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SAIDAI SA. DURAISAMYS MANIDHA NAEYAM FREE IAS ACADEMY

TNPSC GROUP II PART II - INTERVIEW NOTES

CURRENT GOVERNORS OF STATES

STATE NAME TOOK OFFICE

Andhra Pradesh E. S. L. Narasimhan 28 December 2009

Arunachal Pradesh Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa 01 June 2015

Assam Padmanabha Acharya 12 December 2014

Bihar Keshari Nath Tripathi 27 November 2014

Chhattisgarh Balram Das Tandon 25 July 2014

Goa Mridula Sinha 31 August 2014

Gujarat Om Prakash Kohli 16 July 2014

Haryana Kaptan Singh Solanki 27 July 2014

Himachal Pradesh Kalyan Singh 28 January 2015

Jammu and Kashmir Narinder Nath Vohra 25 June 2008

Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu 18 May 2015

Karnataka Vajubhai Vala 1 September 2014

Kerala P. Sathasivam 5 September 2014

Madhya Pradesh Ram Naresh Yadav 8 September 2011

Maharashtra C. Vidyasagar Rao 30 August 2014

Manipur Syed Ahmed 16 May 2015

Meghalaya V. Shanmuganthan 20 May 2015

Mizoram Nirbhay Sharma 26 May 2015

Nagaland Padmanabha Acharya 19 July 2014

Odisha S. C. Jamir 21 March 2013

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Punjab Kaptan Singh Solanki 22 January 2015

Rajasthan Kalyan Singh 4 September 2014

Sikkim Shriniwas Dadasaheb Patil

20 July 2013

Tamil Nadu K. Rosaiah 31 August 2011

Telangana E. S. L. Narasimhan 2 June 2014

Tripura Tathagata Roy 13 May 2015

Uttar Pradesh Ram Naik 22 July 2014

Uttarakhand Krishan Kant Paul 8 January 2015

West Bengal Keshari Nath Tripathi 24 July 2014

CURRENT LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS AND ADMINISTRATORS OF

UNION TERRITORIES

OFFICE AND UNION TERRITORY NAME TOOK OFFICE

Lieutenant Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

A. K. Singh 8 July 2013

Administrator of Chandigarh Kaptan Singh Solanki

22 January 2015

Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Ashish Kundra 18 August 2014

Administrator of Daman and Diu Ashish Kundra 18 August 2014

Lieutenant Governor of Delhi Najeeb Jung 9 July 2013

Administrator of Lakshadweep H. Rajesh Prasad 7 November 2012

Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry A. K. Singh 18 July 2014

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CURRENT CHIEF MINISTERS

STATE NAME TOOK OFFICE

Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu 8 June 2014

Arunachal Pradesh Nabam Tuki 1 November 2011

Assam Tarun Gogoi 17 May 2001

Bihar Nitish Kumar 22 February 2015

Chhattisgarh Raman Singh 7 December 2003

Delhi Arvind Kejriwal 14 February 2015

Goa Laxmikant Parsekar 8 November 2014

Gujarat Anandiben Patel 22 May 2014

Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar 26 October 2014

Himachal Pradesh Virbhadra Singh 25 December 2012

Jammu and Kashmir Mufti Mohammad Sayeed 1 March 2015

Jharkhand Raghuvar Das 28 December 2014

Karnataka Siddaramaiah 13 May 2013

Kerala Oommen Chandy 18 May 2011

Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan 29 November 2005

Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis 31 October 2014

Manipur Okram Ibobi Singh 2 March 2002

Meghalaya Mukul Sangma 20 April 2010

Mizoram Lal Thanhawla 7 December 2008

Nagaland T. R. Zeliang 24 May 2014

Odisha Naveen Patnaik 5 March 2000

Puducherry N. Rangaswamy 16 May 2011

Punjab Parkash Singh Badal 1 March 2007

Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje 13 December 2013

Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling 12 December 1994

Tamil Nadu Jayalalithaa 23 May 2015

Telangana K. Chandrashekar Rao 2 June 2014

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Tripura Manik Sarkar 11 March 1998

Uttar Pradesh Akhilesh Yadav 15 March 2012

Uttarakhand Harish Rawat 1 February 2014

West Bengal Mamata Banerjee 20 May 2011

LIST OF OFFICE-HOLDERS IN INDIA

CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICES

OFFICE NAME SINCE

President of India Pranab Mukherjee 25 July 2012

Vice President of India / Chairman of the Rajya Sabha

Mohammad Hamid Ansari

11 August 2007

Chief Justice of India H. L. Dattu 28 September 2014

POLITICAL OFFICES

OFFICE NAME SINCE

Prime Minister of India Narendra Damodardas Modi 26 May 2014

Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Sumitra Mahajan 6 June 2014

POLITICAL OFFICIAL

OFFICE NAME

Minister of Defence Manohar Parrikar

Minister of External Affairs Sushma Swaraj

Minister of Finance Arun Jaitley

Minister of Home Affairs Rajnath Singh

Minister of Agriculture Radha Mohan Singh

Minister of Human Resource Development (India)

Smriti Irani

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HEADS OF GOVT APEX WING

NO OFFICE NAME

1 Chief Election Commissioner of India Syed Nasim Ahmad Zaidi

2 Chairperson, National Human Rights Commission

Justice K. G. Balakrishnan

3 Chief Commissioner, Central Information Commission

Rajeev Mathur

4 Chairman, National Commission for Minorities

Naseem ahamad

5 Chairman, National Commission for SC P. L. Punia

6 Chairman, National Commission for ST Rameshwar Oraon

7 Chairperson, National Commission for Women

Lalitha Kumaramangalam

8 Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission Ratan Kumar Sinha

9 Chairman, ISRO A S Kiran Kumar

10 Chairman, Union Public Service Commission Deepak Gupta

11 Chairman, National Knowledge Commission Sam Pitroda

12 Chairman, University Grants Commission Ved Prakash

13 Chairman, Central Water Commission of India

Ashwin B. Pandya

HEADS OF FINANCIAL BODIES

OFFICE NAME SINCE

Chairman, 14th Finance Commission of India

Y.Venugopal Reddy 3 January 2013

Governor of Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan 4 September 2013

Chairman, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

Upendra Kumar Sinha

18 February 2011

Chairman, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority

T. S. Vijayan 23 February 2013

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BUREAUCRATS

NO OFFICE NAME

1 Cabinet Secretary of India Ajit Seth

2 National Security Adviser Ajit Kumar Doval

3 Secretary-General of the Rajya Sabha Shumsher K. Sheriff

4 Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha Anoop Mishra

5 Attorney General of India Mukul Rohatgi

6 Comptroller and Auditor General of India

Shashi Kant Sharma

7 Solicitor General of India Ranjit Kumar

8 Principal Scientific Adviser R. Chidambaram

9 Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations

Asoke Kumar Mukerji

10 Chairman, Railway Board AK Mittal

11 Foreign Secretary Subrahmanyam Jaishankar

11 Union Home Secretary LC Goyal

12 Finance Secretary Rajiv Mehrishi

DEFENCE AND SECURITY

NO OFFICE NAME

1 Chief of Army Staff General Dalbir Singh Suhag

2 Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha

3 Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Robin K Dhowan

4 Chief of Integrated Defence Staff Air Marshal PP Reddy

5 Director General, Border Security Force D K PATHAK

6 Director General, Central Reserve Police Force Prakash Mishra

7 Director General, Central Industrial Security Force

Arvind Ranjan

8 Director-General of Military Intelligence Lt. Gen K G Krishna

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9 Director, Central Bureau of Investigation ANIL KUMAR Sinha

10 Director, Intelligence Bureau Dineshwar Sharma

11 Director General, National Investigation Agency

Sharad Kumar

12 Secretary (Research) Rajinder Khanna

13 Member (Investigation CBDT) Anita Kapur

TAMIL NADU

ESTABLISHED 26 January 1950

BOUNDED BY

Tamil Nadu is bounded by Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka on West

Kerala on the East

The Bay of Bengal and on South by the Indian Ocean.

CAPITAL Chennai

LARGEST CITY Chennai

DISTRICTS 32

TOTAL AREA 130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi)

AREA RANK 11th

TOTAL POPULATION (2011)

72,138,958

POPULATION RANK 6th

DENSITY 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)

LITERACY 80.3 per cent (2011 census)

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE Tamil

FLOWER Kandhal

TREE Palmera Palm

BIRD Emerald Dove

ANIMALS Nilgiri Tahr

IMPORTANT FACTS i. It was one of the first of British settlements in

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India.

ii.Tamil Nadu is home to man natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hi stations, beach resorts multi-religious pilrime sites an UNESCO world heritage sight.

iii. Its economy depends largely on agriculture.

iv. Chennai, Tuticorin and Ennore are the major ports in the State Tamil Nadu.

v. Major industries in Tamil Nadu are cotton textiles, chemical fertilizers, paper and its products, diesel engine, iron and steel, railway wagons and coaches etc

NEIGHBOURING STATES

Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry (UT)

SEA Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean

NEIGHBOURING COUNTRY

Sri Lanka

TELANGANA ESTABLISHED 2 June 2014

CAPITAL Hyderabad

LARGEST CITY Hyderabad

DISTRICTS 10

TOTAL AREA 114,840 km2 (44,340 sq mi)

AREA RANK 12th

TOTAL POPULATION (2011)

35,193,978

POPULATION (2011) RANK

12th

LITERACY 66.50%

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE Telugu, Urdu

EMBLEM Kakatiya Toranam, Charminar

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LANGUAGE Telugu and Urdu

SONG Jaya Jaya He Telangana Janani Jayakethanam

ANIMAL Deer

BIRD Palapitta (Indian Roller)

FLOWER Tanged Puvvu

TREE Jammi tree (Prosopis cineraria)

JUDICIAL APPOINTMENT COMMISSION BILL 2014

Judicial independence is an absolute necessity for maintaining the rule of law and fair judicial administration in the country.

The independent judiciary plays an important role in controlling the arbitrary act of the administration. The passing of the National Judicial Appointment Bill abolishes the collegium system.

COLLEGIUM SYSTEM

The collegium is a system under which judges of the Supreme Court and High Court are appointed and transferred by a forum comprising of the Chief Justice of India, along with four senior-most judges of the Supreme- Court.

The collegium system came into force based on three different judgements of the Supreme Court, popularly known as the "Three Judges Case".

The 1981, S.P. Gupta vs. Union of India case is the first one and is popularly known as the "First judges Case". In this case it was held that the opinion of the executive should have primacy regarding appointment of judges to higher judiciary.

But in S.C. Advocates on-record Association Vs. Union of India 1993 case, also known as "Second Judges Case", the decision in 'S.P. Gupta case' was overruled and was held that, the opinion of Chief Justice of India has primacy in the appointment of judges.

