mmi meeting, march 2013 mick follows
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MMI meeting, March 2013 Mick Follows. How do ocean ecosystem models work? Applications and links to ‘ omics -based observations Physiological sub-models. Observed seasonal variation of phytoplankton at Georges Bank. Phytoplankton, B. J F M A M J J A S O N D. month. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
MMI meeting, March 2013Mick Follows
How do ocean ecosystem models work?Applications and links to ‘omics-based observationsPhysiological sub-models
Observed seasonal variation of phytoplankton at Georges Bank
G. Riley, J. Marine Res. 6, 54-73 (1946)
Phyt
opla
nkto
n, B
J F M A M J J A S O N D month
Riley’s mechanistic model
Rate of growth respiration grazingchange
B = phytoplankton biomass (mol C m-3)Z = zooplankton biomass (mol C m-3)μ= growth rate (s-1)K = respiration rate (s-1)g = grazing rate (s-1 (mol C m-3)-1)
Parameterization of growth
Riley (1946) Monod (1942)
Riley’s mechanistic model
growth respiration grazing
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Phyt
opla
nkto
n, B theoretical curve
observed
Extending Riley’s modelMonod and Droop kineticsNPZ-type models
e.g. Steele (1958)
N
P
Z
μKr
gPhytoplankton
Nutrient Zooplankton
Multiple resources, diverse populations
P
N
P
Z
D
N1 N2
Functional group models – multiple phytoplankton types
e.g. Chai et al (2002), Moore et al (2002)
Remotely sensed chlorophyll NASA MODIS
Ocean model
MOVIE – removed for compactness
Comparison of remotely sensed and simluated surface ocean chlorophyll
Phytoplankton diversity predicted by ocean model
Ocean model resolving O(100) phytoplankton types
Measures of diversityData Fuhrman et al (2008), model Barton et al (2010)
Fuhrman et al (2008)
Genomic mapping of ecotypes with known physiologies
Prochloroccocus
Data Johnson et al (2006); model Follows et al (2007)
Mapping of abundance of specific functional types
Data Church et al (2008), model Monteiro et al (2010)
Mapping of abundance of specific functional types
Data from Luo et al (2012)
Trade-offs define biogeography
Trade-offs for diazotrophynot dependent on fixed nitrogenhigh iron quotaslow maximum growth rate
Ocean model Fanny Monteiro
InterpretationResource ratio perspective (Tilman, 1982)Relative rates of delivery of N, P, Fe define range of diazotrophs (Ward et al, 2013; submitted)
Why do diazotrophs grow so slowly?
Why do nitrogen fixers grow slowly?
Physiological modelsFor biogeochemical modeling purposes we would like:
Flexible and prognostic elemental ratiosMechanistic understanding/parameterizations of population growth ratesRelatively few state variables for computational tractability
1940s 1960s 1970s 2000sMonod/ Droop/Caperon Shuter, McCarty MetabolicRedfield Internal stores Macro-molecular reconstruction, FBA
Flexible elemental ratiosFew state variablesGeneralized framework for heterotrophs/phototrophs
fixed elementalRatios, 1 state variable
Prognostic elemental ratios (Ecological Stoichiometry)
Must be backwards compatible
Model of Azotobacter Vinelandii• Nitrogen fixing soil bacteria• Conserve internal fluxes of
mass, electrons and energy• McCarty (1965), Vallino
et al (1996) …• Biophysical model of
substrate and O2 uptake• Pasciak and Gavis
(1974), Staal et al (2003), …
• Demand intra-cellular O2 ~ 0
Keisuke Inomura
pyruvate
“biomass”
sucroseNH4+
O2
CO2
O2
CO2
N2
C5H7O2N
Moleculardiffusion
Laboratory data: continuous cultureKuhle and Oetze (1988) Model (Keisuke Inomura)
[O2]
Low yields in oxygenated medium Slow growth rates if substrate limited
Genome-scale metabolic reconstructions and Flux Balance
Analysis
e.g. Palsson, Systems Biology, (2006)
Genome-scale models: Flux Balance Analysis
Reconstruction of significant fraction of metabolic pathways (e.g. Palsson, 2006)Explicit model of equilibrium fluxese.g. Varma and Palsson (1994)
predicts yield as function of substrate