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© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 1
Mobile Broadband EvolutionAsia Technology Forum December 4-5, 2008
Vojislav VuceticSP Marketing, Industry and Technology Marketing Group
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 2
Agenda
Introduction
2G/2.5G/3G Mobile Wireless – Network Architectures
3G/4G Radio Access Directions
3GPP LTE and EPS Network – Overview
3GPP/3GPP2 Standards Update
Technical Comparison of LTE and WiMaX
Femtocell - Overview
Wireless/Wireline Convergence in the EPC
WiMaX Update
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 4
TDM Infrastructure
IP Insertion(Core, Edge, RAN)
IP E2E InfrastructureOpen handset
Mobile access evolution and IP infrastructure impact
Bus
ines
s pe
rfor
man
ce (p
rodu
ctiv
ity, e
ffici
ency
, rev
enue
)Mobile market in disruption…
Today(Voice and Data)
Emerging(Data Centric)
Legacy(Voice Centric)
TDMA Radio2G Data
UMTS/EVDO3G Data
OFDM voice and data
1990’s 2000’s 2010’s
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 5
BroadbandHigh Speed Radio Access
Billing PlansAggressive Flat Rate All-You-
Can-Eat Billing Plans
HandsetsPowerful New Deviceswith Compelling UIs
ApplicationsLots of Compelling AppsAre Moving over from the
Wired World
The Drivers: A Mobile Internet “Perfect Storm”
100 Fold Increase in Data Traffic by 2013/14
100 Fold Increase in Data Traffic by 2013/14
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 6
How Big … How Fast
Worldwide Mobile Data Traffic (in PBytes per Month)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012North America 5.0 11.9 38.9 97.9 225.0Asia-Pacific 10.3 28.0 74.2 155.4 313.4Eastern Europe 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.9 5.6Western Europe 4.2 20.5 50.6 132.0 292.0South America & Caribbean 0.1 0.9 2.9 8.0 20.8Middle East & Africa 0.2 1.6 7.2 23.7 55.0Total (PB/Month) 19.9 63.3 174.6 419.0 911.8
Source: In-Stat, 8/08
160% CAGR over next 4 years
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 7
Mobile Internet gateways that can Mobile Internet gateways that can scalescaleto 50 Gbps and moreto 50 Gbps and more
Cost effective solutions to Cost effective solutions to scale scale the RAN & the RAN & improve indoor coverageimprove indoor coverage
AllAll--IP system architectures that can IP system architectures that can simplify simplify networks & lower the cost per bit networks & lower the cost per bit
Scaling the Mobile InternetThe Mobile Internet Must Deliver Orders of Magnitude More
Traffic for an Orders of Magnitude Lower Cost Per Bit
Ethernet backhaul solutions that can Ethernet backhaul solutions that can scalescaleto the 100s of Gbps to the 100s of Gbps
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 8
2G/2.5G/3G Mobile Wireless Network Architectures
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 9
GSM Wireless Voice Network (Circuit Switched)
PSTN
MSC/VLR
BTS
GMSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
HLR
BSC
BSC
Radio AccessNetwork
(RAN)
CN to provide CS Voice
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 10
GSM/UMTS Wireless Network (CS and PS)
3GRouter
IP PDN
PSTN
CS VoiceNetwork
PS DataNetwork
SGSN GGSN
MSC/VLR
Node B
GMSC
Node B
Node B
Node B
HLR
RNC
RNC
Radio AccessNetwork
(RAN)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 11
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access)The most common form of UMTS (3G) uses W-CDMA as the underlying air interface
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 12
Wireless WAN in the CDMA Environment
PDSN HA
BSC/PCF
MSC/VLRBTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
3GRouter
IP PDN
PSTN
VoicePart
DataPart
GMSCHLR
BSC/PCF
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 13
3G/4G Radio Access Directions
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 14
Evolution of TDMA, CDMA, and OFDM Systems
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 15
WiMaX vs. HSPA, WiMaX 2.0 vs. LTE? (source: WiMaX Forum)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 16
Throughput Performance of Different Wireless Technologies (Blue Indicates Theoretical Peak Rates)
Technology D/L Theoretical
D/L Actual
U/L Theoretical
U/L Actual
UMTS WCDMA Rel’99 2.048Mbps 768UMTS WCDMA Rel’99 (practical terminal)
384Kbps 350Kbps 384Kbps 350Kbps
HSDPA Initial Devices (2006) 1.8Mbps > 1Mbps 384Kbps 350KbpsHSDPA Current Devices 3.6Mbps > 2Mbps 384Kbps 350KbpsHSDPA Emerging Devices 7.2Mbps > 3Mbps 384Kbps 350 KbpsHSDPA 14.4Mbps 384KbpsHSPA Initial Implementation 7.2Mbps >4Mbps 1.46Mbps 1MbpsHSPA Future Implementation 7.2Mbps 5.76MbpsHSPA 14.4Mbps 5.76MbpsHSPA+ (2x2 MIMO, DL 16 QAM, UL 16 QAM)