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In this case the Supreme Court has made it clear that, the appointment has to be done in consultation with a collegium of judges of the Supreme Court. The collegium should consist of the Chief Justice of India and two senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.

However, in the third judgment, which is exactly not a case but a presidential reference, the apex court has held that the collegium should consist of the Chief Justice of India and four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.

It is made dear that, in the appointment of judges of Supreme Court and High Court, primacy is given to the opinion of the Chief Justice of India which should reflect the opinion of judiciary i.e, opinion of plurality of judges.

The court has observed that the expression "consultation with the Chief Justice of India" in Article 217(1) and 222(1) requires consultation with a plurality of judges in formation of the opinion of the Chief Justice of India. This reference made by the President is known as the "Third Judges Case".

ADVANTAGES OF COLLEGIUM SYSTEM

The judges of the High Court and Supreme Court are better aware of the performance of the lawyers and lower judiciary. Therefore they are better placed to recommend names for appointment to higher judiciary.

The performance of the lawyer or judge of the lower judiciary is the sole consideration for recommending or selecting a name.

The delay in the selection process is minimal.

It guarantees independence to judiciary. It does not have room for political interference.

DRAWBACK OF COLLEGIUM SYSTEM

Like all other good things, this system has some pitfalls too, like lack of transparency in selection of judges etc.

A series of events were recently revealed by Justice Markandey Katju, a former Supreme Court judge that compelled everyone to question the transparency of the collegium.

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Katju revealed that a politically connected Madras High Court judge was allowed to stay in the bench despite having corruption charges against him. He also explained the unreliability of the collegium system by referring to the recommendation of an eminent lawyer to the bench.

BACKGROUND OF NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISSION BILL

Interestingly, the National Judicial Appointments Commission Bill is a legislation that is intended to give effect to a broader Government plan of changing the mode of appointment of judges to the High court and the Supreme Court.

The Constitution that already deals with appointment of judges to the Supreme Court and to the High Courts had never envisaged any such commission in the first place.

So, the Constitution itself had to be first amended before any such Commission could be put into place. The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty First Amendment) Bill, 2014(' Amendment Bill') was therefore introduced in the Parliament for the purpose of amending certain provisions of the Constitution.

This Amendment Bill is required to be first passed by three quarters of the membership of both.

Houses of the Parliament. The Lok Sabha passed this Amendment Bill on 13-August-2014 and the Rajya Sabha passed this Amendment Bill on 14-August-2014.

However, because this Amendment Bill seeks to modify certain provisions of the Constitution that deal with the appointment of judges to the Supreme Court and of appointment, elevation and transfer of judges to the High Courts, this Amendment Bill should also be ratified by half of all state legislatures in the country in order to become a valid amendment to the Constitution.

Essentially, the Legislatures of not less than fifteen of the twenty nine States must now individually and separately pass a resolution by majority to support this Amendment Bill.

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121ST CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT BILL, 2014

According to the Statement of Objects and Reason of the Bill, there is a need for

a broad based National Judicial Appointment Commission (NJAC), for making recommendations for selection of judges.

The Bill seeks to enable equal participation of Judiciary and Executive, ensure that the appointments to the higher judiciary are more participatory, transparent and objective.

CREATION OF THE NJAC:

Article 124 (2) of the Constitution provides that the President will make appointments of Supreme Court (SC) and High Court(HC) judges after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and other SC and HC judges as he considers necessary.

The Bill amends Article 124 (2) of the Constitution to provide for a Commission, to be known as the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). The NJAC would then make recommendations to the President for appointments of SC and HC judges.

COMPOSITION OF THE NJAC:

A new Article, Article 124A provides for the composition of the NJAC. The NJAC would consist of:

Chief Justice of India (Chairperson)

Two senior most Supreme Court Judges

The Union Minister of Law and Justice

Two eminent persons (to be nominated by a committee consisting of the Chief Justice of India, Prime Minster of India and the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha)

Of the two eminent persons, one person would be from the SC/ST/OBC/minority

communities or be a woman. The eminent persons shall be nominated for a period of three years and shall not be eligible for re-nomination. .

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FUNCTIONS OF THE NJAC:

A new Article, Article 124B, provides for the functions of the NJAC which include:

Recommending persons for appointment as Chief Justice of India, Judges of

the Supreme Court, Chief Justices of High Courts and other Judges of High Courts; The NJAC shall not recommend a person for appointment if any two of its members do not agree to such recommendation.

Recommending transfer of Chief Justices and other Judges of High Courts

from one High Court to any other High Court; and

Ensuring that the persons recommended are of ability and integrity.

REFERENCE TO COMMISSION FOR FILLING UP OF VACANCIES

When a vacancy arises in the SC or HCs, the central government will make a

reference to the NJAC.

Existing vacancies will be notified to the NJAC within thirty days of the Act entering into force.

When a vacancy arises due to the completion of term, a reference will be made to the NJAC, six months in advance.

For vacancies due to death or resignation, a reference must be made to the NJAC within thirty days of its occurrence. Power of Parliament to make law on procedures: A new Article, Article 124C, enables Parliament to pass a law to:

Regulate the procedure of appointments, and

Empower the NJAC to lay down the procedure for its functioning, and manner of selection of persons for appointment, through regulations.

POWER OF THE PRESIDENT TO REQUIRE RECONSIDERATION

The President may require the NJAC to reconsider the recommendations made

by it.

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If the NJAC makes a unanimous recommendation after such reconsideration, the President shall make the appointment accordingly.

ADVANTAGE OF NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISSION BILL

transparency in selection more accountability in judiciary

DISADVANTAGE OF NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISSION BILL

It gives enough scope for political interference which is a threat to judicial independence.

It also violates the basic structure of the constitution and concept of separation of powers.

Procedural delay in appointment, tampering with IB reports of a candidate not having good rapport with political parties.

The Bill allows two members of the commission to scuttle the appointment of an individual. Such a provision can be misused. Judges will have to devote extra time for discussing the issues in commission which will hamper the normal judicial process thereby increasing the pendency of cases.

So, to maintain its full-fledged freedom and uprightness, the judiciary should have predominant role in the commission. The role of executive should be limited to transparency only. In absence of these features, the survival of democracy would be in peril.

SC dismisses all the PILs challenging 121st Amendment and National Judicial Commission

Bill 2014

A Three Judges Bench of the Supreme Court dismissed a batch of PILs challenging the 121st

Constitutional amendment and National Judicial Commission Bill 2014 which provides for a new mechanism for appointment of lodges in higher Judiciary and for scrapping the collegium system prevalent for the past two decades.

THE PETITION IS FILED ON THE FOLLOWING MAIN GROUNDS

The proposed Constitution (One hundred and twenty first Amendment) takes away the primacy of the collective opinion of the Chief Justice of India and the two senior most Judges of the Supreme Court of India, next to the Chief Justice of India i.e. even" if all three senior most judges of the Supreme Court of India

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collectively recommend an appointee, the appointment is liable to be vetoed by the other three members, one of whom is part of the executive (Minister in government) and the other two ("eminent persons") not selected unanimously but amongst the Prime Minister, CJI and leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha.

As per the law laid down by this Court, it would not be possible to challenge any law made under the proposed Article 124C on the ground that it results in the erosion of the Independence of the Judiciary thereby damaging the Basic Structure of the Constitution. Article 124C leaves open enormous scope for the Parliament, by ordinary legislation, to give primacy to the Executive or Veto powers to the Executive or other unchecked powers to the Executive for the appointment of Judges to the higher Judiciary.

If any two Members of the Commission do not agree to the recommendations of the three senior most Judges of the Supreme Court of India for appointment, the appointment is not to be made.

The criteria of suitability for appointment as a Judges is to be specified by "regulations" and these Regulations are to be made by "the Commission" where the three senior most judges do not have a predominate vote. This again is a total negation of the concept of the 'independence of the judiciary" and is violative of the basic structure of the constitution.

JUVENILE JUSTICE BILL - 2014 The Union Cabinet approved amendments to the Juvenile Justice Act. The Bill

will open pathways to treat minors above 16 years of age, who are accused of heinous crimes like rape and murder, as adults.

The proposed amendment come against the backdrop of outrage over the lighter punishment of three years given to a minor convicted in the December 16, 2012 Delhi gangrape case.

THE AMENDMENTS

The amendment will pave the way for 16 to 18 year olds to be treated as adults when involved in heinous crimes such as rape, acid attack.

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The proposal will empower the Juvenile Justice Board to decide whether a minor above 16 years involved in heinous crimes is to be sent in observation home or tried in a regular court.

According to the Bill, juvenile cannot be given death sentence or life imprisonment under any circumstance. The Bill also makes corporal punishment and ragging criminal offences which the existing JJ Act did not cover.

Corporal punishment could invite a maximum jail term of three years. Ragging will invite up to three years imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 10,000.

The proposed amendments also include facilitating faster adoption of children and setting up foster care homes.

The Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) has been proposed as the statutory body, now it will have powers to regulate inter-country adoptions along with issuing guidelines on adoption and related matter.

JUVENILE

A "Juvenile" or "Child" means a person who has not completed 18 years of age. Section 2 (k) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 defines "juvenile" or "Child" as a person who has not completed eighteenth year of age.

WHAT PRESENT LAW STATES?

Last time, the juvenile justice legislation was overhauled was in 2000. The present law allows a maximum sentence for any crimes of three years of confinement in a youth reformatory.

The law fails to express the minimum age, lacks concept of parental responsibility. It also fails to provide for procedural guarantees like right to counsel and right to speedy trial.

It does not take into account the orders and directions of the Supreme Court and High Courts relating to determination of the age of the child.

It empowers the Juvenile Justice Board to give a child in adoption; even though, it is the Child Welfare Committee that deals with children in need have care and protection.

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The Act is also silent on issues like child labour, primary education, sexual abuse, adoption, disabilities and health.

HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVISTS CRITICIZING THE BILL

Human-rights activists and experts have criticized the new Bill, saying that the nature of a crime does not establish the mental maturity of juveniles. Experts say that the amendment violates basic child rights.

BILL DRAFTED BY MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT

The Bill was drafted in June by the Ministry of Women and Child Development to change the country's juvenile justice law.

It will now be submitted to Parliament for approval. According to the National Crime Records Bureau, in 2012, 1,175 minors were booked for rape in India, up from 1,149 in 2011.

The number of juveniles held for rape in 2013 is 1,388. Owing to the rise and brutality of sexual assaults particularly by juveniles on young girls and women, there was an increasing sense of urgency to create legal avenues for some deterrence to warn off the under-age perpetrators.

However, India being a signatory to the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules) that came into effect on 29 November 1985 had so far refrained from making any changes to its Juvenile Justice laws.

