of filtration
-