28 Mbps 11.5Mbps
HSPA+ (2x2 MIMO, DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM)
42Mbps 11.5Mbps
LTE (2x2 MIMO) 173Mbps 58MbpsLTE (4x4 MIMO) 326Mbps 86MBPS
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 17
Latency of Different Technologies
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 18
3GPP LTE and EPS Network – Overview
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 19
Traffic increase requires low cost/bit technologies
Source: Light Reading
Voice dominated
Data dominated
Traffic volume
Revenue
Time
Network cost (LTE)
Price per MByte has to be reduced to remain profitable
Network cost (existing technologies)
Profitability
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 20
LTE and EPS
A new radio (Long Term Evolution) and core (System Architecture Evolution-SAE) all-IP network ensuring 3GPP systems remains competitive [against WiMaX and 3GPP2 UMB(*)] over the next decadeLong Term Evolution is a Revolution in the air interface from WCDMA to OFDMA/MIMOEvolved Packet System is the new core network supporting the new LTE radio, plus legacy, plus non-3GPP networks (EVDO, WiMaX, WiFi)NOTE: 3GPP2 UMB will probably never be deployed (Development stopped by QCOM in November, 2008)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 21
What is LTE as defined in 3GPP Release 8LTE is NOT 4G (yet)
4G will be a set of requirements defined by ITU-R for IMT Advanced systems – 1Gbps to low mobility, 100 Mbps to highly mobile users (IMT-Advanced is work in progress)
4x4 LTE estimated to provide 300 Mbps
4x4 LTE
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 22
3GPP Release 8 Evolution Objectives
Radio Side (LTE – Long Term Evolution)– Improvements in spectral efficiency, user throughput, latency
– Simplification of the radio network
– Efficient support of packet based services: MBMS, IMS, etc.
Network Side (SAE – System Architecture Evolution)
– Improvement in latency, capacity, throughput, idle to active transitions
– Simplification of the core network
– Optimization for IP traffic and services
– Simplified support and handover to non-3GPP access technologies
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 23
3GPP Standardization Activities
One of the biggest standardizations efforts so far
More than 20,000 contributions submitted to 3GPP Release 8 in 2007
Companies that had significant contributions to 3GPP Release 8
Ericsson, Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Qualcomm, NTT DoCoMo, NSN, ALU, Nortel, LG Electronics, Huawei, NEC, Siemens, Panasonic, Vodafone, CATT, ZTE, Texas Instruments, Orange, IP Wireless, Marvell, Intel, T-Mobile, China Mobile, KDDI, Telecom Italia, AT&T, Starent, Cisco, Verizon Wireless, Nextwave, Philips, Sharp, Fujitsu, …
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 24
3GPP LTE Background3GPP work on the Evolution of the 3G Mobile System started with the RAN Evolution Work Shop in late 2004, with the objective
"to develop a framework for the evolution of the 3GPP radio-access technology towards a high-data- rate, low-latency and packet-optimized radio-access technology"
The Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGNM) initiative, led by seven network operators*, provided additional objectives and recommendations for the initiative.3GPP TR 25.913 captures the resulting detailed requirements, e.g.
100 Mb/s downlink and 50 Mb/s uplink peak data rates, Low control plane latency (<50 ms from idle to active)Low user plane latency (<5 ms for small IP packet)
A feasibility study and resulting framework for the Evolved UTRA and Evolved UTRAN Long Term Evolution (LTE) was conducted in TR 25.912The resulting E-UTRA and E-UTRAN is specified in the 3GPP 36.xxx series, e.g.:
TS 36.401: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Architecture description (Release 8)TS 36.300: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)
*NGMN members: China Mobile Communications Corporation, KPN Mobile NV, NTT DoCoMo Inc., Orange SA, Sprint Nextel Corporation, T-Mobile International AG & Co KG and, Vodafone Group PLC.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 25
3GPP SAE3GPP SA WG2 started its own Study for the System Architecture Evolution (SAE) in December 2004, with the objective
"to develop a framework for an evolution or migration of the 3GPP system to a higher-data-rate, lower-latency, packet-optimized system, that supports multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs).”