For purposes of these Rules, the following definitions shall be applied by Member States in a manner which is compatible with their respective legal systems and concepts:

A juvenile is a child or young person who, under the respective legal systems, may be dealt with for an offence in a manner which is different from an adult;

An offence is any behaviour (act or omission) that is punishable by law under the respective legal systems;

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A juvenile offender is a child or young person who is alleged to have committed or who has been found to have committed an offence.

But following the Delhi gangrape incident, BJP leader Subramanian Swamy had approached the Supreme Court seeking changes in the laws for those juveniles who willfully commits heinous crimes.

A REAL STEP BACK

The United Nations International Children's Education Fund (UNICEF) has termed the decision as a "real step back" - apprehending that the new JJ Bill could be a significant deviation from the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, which was promulgated in compliance with the Child Rights Convention of 1989 (CRC).

The CRC provided in Article 40.1 that the children accused of offences should be tried separately from adults 'in a manner consistent with the child's sense of dignity and worth. (In 1992, India was a signatory to the Child Rights Convention 1989).

Without any attempt to sidetracking the UNICEF concerns, it is important to

understand the necessity of the new laws to discourage teenaged delinquents from committing heinous crimes such as rape and murder.

EBOLA

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the Ebola outbreak in West Africa to be a public health emergency of international concern. A WHO committee of experts is calling for a coordinated international response to stop this deadly disease at its source and prevent it from spreading to other countries.

The Director-General of the World Health Organization," Margaret Chan, says recommendations issued by the committee aim to contain existing outbreaks in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia and to prevent further international spread. The Ebola outbreak in West Africa is the largest and worst in history.

Latest WHO figures put the number of cases at more than 1,700, including 932 deaths. WHO notes it is particularly difficult to bring the disease under control

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because the three heavily infected West African countries are all emerging from civil conflicts that have left them with weak, fragile health systems.

The movement of people should be stopped in the so-called hot spot for the disease, the cross-border area of Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia. The countries having no cases of Ebola Virus should have good surveillance that can pick up suspect Ebola cases.

In a globalized world, that people can travel anywhere, so all countries should be prepared to identify potential cases and, they should also make sure that they have access to proper laboratory, diagnostic laboratory testing.

The WHO committee recommends the screening of all people at international airports, seaports and major land crossings for unexplained fevers consistent with Ebola infection. It says countries infected with the virus should not hold mass gatherings, such as football matches, until the disease is under control.

EXPERIMENTAL EBOLA DRUG CURED 100% OF MONKEYS TESTED

In what scientists are calling a "monumental achievement," an experimental medication called ZMapp, given on a compassionate basis to a handful of Ebola victims in the current outbreak, cured 100% of monkeys treated with it.

ZMapp, made by Mapp Biopharmaceuticals of San Diego, is in the early stage of development and has never been formally tested in humans. The drug allowed all 18 rhesus macaques infected with a lethal dose of Ebola to recover.

The drug worked even when given five days after infection. In monkeys given ZMapp, however, the drug reversed severe symptoms, including severe bleeding, rashes and elevated liver enzymes, a sign of liver failure.

Three weeks after infection, tests showed the surviving animals had no detectable Ebola virus in their blood. Doctors used a different strain of Ebola virus in their study than the one that's currently circulating in West Africa

However, they tested ZMapp in test tubes against the current strain and found that it blocked infection. Although ZMapp hasn't been tested for safety in humans, its manufacturer shared a handful of doses with Ebola victims as a last-ditch effort to save their lives.

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Four of those patients including two Americans and two Liberian health workers survived after taking the drug. A fifth aid worker, who is now being treated in London, also has begun treatment with ZMapp.

A Spanish priest and Liberian doctor given ZMapp died. Ebola has infected more than 3,000 people in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria and Senegal, killing half of them, according to the World Health Organization. Senegal reported its first case of Ebola on 29th August.

In a worrying development, researchers reported that the Zaire strain of Ebola virus, the type now circulating in West Africa, appears to have mutated from its original form. The virus appears to be changing as it moves across Africa.

KEY FACTS ABOUT EBOLA

Ebola first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, in Nzara. Sudan, and in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter was in a village situated near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.

Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhage fever is a severe, often fatal illness in humans.

EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 90%.

EVD outbreaks occur primarily in remote villages in Central and West Africa, near tropical rainforests.

The Virus is transmitted lo people from vv ild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission.

Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the natural host of the Ebola virus.

Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. No licensed specific treatment or vaccine is available for use in people or animals

EVD is a severe acute viral illness often characterized by the sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat, this is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding.

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HOW DOES ZMAPP WORK Antibodies are proteins used by the immune system to mark and destroy

foreign, or harmful, cells. A monoclonal antibody is similar, except it's engineered in a lab so it will attach to specific parts of a dangerous cell.

Monoclonal antibodies are used to treat many different types of conditions. The medicine given to a three-mouse monoclonal antibody, meaning that mice were exposed to fragments of the Ebola virus, and then the antibodies generated within the mice's blood were harvested to create the medicine.

However the drug can also be produced with proteins made from tobacco plants found in Australia. The plants are altered specifically for the serum and then harvested and ground into the green mix used in the serum doses.

The plants serve as an ideal place to grow the massive amounts of the antibodies needed for the treatment. The genes of the antibodies are fused to the tobacco genes, infecting the tobacco with the virus. The plant produces antibodies that are subsequently separated from the plant when it is ground up.

EBOLA IN INDIA

International airport are constantly receiving passengers travelling from Ebola-affected West African countries. State governments have been requested to screen all passengers coming from those areas.

They are being categorized as low risk, medium risk and high risk individuals. As of now, about 821 passengers are being tracked for the deadly Ebola virus, confirmed by the health ministry. According to the statement of the health ministry, most of these travellers belong to the states of Maharashtra, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

In an attempt to protect the population of India, the Supreme Court issued notice to the central government on a PIL (Public Interest Litigation) seeking direction that passengers coming on international flights from Ebola-affected countries in African be screened to ensure that they are free of deadly virus.

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The bench urged for direction that the government should take immediate steps for the screening of passengers on the flights from affected countries and to take adequate steps to prevent and cure the deadly epidemic. Petitioner Vineet Dhanda also sought putting in place all the facilities at the airports to isolate and treat the possibly-affected travellers from these countries to avoid infection.

He also sought the direction that the central as well as the Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Delhi governments to take steps to maximise the spread of information about deadly epidemic to create awareness throughout the country.

Dhanda, in his PIL, told the court that the epidemic has been declared as Global Health Emergency by the World Health Organisation, as the outbreak of virus is moving faster than it can be controlled.

THE REASONS WHY EBOLA IN INDIA HAVE A VERY SCARY SCENARIO:

HIGH RATE OF SPREAD: The virus seems to spread very quickly from one human to another and it can

spread through body fluids like blood, saliva, stool, urine, sweat, etc. This makes it extremely dangerous in a densely populated country like ours where it's easy to catch the virus while travelling, in offices or in any other public area. The disease can also spread through soiled clothing, bed linen or used needles.

HIGH FATALITY RATE: According to the WHO, EVD (Ebola Virus Disease) outbreaks have a fatality

rate of 90%. Currently, there is no licensed treatment or vaccine for the disease, either for humans or animals. The only way to treat patients is to place them in ICUs and that too is very dangerous for healthcare workers or anyone coming in contact with the victims.

NO NATURAL IMMUNITY: Unlike the African countries where Ebola outbreaks have occurred before, the

disease, if it arrives is completely new in India, which means that we have no natural immunity against the virus. Our internal body system has never experienced anything like the Ebola virus and won't know how to fight it.

LACK OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES:

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Healthcare services in our country are abysmal to say the least. The doctor-patient ratio is skewed beyond belief; most rural areas have no access to healthcare services, many can't afford quality healthcare and around 2.1 million deaths per year are avoidable. So imagine the damage a completely unknown, non-indigenous virus could do to our lands.

HUGE, VULNERABLE POPULATION: India is the second-most populated country in the world, where many people

don't have basic access to healthcare services. People live together in huge masses, in cities; public transport is cramped beyond belief. Another potential epidemic, HIV/AIDS, which can spread through unprotected sex, intravenous drug use or blood transfusions never, became a huge problem in India because apparently as a nation, we don't sleep around that much or use intravenous drugs. The Ebola virus on the other hand can spread through saliva and sweat which makes it that much more worrying.

vNghyh itu]; ,e;jpahtpy; guthky; ,Ug;gjw;F vNghyh itu]; ,e;jpahtpy; guthky; ,Ug;gjw;F vNghyh itu]; ,e;jpahtpy; guthky; ,Ug;gjw;F vNghyh itu]; ,e;jpahtpy; guthky; ,Ug;gjw;F muR Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; eltbf;iffs;muR Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; eltbf;iffs;muR Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; eltbf;iffs;muR Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; eltbf;iffs;

n[dpthitj; jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L ,aq;Fk; cyf Rfhjhu epWtdj;jhy; (WHO - World Health Organisation) cyfg; NguopT Nehahf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s vNghyh vd;w ,uj;jf; frpT Nehapd; jhf;fk; ehSf;F ehs; mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ.

fle;j brk;gh; 2013y; Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;f ehlhd fpdpahtpy; Njhd;wp ie[Phpah> nfd;ah> INuhg;gpah kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fk; gutpAs;sJ. fle;j mf;Nlhgh; 15> 2014 md;iwa epytug;gb 9200 Ngiuj; jhf;fpAs;s ,e;Neha; 4555 Ngiu gypnfhz;Ls;sJ.

Favipiravir - itu]; vjph;g;G kUe;jhd ,J [g;ghd; tpQ;Qhdpfshy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. /g;S (Influenza) Neha;f;F vjpuhf rpwe;j kUe;jhd ,J jw;nghOJ vNghyh itui] fl;Lg;gLj;JtjpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;Ftjhf Kjy; fl;l Nrhjidapy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Lamivudine - vr;.I.tp itu];> va;l;]; Neha;f;F vjpuhd rpwe;j kUe;jhd ,J jw;nghOJ vNghyh itu]; tsh;r;rpiaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

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Zmapp - NkhNdhf;Nshdy; jLg;g+rpahd ,J vNghyh itu]; jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhd ghpNrhjidapy; Kjy; fl;l epiyapNyNa cs;sJ.

