mke pak nurcholis kelas r.pdf

7/21/2019 MKE pak nurcholis kelas R.pdf

1/9

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Turbines

Water

under

pr"..Er"

contains

energy.

Turbines

convert

thd

energy

in

water

into

rotating

mechanical

energy.

lmpulse

turbines

convert

the

kinetic

energy

of

a

iet

of

wafer to

mechanical

Reaction

tuibines

convert

potential

energy

in pressurized water

to

mechanical

energy.

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Selected References

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lm,pulse

Turbines

.:1

Tolerate

sand.

Easy

to

fabricate.

Efficient

at

wide a

range

of

head

and;flow.

A

nozzle

converts

pressurised

water

into a

high-speed

jet

of water.

:t

t

a

.t-i*n:yo.

by

Scott

Devis

.

Microhvdro

Desiqn

Manual

bY

Adam

Harvey

Waterturbine.com

for

picohydro

u

nits

BC

Hydro

Handbook

l

Idaho

National

Labs

a

o

lr

'

lmpulf,tsTu

Pelton

-

Low Flow

-

Medium

to

High

Head

Turgo

-

Medium Flow

-

Medium

to

High

Head

Crossflow

-

High Flow

-

Low to

Medium

Head

Pehon

Turbane-Canyon

lndusfies

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Pelton

Turbines

At least

one

jet

of

water

strike the buckets

at

atmospheric

pressure.

Maximum

jetrdiameter

about

t13

bqcket width.

More

jets

increase

flow

and

are use


3/9

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'S-pear

Valves

a'

'.

n spe#valve

changes

the

nozzle

size

withbut

stopping the

turbine.

Expensive.

]

(t

lr

beflectors

.

.Deflectors

can

be

used

to

vary

flow.

a

.

-Usually'used

for

emgrgency

stop

without causing

water hammer.

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Cressflow

Turbines

t

-

.

Banki or Mitchell tutbine.

.

Shaft orientgd

horizontally.

.

Rectangular

noizle

forms the

a

a

a

Cros$ow

Turbines

I

I

A draft

tube

increases

head.

Longer

blades

increase

flow and

power.

Part

flow

is

achieved with partition

vanes.

jet'

,,,..

Water strikes the blades twice.

a

A

control

vpne changes

jet

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Turbine Manufacturer3

Reaction Turbines

Expensive blade

manufacture.

High flow rates.

More site specific than

impulse.

Uses

pressure

drop across

turbine.

Cavitation

must be avoided.

High

turbine

speed at low head.

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Harris Hydro

-

Pelton

ES&D

-

Turgo

Platypus

-

Pelton

Canyon

-

Felton

Dependable,: Pelton, Turgo

Tamar,Designs Pty. Ltd.

-

Pelton, Turgo

HTSf Crossflow

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Reaction

Francis

,

-

Medium

Head

Propeller

and Kaplan

-

Low

Head

,

Pump

as

Turbine

-

Medium

Head

Francis

-*

Guide

vanes may

be

adjusted by

governor.

Efficiency decreases as

flow decreases.

,i

Water flow is radial from

exterior to

interior.

Clow

changes

giaouatty

from

radial

to axial.

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5/9

Propeller Turbine

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Pump as Turbine

Has

guide

vanes si{nilar to

Francis

Turbine.

A Kaplan

Turbine has

variable

pit-ch

blades.

Part

flow

efficiency

is

poor.

rl '

t

il)

a

Centrif&gal

pumps

may be used as

turbines.

,

Lqfv cost

due to

mass

production

No

dirgct

correlation

betwgen

pump

characteristics

and tu

rbi

n J cha

racteristics.

Flow i's fixed

for a

given

head;

Some

hanufacturers

have tested their

pumps

as

turbines.

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Turbine application

.

G&od for

grid-tie

with induction

motors.

Other

Turbines

Aquair

Gorlov

Helical

Turbine

Water Wheels

-

Otershot

-

Undershot

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o

a

a

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Turbine

'

j

Head

(pressure)

High

130m

+)

Medium Low

(


6/9

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Generators

Types of Generators

-

Synchronous

-

lnduction

.