VSV - EBOV - fdlh ehl;L tpQ;Qhdpfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jj; jLg;g+rpahdJ 18 Fuq;FfSf;F mspj;J ghpNrhjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; Fuq;Ffs; vNghyh NehapypUe;J Fzkhfp> KO MNuhf;fpaj;Jld; ,Ug;gJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; mLj;j fl;lkhf kdpjh;fsplj;jpy; ,j;jLg;g+rpia ghpNrhjpf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

Triazovesin - u~;a tpQ;Qhdpfshy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ljhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jj; jLg;g+rp> 2015y; ghpNrhjidf;F tUk; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

muR Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;muR Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;muR Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;muR Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; tpiuT nray;gL mzp (tpiuT nray;gL mzp (tpiuT nray;gL mzp (tpiuT nray;gL mzp (Rapid Respondants))))

vNghyh Neha; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shdth;fis ,dk; fz;lhy; mth;fis cldbahf jdpikg;gLj;jp jPtpu rpfpr;irf;F cl;gLj;jp Fzkhf;fTk; vNghyh Neha;f;F vjpuhd kUj;Jt rpfpr;irfis xUq;fpizf;Fk; xU mzpahfTk; nray;gLk; tifapy; tpiuT nray;gL mzp xd;W xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Neh;a njhw;W Fwpg;ghf vNghyh Neha; njhw;W njhlh;ghd rpfpr;irapy; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;w kUj;Jth;fs;> Ez;Zaphpay; ty;Yeh;fs;> njhw;WNehapay; epGzh;fs;> nrtpypah;fs;> cs;spl;Nlhh; ,e;jf; FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gh;.

vNghyh itu]; ghjpf;fg;gl;ljhf re;Njfpf;fg;gLk; egh;fsJ ,uj;j khjphpiag; ghpNrhjid nra;tjw;fhd Njrpa ghpNrhjidf; $lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 2y; ,Ue;J 16 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rh;tNjr tpkhd epiyaq;fs; midj;jpYk; gazpfs; ghpNrhjid epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;L jPtpu ghpNrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL mth;fsJ mbg;gilj; jfty;fs; midj;Jk; Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

khepyj;jpy; cs;s nghJ kUj;Jtkidfs; kw;Wk; jdpahh; fhh;g;gNul; kUj;Jtkidfs; midj;jpYk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 15 gLf;if trjpAld; $ba jdp thh;L xd;iw mikf;f kj;jpa Rfhjhuj;Jiw mikr;rfk; cj;jutpl;Ls;sJ.

vNghyh itu]; Neha; (vNghyh itu]; Neha; (vNghyh itu]; Neha; (vNghyh itu]; Neha; (Ebola Virus disease EVD)

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vNghyh itu]; Neha; (EVD) my;yJ vNghyh FUjp frpT fha;r;ry; (Ebola hemorrhagic fever-EHF) vNghyh itu];fshy; kdpjUf;F Vw;gLk; Neha; vd fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Xh; caph; nfhy;yp & NfL tpistpf;Fk; fLikahd itu]; Neha;. ,e;j FUjp frpT fha;r;ry; fz;lth;fspy; 90%f;F Nky; caphpof;ff;$Lk;.

vNghyh itu]; 1976Mk; Mz;L Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; irah; (m) fhq;Nfh ehl;bd; vNghyh vDk; Mw;wq;fiuapy; Kjd; Kjyhf fz;lwpag;gl;ljdhy; ,t;itu];-f;F vNghyh itu]; vdg; ngahplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j itu]; Neha; IthpNfh];l;> irah;> #lhd;> rpahuh ypNahd;> fpdP> iygPhpah kw;Wk; Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;fh ehLfspy; ,e;Neha; guTtjw;F vg;nghOJk; tha;g;Gs;sJ.

Xh; mwpa tif Ml;nfhy;ypahd vNghyh itu]; njhw;W clypDs;Sk;> clYf;F ntspapYk; ,uj;j frpit Vw;gLj;Jk;.

vNghyh itu]; guTk; tpjk;:vNghyh itu]; guTk; tpjk;:vNghyh itu]; guTk; tpjk;:vNghyh itu]; guTk; tpjk;:

vNghyh itu]; Neha; fz;l Nehahspapd; Neub njhlh;G kw;Wk; cly; ePh;kq;fshy; gutf;$baJ. Mdhy; jLkd; (Common cold) ,d;gSd;]ah kPry;]; Nghd;w itu];fisg; Nghy; vspjpy; guTtjpy;iy.

EV cly; topNa gutp> clypd; Neha; vjph;g;G Mw;wy; (Immune system) kz;lyj;ijAk; & cly; cWg;Gfis ghjpf;fpwJ. Kbtpy; ,uj;j ciwjYf;fhd nry;fis ghjpj;J mit Fiwar; nra;fpwJ. ,jd;%yk; clypDs;Sk; ntspNaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jhj mstpw;F ,uj;j frpT Vw;gLfpwJ.

vNghyh itu]; Neha;> vNghyh ,uj;j frpT fha;r;ry; vdTk; mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,e;Neha; fz;lth;fs; 90% ,wf;ff;$Lk;.

vNghyh itu]; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpjh;fs; clNyhL njhlh;G Vw;gLtjpdhNyh my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l tpyq;fpd; cly; ePh;kk; %yNk guTfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf Fuq;F> rpk;gd;;]p kw;Wk; gok; jpd;Dk; ntsthy; (fruit bat) Nghd;witfshy; guTfpd;wJ.

Crp %ykhfTk; guTtjw;fhd tha;g;Gs;sJ.

vNghyh itu]; Neha; (m) ,uj;j frpT fha;r;ry; fhw;W> ePh; my;yJ czT %ykhf guTtjpy;iy.

Neha; mwpFwp Neha; mwpFwp Neha; mwpFwp Neha; mwpFwp (Symptoms)

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vNghyh itu]; Neha; Kjypy; /GS vdTk; kNyhpah vdTk; vz;zg;gl;L te;jJ.

vNghyh Nehapd; mwpFwp Neha;fz;l 2 21 ehspy; ntspg;gLk; mitahtd>

cah; fha;r;ry; jiytyp %l;L & jir typ njhz;il Gz; Nrhh;T tapw;W typ grpapd;ik Nghd;wit njd;gLk;

Nehapd; tPhpak; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ clypDs; fz;> fhJ kw;Wk; %f;fpypUe;J ,uj;j frpT Vw;gLk;. rpyUf;F the;jp kw;Wk; ,Ukypd; NghJ ,uj;jk; ntspg;glyhk; & ,uj;jg; Nghf;F Nehplyhk;.

Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; vNghyh itu]; Neha; kpf Ntfkhfg; gutp tUfpwJ vd;Wk; Mdhy; mjidf; fl;Lg;gLj;j vLf;fg;gLk; Kaw;rpfs; ke;jfjpapNyNa efh;fpd;wd vd;Wk; cyf Rfhjhu fofj;jpd; jiyik ,af;Feh; khh;fnul; rhd; $wpAs;shh;.

vNghyh itu]; Nehapdhy; Nkhrkhd ghjpg;Gfisr; re;jpj;Js;s fpdP> iygPhpah> rpahuh ypNahd; (Guinea, Liberia, Sierra, Leone) mfpa ehLfspd; mjpgh;fis re;jpj;jg;gpd; ,e;Nehapd; guty; mjid jLg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; ,e;j Vo;ikahd ehLfspy; kpf ke;jkhf cs;sJ vd;W cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) $wpAs;sJ.

vNghyh itu]; Neha; ,jd; tuyhw;wpy; ,jw;FKd; ,t;tsT tpiuthf gutpaJ fpilahJ.

2013 Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthpapy; Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;fh ehLfSk; cyfpd; kpf Vo;ikahd ehLfSkhfpa ,k;%d;W ehLfspy; vNghyh itu]; Neha;f;F 700f;Fk; mjpfkhNdhh; caphpoe;jdh;.

,e;j Mz;Lk; ,e;Neha; tpiuthf gutp tUtjhy; ,jid jLf;Fk; Kaw;rpf;F cyf Rfhjhu mikg;G $100 kpy;ypad; (mnkhpf;f lhyh;) jpl;lj;jpidf; nfhz;L tu cs;sJ.

Neha; fz;lwpjy;:Neha; fz;lwpjy;:Neha; fz;lwpjy;:Neha; fz;lwpjy;:

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rpy Neuk; Neha; mwpFwpia itj;J kl;LNk vNghyh itu]; Neha; vd nrhy;yptpl KbahJ. mJ fbdkhdJ. lhf;lh;fs;> ,uj;jk; jpRf;fis Nrhjpg;gjpdhy; vNghyh itu]; fz;lwpaf;$Lk;.

xUth; vNghyh itu];]py; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuhapd; mtiu jdpikg;gLj;jp Neha; gpwUf;Fg; guthky; ,Uf;Fk; gb mtUf;F rpfpr;ir mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

itu]; Nrhjid itu]; Nrhjid itu]; Nrhjid itu]; Nrhjid (Viral Test) ) ) )

itu];fshy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fisf; fz;lwpa itu]; Nrhjid nra;ag;gLfpwJ. itu];fs; capUs;s nry;fspy; kl;LNk thof;$baJ. nry;iyj; njhw;wp mr;nry;ypid rpijj;J mjd; Neha; jLg;ghw;wiy rPuopj;J kuG nghUshd DNA it khw;wp nry;iy njhw;wp clYf;F Neha; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.

itu]; Nrhjid nra;ag;gLk; rpy itu]; Neha;fs;:itu]; Nrhjid nra;ag;gLk; rpy itu]; Neha;fs;:itu]; Nrhjid nra;ag;gLk; rpy itu]; Neha;fs;:itu]; Nrhjid nra;ag;gLk; rpy itu]; Neha;fs;:

1. n`h;g;]; rpk;y];

2. nghpak;ik (Chicken Pox) Nthpnry;yh N[h];lh; itu]; (VZV)

3. nu];gNulhp rpd;irbfy; itu]; (RSV)

4. vgp];ild;-ghh; itu]; (Epstein- Barr Virus)

5. irNlh nkfhNyh itu]; (Cyto Megalo Virus CMV)

6. NuhNlh itu]; (Rota Virus) (Foe;ijfspd; czT kz;ly njhw;W itu];)

7. n`g;ghbb]; (Hepatitis)

8. `pA+kd; ghg;gpNyhkh itu]; (Human Pailloma Virus)

9. va;l;]; (Aids)

10. ,d;/GSypad;rh

11. B.K. Virus rpWePufk; & rpWePh; Fohia njhw;Wk; itu];. nghJthf kf;fs; jq;fs; tho;ehspy; ,e;j itu]; njhw;Wf;F xU KiwNaDk; Ml;gLth;. Fwpg;ghf cWg;G khw;wpg; nghUj;Jk; NghJ ,j;njhw;W itu]hy; ghjpf;fg;gl mjpf tha;g;Gs;sJ.

12. vjph; caphp (Antibody test) Nrhjid

13. ituy; Mz;bn[d; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid

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14. itu]; tsj;jy; (Viral Tissue)

15. itu]; b.vd;.V (m) Mh;.vd;.V. fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid

kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk;kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk;kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk;kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk;

kq;fs;ahd; vd;gJ nrt;tha; fpufj;jpw;F ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikaj;jhy; Jut epiy nraw;iff;Nfhs; (Jizf;Nfhs;) VTfyd; rp 25 (gp..v];.vy;.tp-rp 25) =`hpNfhl;lhtpypUe;J Nkw;nfhz;l jkJ nts;sptpoh gazj;jpd;NghJ> ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa rhjid jlj;ijg; gjpj;jJ.

nrt;thia Muha ehl;bd; KjyhtJ tpz;fyk; kq;fs;ahid gp.v];.vy;.tp-rp-25) vDk; JUtepiy nrYj;J thfdk; %yk; etk;gh; 5>2013 md;W gfy; 2.38 kzpastpy; ntw;wpfukhf nrYj;jpaJ. ,J Xh; Mspy;yh tpz;fyd; MFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; nrt;tha; tpz;fyk; nrYj;jpa ntw;wpapd; %yk; cyfstpy; ,Nj Nghy; nrt;tha; fpufz Ma;tpy; fskpwq;fpAs;s ehLfs; thpirapy; 4-MtJ ,lk; ,e;jpah ngw;Ws;sJ.

tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gl;l 18 epkplq;fspy; uhf;nfl;Lfs; mjDila nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis mjDila Rw;Wg;ghijapy; nrYj;JtJ thbf;if MFk;. Mdhy; nrt;tha; fpufz tpz;fyk; kq;fs;ahd; nry;y Ntz;ba J}uk; mjpfk; vd;gjhy;> mjid Muk;gj;jpNyNa mjpf cauj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. vdNt Gwg;gl;l Neuj;jpypUe;J rhpahf 44 epkplj;jpy; G+kpapd; Rw;Wg; ghijapy; epWj;jpaJ.

jpl;lkjpg;gPL: jpl;lkjpg;gPL: jpl;lkjpg;gPL: jpl;lkjpg;gPL:

gjpide;J fpNyh vilnfhz;l Ma;Tf; fUtpfisAk;> Mapuj;J Kd;D}w;W Kg;gj;njO (1337 fp.fp) Ra vilnfhz;l nrt;tha; fpuf tpz;fyk; kq;fshadpd; nkhj;j nryT Rkhh; 450 Nfhb ,e;jpa gzkjpg;G MFk;. Ma;Tf;F ,j;jpl;lk; ntw;wpg; ngw;why; cyfpy; Fiwe;j nrytpy; nrt;tha;f;F mDg;gg;gl;l nraw;iff; Nfhs; jpl;lk; vDk; Gfo; ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp ikaj;jpw;Ff;fpl;Lk;.

kq;fs;ahd; jpl;l Nehf;fk;: kq;fs;ahd; jpl;l Nehf;fk;: kq;fs;ahd; jpl;l Nehf;fk;: kq;fs;ahd; jpl;l Nehf;fk;:

nrt;tha; fpufj;ij nrd;wilAk; mstpw;F ,e;jj; jpl;l njhopw;El;gj;jpwd; nfhz;ljh vd;gjid cWjp nra;tjw;Fk;> nrt;tha; fpufj;jpd; tspkz;lyj;jpy; kPj;Njd; thA njd;gLfpwjh vd;gjid Muha;tjw;Fk;> kPj;Njd; ,Ue;jhy; xU nry; caphpdq;fshtJ cs;sdth vd;gij MuhaTk; ,e;jj; jpl;lk; cjTk;.

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caphpdq;fs; ,Ue;jhy; kPj;Njd; thA ntspg;gLtJ ,ay;G. Mdhy;

fhpkNrh;kq;fspd; (Organic Compound) Ntjptpidahy;$l kPj;Njd; cUthff;$Lk;. kq;fs;ahdpd; kPj;Njd; czh; fUtp ,ijg;gw;wpj; jfty; mspf;Fk;.

NkYk;> tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpy; Rke;J nry;Yk; uhf;nfl; jpwid cWjpg;gLj;j>

tpz;Zstp mikg;G> ,af;f newpfisr; nrayhf;f Kw;gLtJ. mz;lntspj; Njly; gzp jpl;lkpl;L epiwNtw;wpl> tpz;ntspj; njhlh;Gfis NkYk; Nkk;gl nra;tjw;F> nrt;tha;f; Nfhs; Rw;Wstpis mikg;gJ> ePz;l J}ug; gazj;jpw;F Maj;jk; nra;tJ> nrt;tha; fpufj;jpy; ,wq;fr; nra;tJ>

nrt;tha; fpufj;ijr; Rw;wpte;J glk; vLg;gJ> nrt;tha; Nfhspy; Kd;gpUe;j #o;ntsp thA kz;ly ,og;gpid Muha.

kq;fs;ahdpd; Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs;: kq;fs;ahdpd; Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs;: kq;fs;ahdpd; Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs;: kq;fs;ahdpd; Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs;:

kq;fs;ahd; nrt;tha; fpufj;ij 377 fpNyh kPl;lh; J}uk; Fiwe;j MuKk; 80 Mapuk; fpNyh kPl;lh; J}uk; mjpfgl;r MuKk; nfhz;l ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy; Rw;wptu cs;sJ.

,jd; gpd;G mtw;wpy; cs;s 5 Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs; ,af;fg;gLk;. ,j;Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs; 15 fp.fp. vilf; nfhz;lit.

iykd; My;/gh xspkhdp (Lyman Alpha Photometer) nrt;tha;f;fhd kPj;Njd; czhp (Mars Methane Sensor) ntg;g mfr; nrq;fjph; gbkkhf;fy; epiwkhdp (Thermal Infrared

imaging Spectrometer) nrt;tha; Gwf;fhw;W kz;ly eLepiy nghjpT gFg;gha;tp (Mass

Enospheric Composition analyser)

iykd; My;/gh xspkhdp:iykd; My;/gh xspkhdp:iykd; My;/gh xspkhdp:iykd; My;/gh xspkhdp:

nrt;thapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; kPJ gy Nfhb tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G ,Ug;gjhf fUjg;gl;l jz;zPh;> mjd; tspkz;ly Nkw;gFjpf;F nrd;wjhff; $wg;gLtjw;F vd;d fhuzk; vd Ma;T nra;a> ,f;fUtp top nra;Ak;.

kPj;Njd; czhp:kPj;Njd; czhp:kPj;Njd; czhp:kPj;Njd; czhp:

tspkz;lyj;jpy; kPj;Njd; thA njd;gLfpwjh vd Muha.

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ntg;g mfr;rptg;Gf; fjph; epwkhdp:ntg;g mfr;rptg;Gf; fjph; epwkhdp:ntg;g mfr;rptg;Gf; fjph; epwkhdp:ntg;g mfr;rptg;Gf; fjph; epwkhdp:

nrt;tha; Nfhspd; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s fdpkq;fisg; gw;wp jfty; jpul;l cjTk;.

nrt;tha; tz;z xspg;glf; fUtp:nrt;tha; tz;z xspg;glf; fUtp:nrt;tha; tz;z xspg;glf; fUtp:nrt;tha; tz;z xspg;glf; fUtp:

nrt;thapd; Nkw;gug;igAk;> jd;idr; Rkf;Fk; kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyj;jpd; fUtpfisAk; glnkLj;J mDg;Gk;.

nrt;tha; Gwf;fhw;W kz;ly eLepiy nghjpT gFg;gha;tp:nrt;tha; Gwf;fhw;W kz;ly eLepiy nghjpT gFg;gha;tp:nrt;tha; Gwf;fhw;W kz;ly eLepiy nghjpT gFg;gha;tp:nrt;tha; Gwf;fhw;W kz;ly eLepiy nghjpT gFg;gha;tp:

,it nrt;tha; Nfhspd; tspkz;ly NkyLf;if Muha cs;sJ. ,f;fUtp nkd;fh vdg;gLfpwJ.

kq;fs;ahd; nray;ghL:kq;fs;ahd; nray;ghL:kq;fs;ahd; nray;ghL:kq;fs;ahd; nray;ghL:

1337 fpNyh fpuhk; vil nfhz;l kq;fs;ahd; tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;L 10 khjq;fs; fopj;J nrt;thia nrd;wilAk;. Rkhh; 6 khjfhyNk ,J nrt;thiar; Rw;wp tUk; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

kq;fs;ahd; mjpfgl;rkhf 60 Kiw nrt;tha; Nfhis tyk; tUk;. kq;fs;ahd; Rke;J nrd;w 15 fpNyh fpuhk; vil nfhz;l Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs; midj;Jk; ,e;jpahtpDilaNj (Indegineous). Mdhy; re;jpuhad; $l rpy ntspehl;L epWtdf; fUtpfisr; Rke;J nrd;wJ.

kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; caNu nrd;wile;j NghJ mjDila Ntfk;

kzpf;F 27>000 fp.kP (27,00/km ph) tpz;fyj;jpd; Ntfj;ij mjpfhpf;fr; nra;a Gtpapd; 000 fp.kP (38,000/Km ph) cah;;e;jJ.

,t;thW xU Nfhspd;

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xU Nfhis mjDila ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy; Rw;wptUk; nghUs; (object) (m) tpz;fyj;jpd; Ntfk; kw;Wk; topia khw;Wtjw;fhf Fwpg;ghf tpz;fy GNuhg;gyd;l;> Neuk; kw;Wk; nryitf; Fiwf;f ,e;j 2013 md;W kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; gp.v];.vy;.tp-rp 25d; cjtpAld; tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; Gtpr;Rw;W

epiy (Geocentric phase) apy; xt;nthU epiyapYk; mjid Nkk;gLj;Jjy; eilngWk; mit: etk;gh; 5> 2013 etk;gh; 5> 2013 etk;gh; 5> 2013 etk;gh; 5> 2013 VTjy; (2.38 gpw;gfy;)VTjy; (2.38 gpw;gfy;)VTjy; (2.38 gpw;gfy;)VTjy; (2.38 gpw;gfy;)

etk;gh; 6> 2013etk;gh; 6> 2013etk;gh; 6> 2013etk;gh; 6> 2013 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 23>550 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 23>550 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 23>550 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 23>550 28>825 fp.kP28>825 fp.kP28>825 fp.kP28>825 fp.kP

etk;gh; 7> 2013etk;gh; 7> 2013etk;gh; 7> 2013etk;gh; 7> 2013 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 28>825 Ntfk; 28>825 Ntfk; 28>825 Ntfk; 28>825 40>186 fp.kP40>186 fp.kP40>186 fp.kP40>186 fp.kP

etk;gh; 8> 2013etk;gh; 8> 2013etk;gh; 8> 2013etk;gh; 8> 2013 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 40>186 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 40>186 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 40>186 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 40>186 71>636 fp.kP71>636 fp.kP71>636 fp.kP71>636 fp.kP

etk;gh; 10> 2013etk;gh; 10> 2013etk;gh; 10> 2013etk;gh; 10> 2013 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 71>636 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 71>636 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 71>636 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 71>636 78>276 fp.kP 78>276 fp.kP 78>276 fp.kP 78>276 fp.kP

etk;gh; 11> 2013etk;gh; 11> 2013etk;gh; 11> 2013etk;gh; 11> 2013 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 78>276 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 78>276 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 78>276 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 78>276 118>642 fp.kP 118>642 fp.kP 118>642 fp.kP 118>642 fp.kP