-

DC

generatois-

:l

Characteristics of Generators

Selecting a Generator

Voltage Reguiationl

Governing

(speed

arid frequency)

-

Mechanical ,

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lnductio,n

Generator

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i

,-

Just an induction motor,with negative

slip.

UseU

most often

with

gridtie

systems.

Used

by some

for

bAttery

based

systems.

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,,-l

lnduction

Generator

Simple and robust.

Readily

available

qlrd

inexpensive.

Requires external excitation

trom

t$e

gr,id

or

from

i

capacitors.

I

,

Control is more difficult, especially foFinductive

loads.

It requires frequency controls

if nottied

to the

grid

o:

,{

'lr

"'

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+.

T.

t

Synchronous

Generator

Used in,almost

all stand-alone

applications.

Single

phase

used

up

to

10

kW.

Most

three

phase

are

smaller

than

equivalqnt

single

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'r

DC

Alternator

.

Produces rectified

alternating

cUrrent.

.

Readily

available.

.

Easy to service.

.

f

rheostat

controls

pxcitation.

,'

:,

Selecting a Generator

,.

A larger

generator:

-

makes

up

for

transn$sion losses

-

is required

for reactive loads.

.

An oversi4ed generator

-

is more

efficient.

\

'

-

allows for future

expansion.

-

runs

cooler.

Centripetal

t-. ,

during

over:speed can

damage

generators.

I.,r\)

Selecting 4,Generator

Type

(synchronous,

induction)

-

Stand-alone or

grid-tie

Single'or Three

phase

-

Loads

i

-

Generator

size

I

Voltage

.

-

Loads

-

Transmission

RPM )

-

Size and

availability

t

Size

I

'

Mechanical

Governing

.

Mechanical flow control is

not

common.

-

More expensive

-

Slower

reacting

I

-

Fine

for very large systems

.

Mechanical

d$lectors are used

for

emergency shut down.

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Electrpnic Gqaerning

o.

Frequency

goyprfring

is used for

synchronous

generators,

.

Voltage

governing

is

used$or

ind

generators

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9

*

.

Diversion

Loads

-

A

load must

ahrvays be

present.

-Wder

h6ating

orair

heating.

.

Diversion

lmds

may

be

useful

loads.

'.

"

':

l+.

-

'i

t

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,*

$

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i

-*

)

Diver$n

Controllers

Thomson

and

Howe Energy

Systemsl

Digital Load

Control

Governqr

for AC.

Thyristor

based.

Does

cause line

noise.

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ip

'E

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dr,

t

t/

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,

**,

O

Batteries

and Charge

tontrol

Sr

ri

:l

PurPose_of Batte1lg

Storage Battery T$rrns

tead Acid Batteri&

la"n"ryv"t;;;:

$

-

Battery

Capacity$

-

Battery Cycle Lifdrand Float'Life

I

.

B,attery

Charge

Control

,6

$

Vottage

set;p-oints

-

Three

stage charging

-

Equalization

{.

-

Temperature

Compensation

Batteries

.

Peaft

capacity

-

Simultaneous

loads

.

Surge capacity

It

-

Motor starting

t'

Provide

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Diversion

Loads

.

Heating

elements

-

Water

t^

-

Alr

.

Light

bulbs

can

burn

out.

,

-'l

-

t

{

,

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Diversion

Charge

C.ontrollers

.

Prevent

battery

overcharging.

.

Mangfacturers,

I

-

Xantrex/Trace

C-60/40/35

-Applied

Power

Enermaxer

lll

Jtolar

ConverterS

LDR.

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Dutf

Ratings

ord

Surge

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#verters

have

both

a

Continuous

rating

and

a

Surge

rating.

Surge

represents

motor

starting,

abilitY.

Surge ability dePends

i

on

input

voltage.

ln

general,

a

low

frequency

inverter

has

better

surge

characteristics.

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mke pak nurcholis kelas r.pdf

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