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etk;gh;etk;gh;etk;gh;etk;gh; 15> 201315> 201315> 201315> 2013 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 118>642 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 118>642 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 118>642 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 118>642 192>874 fp.kP192>874 fp.kP192>874 fp.kP192>874 fp.kP

etk;gh; 30> 2013etk;gh; 30> 2013etk;gh; 30> 2013etk;gh; 30> 2013 ntw;wpfukhf #hpa Rw;Wg;ghijapy; ntw;wpfukhf #hpa Rw;Wg;ghijapy; ntw;wpfukhf #hpa Rw;Wg;ghijapy; ntw;wpfukhf #hpa Rw;Wg;ghijapy; nrYj;Jjy; nrYj;Jjy; nrYj;Jjy; nrYj;Jjy;

2tJ epiy N`ypNahnrd;bf; epiy:2tJ epiy N`ypNahnrd;bf; epiy:2tJ epiy N`ypNahnrd;bf; epiy:2tJ epiy N`ypNahnrd;bf; epiy:

brk;gh; 2013 nrg;lk;gh; 2014 tiu nrt;tha; NfhSf;F nry;Yk; top mg;nghOJ vhp nghUs; ghij #hpaid 484 iky; (m) 780 kpy;ypad; fp.kP J}uj;jpy; tyk; te;J nrt;thia milAk;.

mjpy; Kjy; vhpnghUs; ghij rhpnra;jy; brk;gh; 11> 2013y; ntw;wp 2 MtJ vhpnghUs; ghij rhp nra;jy; Vg;uy; - 2014 3MtJ vhpnghUs; ghij rhpnra;jy; Mf];l; - 2014 4tJ vhpnghUs; ghij rhpnra;jy; nrg;lk;gh; - 2014

%d;whk; epiy: %d;whk; epiy: %d;whk; epiy: %d;whk; epiy:

Kbthf nrt;tha; Nfhspd; gug;ghsT (Areocentric Phase) epiyia kq;fs;ahd; 24 nrg;lk;gh; 2014,y; mila Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ khh;]; Mh;gpl; ,d;rh;~d; (nrt;tha; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; nrYj;Jjy;) eilngWk;.

,];Nuhtpd; epytug;gb 16 etk;gh; 2013Mk; Mz;L epytug;gb kq;fs;ahd; 1>92>874 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; 217 fp.kP ePs;tl;l ghijapy; nehbf;F 101 fp.kP Ntfj;jpy; kq;fs;ahd; Rw;wp te;jJ. 3> etk;gh; 2013 ,y; Gtpapd; tl;lg; ghijapypUe;J tpz;fyk; nrt;tha; fpufk; Nehf;fpg; gazpf;fj; Jtq;fpaJ.

,e;jpa tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpy; 100f;F Nky; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis Vtp ntw;wpg; ngw;wpUe;jhYk; ,e;jp tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpd; fdTj; jpl;lq;fshd re;jpuahd; (k) kq;fs;ahd; ,uz;Lk; gyuhy; tpkh;rpf;fg;gl;l NghJ jpl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

2008> mf;Nlhgh; 22 Mk; ehs; mDg;gg;gl;l mwptpay; Ma;Tf;fhd re;jpuahd; tpz;fyk; jkJ gzpia ntw;wpfukhf Kbj;J epytpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; ePh; %yf;$Wfs; cWjp nra;jJ. ,J cyf muq;fpy; ,e;jpahtpd; Gfo; NkYk; Nkk;gl;L> ghuhl;ilg; ngw;wJ.

kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; ehl;bd; tpz;ntsp njhopw;El;gj; jpwid Nrhjpg;gijNa Kjd;ik Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd ,];Nuh jiyth; Nf. ,uhjhfpU~;zd; $Wfpd;whh;. NkYk; kq;fs;ahid nrt;tha; Nfhspd; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; epiy epWj;jpdhNyNa jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; 85 rjtPjk; ntw;wpg; ngw;wjhfptpLk; vdf; $wpaJ epidTf; $wj;jf;fJ.

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Kbthf kq;fs;ahd; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; gyhpd; ghuhl;ilg; ngw;wNghjpYk; gyhpd; tpkh;rdq;fSk; te;Jjhd; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf Kd;dhs; ,];Nuh jiyth; [p.khjtd; ehah; kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ vjph;kiwahd $w;Wr; nrhy;fpwhh;.

Mth; kq;fs;ahd; gpugykhtjw;fhd rz;il (gg;sprpl;b ];lz;l;) vdf; $Wfpwhh;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk; re;jpuahd; jpl;lk; ehl;by; ,isQh;fs; kw;Wk; tsUk; khzth;fs; kj;jpay; mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; kPjhd fhjiy mjpfhpf;fr; nra;J> ehl;bd; kPJ kjpg;G> ngUkpjk; nfhs;sr; nra;J> mth;fis mjpf mstpy; mwptpaiyg; gw;wp mwpa Xh; ce;Jjiy cUthf;Fk;.

kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; nrt;tha; Rw;Wtl;lg; ghijia tyk; tuj; njhlq;fpdhy;> cyfpy; ,Jtiu ,jid ntw;wpfukhf nra;j ehLfs; thpirapy;> 1. mnkhpf;fh (USA) 2. u~;ah (Russia) 3. INuhg;gpa tpz;ntzp epWtdk; ) (ESA) 4. ,e;jpahTk; ,lk; ngw;W kw;nwhU rpwg;igg; ngWk;.

1.1.1.1. nrd;l;hpf; (ikak; nrd;l;hpf; (ikak; nrd;l;hpf; (ikak; nrd;l;hpf; (ikak; ---- Centric) tifg;ghL: ) tifg;ghL: ) tifg;ghL: ) tifg;ghL: Nfsf;Nlhnrd;l;hpf; (Glalactocentric): (mz;l Rw;Wg;ghij) mz;lj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;l> #hpadpd; Rw;Wg;ghij vdg;J ,t;tifNa.

2.2.2.2. N`ypNah nrd;l;hpf; ( N`ypNah nrd;l;hpf; ( N`ypNah nrd;l;hpf; ( N`ypNah nrd;l;hpf; ( Helio centric): #hpa Rw;Wg;ghij) #hpa Rw;Wg;ghij) #hpa Rw;Wg;ghij) #hpa Rw;Wg;ghij) #hpaid ikakhf nfhz;l Rw;Wg;ghij #hpaid ikakhf Nfhs;fs;> thy;el;rj;jpuk;> M];l;uha;fs;> tpz;ntsp cile;j gFjpfs;> epyitj;jtpu fhuzk; epyT mjDila Nfhis ikakhff; nfhz;L Rw;WfpwJ.

3. [pNahnrd;l;hpf; ([pNahnrd;l;hpf; ([pNahnrd;l;hpf; ([pNahnrd;l;hpf; (Geocentric) Gtpia ikakhff; nfhz;l Rw;Wg;ghij (epyT> nraw;iff;Nfhs;)

4.4.4.4. VhpVhpVhpVhpNahnrd;l;hpf; Nahnrd;l;hpf; Nahnrd;l;hpf; Nahnrd;l;hpf; (Areocentric) nrt;tha; ikar; Rw;Wtl;lg; ghij (mjd; epyT)

5.5.5.5. Y}dhh; Mh;gpl; (m) nryNdh nrd;l;hpf; (Y}dhh; Mh;gpl; (m) nryNdh nrd;l;hpf; (Y}dhh; Mh;gpl; (m) nryNdh nrd;l;hpf; (Y}dhh; Mh;gpl; (m) nryNdh nrd;l;hpf; (Selenocentric) (epyT ika Rw;Wg;ghij)

6.6.6.6. n`h;Nkh nrd;bhpf; (n`h;Nkh nrd;bhpf; (n`h;Nkh nrd;bhpf; (n`h;Nkh nrd;bhpf; (Hermocentric) ) ) ) Gjd; - (Mercury)

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7.7.7.7. mg;NuhbNah nrd;l;hpf; mg;NuhbNah nrd;l;hpf; mg;NuhbNah nrd;l;hpf; mg;NuhbNah nrd;l;hpf; (Aphrodiocentric) nts;sp (Venus)

8.8.8.8. N[htpf; nrd;l;hpf; N[htpf; nrd;l;hpf; N[htpf; nrd;l;hpf; N[htpf; nrd;l;hpf; (Jovic Centric) ) ) ) Tpahod; (Jupiter)

9.9.9.9. FNuhNdhnrd;l;hpf; FNuhNdhnrd;l;hpf; FNuhNdhnrd;l;hpf; FNuhNdhnrd;l;hpf; (Cronocentric) rdp (Saturn)

10. ANuhNdh nrd;l;hpf; (ANuhNdh nrd;l;hpf; (ANuhNdh nrd;l;hpf; (ANuhNdh nrd;l;hpf; (Uranocentric) ANud]; (Uranus)

11. neg;bANdh nrd;l;hpf; (neg;bANdh nrd;l;hpf; (neg;bANdh nrd;l;hpf; (neg;bANdh nrd;l;hpf; (Neptunocentric) neg;bA+d; (Neptune) nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; ntt;NtW nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; ntt;NtW nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; ntt;NtW nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; ntt;NtW tifahd mh;gpl;fs; (Rw;Wg;ghij) tifahd mh;gpl;fs; (Rw;Wg;ghij) tifahd mh;gpl;fs; (Rw;Wg;ghij) tifahd mh;gpl;fs; (Rw;Wg;ghij)

nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs; mjDila Rw;Wg; ghijapy; G+kpia tyk; tUtjw;fhf Njitahd ghijNa Rw;Wg;ghij vdg;gLfpwJ.

1.1.1.1. jho;J}u Gtpr; Rw;Wg;ghij (jho;J}u Gtpr; Rw;Wg;ghij (jho;J}u Gtpr; Rw;Wg;ghij (jho;J}u Gtpr; Rw;Wg;ghij (Low Earth Orbits)

mNdfkhd nraw;if Nfhs;fs; rh;tNjr tpz;ntsp ikak; tpz;fyk; ` g;gpy; ];Ng]; nly]; Nfhg; Nghd;w midj;Jk; jho;J}u Gtpr; Rw;Wg; ghijapy; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.

2.2.2.2. kpf ePz;l tl;l Rw;Wg;ghij (kpf ePz;l tl;l Rw;Wg;ghij (kpf ePz;l tl;l Rw;Wg;ghij (kpf ePz;l tl;l Rw;Wg;ghij (Highly Elliptical Orbits) ,J nfg;shpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia epidT $WfpwJ. mjhtJ Gtpf;F mUfpy; mjd; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; tUk;NghJ NtfkhfTk; njhiytpy; nry;Yk;NghJ nkJthfTk; Rw;WfpwJ. (v.fh) [pgpv]; (GPS)

3.3.3.3. [pNahrpd;f;uid]; Mh;gpl;]; [pNahrpd;f;uid]; Mh;gpl;]; [pNahrpd;f;uid]; Mh;gpl;]; [pNahrpd;f;uid]; Mh;gpl;]; Geosynchronous Orbits) (Gtp xj;jpirT (Gtp xj;jpirT (Gtp xj;jpirT (Gtp xj;jpirT Rw;Wg;ghij) Rw;Wg;ghij) Rw;Wg;ghij) Rw;Wg;ghij)

nfg;shpd; %d;whk; tpjp ,jidg; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ. ,t;tifr; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; Rw;Wk; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; cauk; 36>000 fp.kP MFk;.

EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES OF INDIA AT A GLANCE

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S.No Programme/Plan/ Institution

Year of beginning

Objective/Description

1 Community Development Programme (CDP)

1952 Overall development of rural areas with people's participation.

2 Intensive Agriculture Development Programme (IADP)

1960-61

To provide loans, seeds, fertilizers, tools to the farmers.

3 Intensive Agriculture Area Programme (IAAP)

1964-65 To develop special harvests.

4 High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP)

1966-67

To increase the productivity of food grains by adopting latest varieties of inputs for crops.

5 Indian Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC)

Oct. 1966

To arrange for the construction of Hotels and Guest Houses at various places of the country.

6 Green Revolution

1966-67

To increase the production of food grains, specially wheat (The architects were Dr.M.S. Swaminathan in India and Nobel laureate Dr. Norman Borlaug in the world).

7 Nationalisation of 14 Banks

19 July, 1969

To provide loans for agriculture, rural development and other priority sectors.

8. Twenty Point Programme (TPP)

1975 Poverty eradication and raising the standard of living.

9 National Institution of Rural Development (NIRD)

1977

Training, investigation and advisory organisation for rural development.

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10 Antyodaya Yojana 1977-78

To make the poorest of the poor of the villages economically independent (only in Rajasthan State).

11 Training Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM)

Aug. 15, 1979

Programme for training rural youth for self-employment.

12 National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)

1980

To provide profitable employment opportunities to the rural poor.

13 National Fund for Rural Development (NFRD)

Feb. 1984

To grant 100% tax rebate to donors and also to provide financial assistance for rural development projects.

14 Formation of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

April 1988

To safeguard the interest of investors in capital market and to regulate the share market.

15 National Renewal Fund 1992

For the employees of the public sector.

16 Mahila Samridhi Yojana

Oct. 2, 1993

To encourage the rural women to deposit in Post Office Savings Account.

17 Child Labour Eradication Scheme

Aug. 15, 1994

To shift child labour from hazardous industries to schools.

18 Kasturba Gandhi Education Scheme

Aug. 15, 1997

To establish girls schools in districts having low female literacy rate.

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19 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

Dec. 1997

To provide gainful employment to urban unemployed and under employed poor through self employment or wage employment.

20 Annapurna Yojana March 1999

To provide 10 kg food grains to senior citizens (who do not get pension).

21 Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SJGSY)

April 1999

For eliminating rural poverty and unemployment and promoting self employment.

22 Jan Shree Bima Yojana Aug. 10,

2000

Providing Insurance Security to people living below the poverty line.

23 Pardhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana

2000 To fulfill basic requirements in rural areas.

24 Antyodaya Anna Yojana

Dec. 25, 2000 To provide food security to the poor.

25 Pardhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Dec. 25, 2000

To connect all villages with nearest pucca road.

26 Swajaldhara Yojana 2002

Started in Dec. 2002, for ensuring drinking water supply to all villages by 2004.

27 Hariyali Pariyojana

2003

Inaugurated on January 27, 2003 by the Prime Minister. It aims at tackling the problems of irrigation and drinking water, along with boosting tree plantation programme and fisheries

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developments in rural areas.

28 Janani Suraksha Yojana April 12,

2005

Takes the place of National Maternity Benefit Scheme. It will be a part of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).

29 Bharat Nirman Yojana

Dec. 16, 2005

Development of Rural infrastructure including six components : Irrigation, Water supply, Housing, Road, Telephone and Electricity.

30 Rajeev Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana

2005

Electrification of all villages and habitations.

31 National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP)

Feb. 2, 2006

The provisions are the same as for food for work programme. The scheme was enforced in 200 districts of the country to begin with. To provide atleast 100 days wages employment in rural areas in a year. The scheme is 100% centrally sponsored.

32 Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana

2007

Health Insurance to all workers in unorganized sector

33 Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana

2007

Insurance cover to the head of the family in rural landless

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households.

34 Rajeev Awas Yojana 2009

To make India slum free in 5 years.

35 Pradhanmantri Adarsh Gram Yojana

2010

Integrated development of scheduled castes dominated villages in the country.

36 Dilli Annashree Yojana

2013

It is a food security programme that aims to ensure people do not go hungry.

KAVERI DELTA COAL-BED METHANE PROJECT

The Kaveri delta coal-bed methane extraction project is currently undertaken by Great Eastern Energy Corporation Ltd (GEECL), a private company based in Gurgaon, Haryana.

The project aims to extract methane gas from coal-bed using hydraulic fracturing method of hydraulic fracturing in the Kaveri river basin. The company received licence to explore and extract CBM from Nagapattinam, Thanjavur and Thiruvarur districts which are the major rice cultivating area of Tamil Nadu.

Farmers, environmentalist and experts are opposing the project and hence it is currently suspended by the Government of Tamil Nadu. PROJECT DETAILS AND APPROVAL

On 29 July 2010 GEECL won CBM-IV type licence in a biding to explore and extract methane gas and coal deposit in Mannarkudi block of Thiruvarur district in the Kaveri basin from the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India.

Subsequently then the DMK government of Tamil Nadu issued petroleum exploration licence (PEL) for area covering 667 km2 comprising Nagapattinam, Thanjavur and Thiruvarur districts.

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The company has a plan to drill 50 crore production wells of 150-450 metre deep in the ground. In September 2012 the Union Ministry for Environment and Forests (uMOEF) issued environmental clearance to the project. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND OPPOSITIONS

From the time the public become aware of this project, it is fervently opposed by the farmers of Kaveri delta region as well as agricultural and environmental experts. Organic farming expert G. Nammalvar was spearheading the opposition until his death due to brief illness in the demonstration field CURRENT STATUS

Present ADMK government of Tamil Nadu suspended the project citing issues raised by the farmer.

Also the Tamil Nadu government constituted an expert committee comprising representatives from Anna University, the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University and the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, and officials from the Public Works Department, the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corp.

The union ministry responded to Mrs.kanimozi DMK rajyashaba M.P's question about the project,stating that the government had canceled the license to the company and the project had stopped.

INDIA-BASED NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY

India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is a proposed particle physics research project to primarily study atmospheric neutrinos in a 1,300 meters (4,300 ft) deep cave under Ino Peak near Theni, Tamil Nadu, India. This project is notable in that it is anticipated to provide a precise measurement of neutrino mixing parameters. The project is a multi-institute collaboration and one of the biggest experimental particle physics projects undertaken in India.

The project was expected to be completed in 2015 at an estimated cost of 1,500 crores, has been cleared by the Ministry of Environment (India) for construction in the Bodi West Hills Reserved Forest in the Theni district of Tamil Nadu. When completed, the INO will house the world's most massive

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magnet, four times larger than the 12,500-tonne magnet in the Compact Muon Solenoid detector at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.

HISTORY AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PROJECT The possibility of a neutrino observatory located in India was discussed as

early as 1989 during several meetings held that year. Since then this question comes up, off and on, in many discussions. The issue was raised again in the first meeting of the Neutrino physics and Cosmology working group during the Workshop on High Energy Physics Phenomenology (WHEPP-6) held at Chennai in January 2000 and it was decided then to collate concrete ideas for a neutrino detector.

Further discussions took place in August 2000 during a meeting on Neutrino Physics at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, when a small group of neutrino physics enthusiasts started discussing the possibilities. The Neutrino 2001 meeting was held in the Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai during February 2001 with the explicit objective of bringing the experimentalists and theorists in this field together.

The INO collaboration was formed during this meeting. The first formal

meeting of the collaboration was held in the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, during 6 and 7 September 2001 at which various subgroups were formed for studying the detector options and electronics, physics goals and simulations, and site survey.

In 2002, a document was presented to the Department of Atomic Energy, (DAE) which laid out an ambitious goal of establishing an India-based Neutrino Observatory, outlining the physics goals, possible choices for the detector and their physics. Since then many new and fast paced developments have taken place in neutrino physics. The award of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2002) to the pioneers in neutrino physics is a measure of the importance of this field.

As a result of the support received from various research institutes, universities, the scientific community and the funding agency, the Department of Atomic Energy, a Neutrino Collaboration Group (NCG) was established to study the possibility of building an India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO). The collaboration was assigned the task of doing the feasibility studies for

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which funds were made available by the DAE. A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed by the directors of the participating institutes on August 30, 2002 to enable a smooth functioning of the NCG during the feasibility period.

The NCG has the goal of creating an underground neutrino laboratory with the

long-term goal of conducting decisive experiments in neutrino physics as also other experiments which require such a unique underground facility.

On 20 November 2009, Ministry of Environment (India) Minister Jairam Ramesh in a letter to Anil Kakodkar, Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy and Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission of India, denied permission for the Department of Atomic Energy to set up the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project at Singara in Nilgiris, as it falls in the buffer zone of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR).

Jairam Ramesh said that based on the report of Rajesh Gopal, Additional

Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF) and Member-Secretary of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (MS-NTCA), the Ministry cannot approve the Singara site.

The report says: "The proposed project site falls in the buffer zone of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve

and is in close proximity to the core/critical tiger habitats of Bandipur and Mudumalai Tiger reserves. It is also an elephant corridor, facilitating elephant movement from the Western Ghats to the Eastern Ghats and vice versa. The area is already disturbed on account of severe biotic pressure due to human settlements and resorts and that the construction phase of the project would involve transport of building materials through the highways passing through the core area of the Bandipur and Mudmulai Tiger Reserves.

Instead, he suggested an alternate site near Suruli Falls, Theni District in Tamil Nadu. The Minister said this site did not pose the same problems that Singara posed and environmental and forest clearances should not be a serious issue. He also assured the DAE that the Ministry would facilitate necessary approvals for the alternative location. Dr Naba K Mondal of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, who is the spokesperson for the INO project said:

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"But Suruliyar too is in a reserved forest area that is dense and would require cutting down of trees, something that was not required at Singara. Can the government assure us that forest clearance for this site will be given," he asks. "Alternatively, we can move to the nearby Thevaram, which is about 20-30 km away from the Suruliyar falls. This forest area has only shrubs but there is no source of water here and water will have to be piped over a distance of 30 km,"

On 18 October 2010, the Ministry of Environment & Forests approved both environment and forest clearance for setting up the observatory in the Bodi West Hills Reserved Forest in the Theni district of Tamil Nadu.

As of February 2012, the land was allocated to the INO collaboration by the government of Tamil Nadu and the excavation work was about to start. Naba K Mondal, chief spokesperson of INO project and a senior scientist at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, told The Hindu that the pre-project work will start in April 2012 and 66 crores has been sanctioned for the work. The first task will be to have a road connectivity from Rasingapuram to Pottipuram village. The project is expected to be completed in 2015 at an estimated cost of 1,500 crores.

On 18 September 2012, Keralas octogenarian Opposition leader and CPI(M) central committee member VS Achuthanandan expressed anxiety over establishing a neutrino observatory on the Theni-Idukki border between Tamil Nadu and Kerala, citing environmental and radiological issues. Soon the INO collaboration clarified on all the issues raised by him and the responses are on the INO website.

On 5 January 2015, Union Cabinet headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved to set up the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO).

On 20 February 2015, The southern bench of National Green Tribunal ordered notices to the central and state governments on a petition challenging the environmental clearance granted to the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project.

On 26 March 2015, The Madurai bench of the Madras high court restrained the central government from commencing the work on the proposed India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO).The court directed the government to get permission from the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) before commencing the work.

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Participating Institutes Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) spelling out the operational aspects

of the project and the mode of utilisation of available funds was signed by seven primary project partners: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Kolkata, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata, Harish Chandra Research Institute (HRI), Allahabad and Institute of Physics (IOP), Bhubaneswar.

Thirteen other project participants include: Aligarh University, Aligarh, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Calcutta University (CU), Kolkata, Delhi University (DU), Delhi, University of Hawaii (UHW), Hawaii, Himachal Pradesh University (HPU), Shimla, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (IITB), Mumbai, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, North Bengal University (NBU), Siliguri, Panjab University (PU), Chandigarh, Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, Slim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Tamil Nadu and Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim.

Design The primary research instrument will consist of a 50,000 ton magnetised iron

particle physics calorimeter with glass Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) technology as the sensor elements.

The INO design is mostly based on the monolith experiment that could not go beyond the proposal Stage. The detector was expected to start collecting data in the year 2012. The location of INO has attracted a lot of attention from the neutrino physics community as the distance between INO and CERN is very close to "Magic Baseline" - a distance at which the effect of the CP phase on the measurement of is minimal.

The project has been hit by lack of skilled man power and opposition by environmentalists. In 2008, INO started a graduate training programme leading to PhD Degree in High Energy Physics and Astronomy to deal with the shortage of particle physicists.

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The Primary goals of the INO are the following 1. Unambiguous and more precise determination of Neutrino oscillation

parameters using atmospheric neutrinos. 2. Study of matter effects through electric charge identification, that may lead

to the determination of the unknown sign of one of the mass differences. 3. Study of charge-conjugation and charge parity (CP) violation in the leptonic

sector as well as possible charge-conjugation, parity, time-reversal (CPT) violation studies.

4. Study of Kolar events, possible identification of very-high energy neutrinos and multi-muon events.

The INO detector consists of 6 centimeters (2.4 in) thick Iron plates as passive material, with RPCs in between as active material.

A prototype of the INO detector with 14 layers, measuring 1 m 1 m 1 m is already operational in the VECC, Kolkata. The 35 ton prototype is set up over ground to track cosmic muons.

Location The location of the site was supposed to be at Singara 5.5 kilometers (3.4 mi)

south-west of Masinagudi in the Nilgiri Hills of South India. The site has been changed due to protests from environmental groups. The INO will now be built Bodi West Hills in Theni district, southern India.

NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 2014

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced its decision to award the Nobel Prize for Physics to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources".

Isamu Akasaki Isamu Akasaki is a Japanese citizen. He was born in 1929 in Chiran, Japan and

educated in Japan. He is currently a Professor at Meijo University, Nagoya, and Distinguished Professor at Nagoya University, Japan.

Hiroshi Amano Hiroshi Amano is also a Japanese citizen. He was born in I960 in Hamamatsu,

Japan and educated in Japan. He is a Professor at Nagoya University in Japan.

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Shuji Nakamura

Shuji Nakamura is an American citizen. He was born in 1954 in Ikata, Japan and educated in Japan. He is currently a Professor at University of California in the USA.

NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2014

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has announced that the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the year 2014 is being awarded to Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Mocrncr for the development of "super-resolved fluorescence microscopy".

For years, it was assumed that the resolution that could be achieved by optical microscopy was limited to half the wavelength of light.

These three-scientists overcame this received limitation with the help of fluorescent molecules.

Their work has made it possible to study molecular processes in real, time",

according to the Nobel Committee Chair. The winners will share the prize money of 8 million kroner.

Eric Betzig is an American citizen who born in 1960 in the USA. He is a Group Leader at the Janelia Research Campus at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in USA.

Stefan W. Hell is a German citizen who was born in Romania in 1962. He is Director at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Gollingen, and Division head at the German Cancer Research Centre in Heidelberg Germany.

William E. Moerner is an American citizen who was born in the USA in 1953. He is the Harry S. Mosher Professor in Chemistry and Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford University in the USA.

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NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE 2014

John OKeefe and Norwegian couple May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser have won the 2014 Nobel Prize for Medicine for their work which has led to discovering the brain's internal positioning system.

The Nobel Assembly, made the announcement at Sweden's Karolinska Institute saying that the discovery had provided a solution to an issue that has plagued the mind of researchers and philosopher alike for centuries : "How does the brain create a map of the space surrounding us and how can we navigate our way through a complex environment?"

John O'Keefe

John O'Keefe is a 74 yr old American-British Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College in London. In 1971, Dr. O'Keefe was studying the hippocampus, when during an experiment on rats he discovered that certain nerve cells got activated when the rat was in a particular spot.

If the rat changed its place, in different nerve cells in the rat's brain got activated. This led to conclusion that the cells weren't just registering the location h. they appeared to be making circuits that constituted an inner ma or GPS of the place. He realised that the hippocampus was a spatial system where the memory of a certain place gets stored a particular combination of the nerve cells!

May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser

May-Briti Moser aged and Edvard Moser aged are a married team. of neuroscientists working at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim. In 2005, the Mosers' worked with O'Keefe to further his work.

They conducted similar experiments on rats, where they discovered that nerve

cells in entorhinal cortex which is near the hippocampus got activated when the animals passed certain places. These nerve cells together laid out a grid like pattern enabling the rat to navigate spatially.

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NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE 2014

Patrick Modiano

Jean Patrick Modiano [born 30 July 1945] is a French novelist and recipient of

the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature.

He previously won the 2012 Austrian State Prize for European Literature, the 2010 Prix mondial Cino Del Duca from the Institut de France for lifetime achievement, the 1978 Prix Goncourt for Rue des boutiques obscures, and the 1972 Grand Prix du roman de l'Acadmie franaise for Les Boulevards de ceinture.

His works have been translated into more than 30 languages and have been celebrated in and around France, but most of his novels had not been translated into English before he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

NOBEL PRIZE IN PEACE 2014

Kailash Satyarthi

Kailash Satyarthi (born Kailash Sharma; 11 January 1954) is an Indian children's rights advocate and an activist against child labour. He founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (lit. Save the Childhood Movement) in 1980 and has acted to protect the rights of more than 83,000 children from 144 countries.

It is largely because of Satyarthi's work and activism that the International Labour Organization adopted Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labour, which is now a principal guideline for governments around the world.

His work is recognized through various national and international honours and awards including the Nobel Peace Prize of 2014, which he shared with Malala Yousafzai, making him the only Nobel laureate born in Madhya Pradesh.

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Malala Yousafzai

Malala Yousafzai was born on July 12, 1997, in Mingora, Pakistan. As a child, she became an advocate for girls' education, which resulted in the Taliban issuing a death threat against her. On October 9, 2012, a gunman shot Malala when she was traveling home from school.

She survived, and has continued to speak out on the importance of education. She was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 2013.

In 2014, she was nominated again and won, becoming the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.

NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS 2014

JEAN TIROLE

Jean Tirole (born 9 August 1953) is a French professor of economics. He focuses on industrial organization, game theory, banking and finance, and economics and psychology. In 2014 he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his analysis of market power and regulation.

HELMET COMPULSORY FOR TWO-WHEELER RIDERS IN TN FROM JULY 1

Tamil Nadu government announced that wearing of helmet by motorists will be compulsory from July 1, with violators facing the risk of their vehicle documents being impounded.

This is to inform the public that wearing of helmet by two-wheeler driver and rider is compulsory from 01.07.2015, failing which, all the documents of the two-wheeler including the driving licence of the driver shall be impounded under section 206 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, a government release said.

The impounded documents would be released only on production of new ISI certified helmet with purchase receipt, it added.

On June 8, the Madras High Court observed that it was disheartening to note that a number of precious lives were lost due to non-wearing of protective headgear and made wearing of helmets compulsory.

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CHENNAI METRO

The Chennai Metro Rail is a rapid transit system in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Phase I of the project, which consists of two corridors covering a length of 45.1 kilometres (28.0 mi), of which, first line of, phase 1, is completed. .

About 55% of the corridors in Phase I are underground and the remaining corridors are elevated.

Upon full completion, Chennai Metro Rail will be the first metro project in the country that will integrate other public transportation systems. The project is expected to reduce the commuting time by 75 per cent from one end of the city to another.

The state and central governments are also working together for the CMRL to takeover the Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) so that the latter would get a makeover with modernized stations, integrated ticketing systems, better facilities for passengers, increased frequency of services taking into consideration passenger demands, and also lead to better maintenance.

The first stretch of Chennai Metro Rail, a distance of 10 Kilometers from Koyambedu to Alandur started functioning from June 29, 2015. Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalitha flagged off Metro service where Preethi, one of the women drivers of Chennai Metro drove the train out of Alandhur station.

Chennai became seventh Indian city with metro rapid transit system in India,

after Kolkata, Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Gurgaon and Jaipur.

KISHOR SWASTHYA KARYAKRAM Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) on 7th January, 2014. The

programme will comprehensively address the health needs of the 243 million adolescents, who account for over 21% of the country's population.

He said that so