It was initiated when it became clear that the future was IP with everything (the "all-IP" network, AIPN – see TS 22.978), and that access to the 3GPP network would ultimately be not only via UTRAN or GERAN but by WiFi, WiMAX, or even wired technologiesThe main objectives of the SAE work are to address the following:
Impact on overall architecture resulting from RAN's LTE workImpact on overall architecture resulting from SA1's “all-IP” (AIPN) work
For example support for a variety of access networks and end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS)
Overall architectural aspects resulting from the need to support mobility between heterogeneous access networks
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 26
High-Level LTE and EPS Architecture
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 27
LTE (Long Term Evolution) Architecture
Flattened network architecture with fewer nodes (only base stations and gateways) – known as Evolved Packet System - EPS
No RNC node – RNC function integrated in to an ‘evolved Node-B’ (BTS), known as e-NodeB
Architecture provides separation of Control and Data Planes
Supports IP Packet Switched traffic only – It is an All IP Network
All services delivered using IP Packet connections, including voice and video (and of course data!)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 28
Functional Migration from 2G/3G to SAE2G/3G LTE
CDMA/GSM/UMTS
Source: IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan/Feb, 2009
HA / GGSN
PDSN / SGSN
BSC / RNC
BTS / NodeB
Control Plane
eNodeB
MME
User Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
Serving/PDN Gateway
HA / GGSN
PDSN / SGSN
BSC / RNC
BTS / NodeB
Control Plane
eNodeB
MME
User Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
Serving/PDN Gateway
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 29
Advanced Antenna Techniques used by LTE
LTE is enhanced with MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output), Spatial-Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and Beam Forming
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 30
BeamformingIncreases user data rates by focusing the
transmit power in the direction of the user, effectively increasing the signal strength at the UE (mobile)
Beamforming most beneficial for users in weaker signal strength areas, typically the edge of cell coverage
Advanced Antenna Techniques used by LTE
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 31
DL MIMO (Down Link Multiple-In Multiple-Out)
Supports up to 4x4 MIMO in the DL, using four transmit antennas at Node-B to transmit orthogonal (parallel) data streams to the four receive antennas at the mobile User Equipment (UE).
Increases user data rates without additional transmit power or bandwidth.
Advanced Antenna Techniques used by LTE
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 32
Advanced Antenna Techniques used by LTE
SDMA (Spatial Division Multiple Access)Enables multiple users to send/receive data
using the same time-frequency OFDM resourceEven though transmissions are simultaneous the
spatial separation ensures that the data streams to (and from) the users do not interfere with each other
Increases cell capacity in both the DL and ULLTE does not support simultaneous MIMO
and SDMA operation to a user; hence a trade off between a higher data rates, and a higher system capacity
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 33
EPS Nodes and Functions
Evolved Node-B (eNB)This is an evolved Node B (BTS), hosted at a cell site
RNC (Radio Network Controller) function is integrated in to the eNB
RNC integration means fewer hops in the media path, thus lowering the latency
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 34
EPS Nodes and Functions
Mobility Management Entity (MME)Signaling-only entity – no IP data packets go through the MME
Main function is to manage the UEs mobility
UE authentication and authorization
Idle mode UE tracking and reachability
Separate signaling element allows operators to grow data traffic and signaling capacity independently
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 35
EPS Nodes and Functions
Serving Gateway (S-GW) and PDN Gateway (P-GW)
This two gateways may be implemented as a single network element
S-GW acts as a local mobility anchor for UEs(mobiles) being served
P-GW interfaces with external PDNs
P-GW provides IP functions such as address allocation, packet classification and routing,policy enforcement, and mobility anchoring for non-3GPP networks
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 36
LTE/System Architecture Evolution
X2 inter base station interface
SCTP/IP SignallingGTP tunnelling
following handover
S1-c Base Station to MME interfaceMulti-homed to multiple MME poolsSCTP/IP based
S11 MME to SAE GWGTP-c Version 2
S1-u Base Station to SAE GWGTP-u base micro mobility
SAE GW to PDN GWGTP or PMIP based macro mobility
SAE GW
SAE GW
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 37
Non-LTE (non-3GPP) radio support
PDN GWSAE GW
MME
ENB
SGSNUTRAN GTPc Context Transfer
GTPu Macro Mobility
3GPP2
PDSN
PMIPv6 or MIPv4 FA Mode
S101 S103
S101: UDP application for pre- registration
Sx-u: forward DL data to minimize loss on handover
PDN GW
SAE GW
HRPD GW
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 38
Radio Evolution Driving Backhaul Capacity
Rel-99
WCDMA
Rel-5
HSDPA
Rel-6
HSUPA
Rel-7
MIMO 2x2
Rel-9
OFDMA
DL: 384 kpsUL: 384 kbps
DL: 1.8 – 14.4 MbpsUL: 384 kbps
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011+??
DL: 1.8 – 14.4 MbpsUL: 5.7 Mpbs
DL: 28 MbpsUL: 11 Mpbs
Rel-8
64 QAM
DL: 42 MbpsUL: 11 Mpbs
DL: 100 MbpsUL: 50 Mpbs
Rel-8
LTE
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 39
Technical Alignment Between WiMaX and LTEAspect Mobile WiMaX 3GPP-LTECore Network GRE based micro mobility and PMIP
based macro mobilityGTP based micro mobility and GTP/PMIP based macro mobility
Access Technology OFDMA (DL)
OFDMA (UL)
OFDMA (DL)
SC-FDMA (UL)
FFT Size 128-1024 128-2048
Frequency Bands, GHz
2.3, 2.5, 3.4, 5.8 Existing IMT 2000 bands
(0.7 through to 2.6)
Channel Bandwidths, MHz
5, 7, 8.75, 10 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20
Duplexing Method TDD but FDD in the works Primarily FDD, but also TDD
MIMO Mode Diversity/Spatial Multiplexing/Collaborative SM
Diversity/Spatial Multiplexing/Collaborative SM
Modulation 64 QAM/16QAM/QPSK 64 QAM/16QAM/QPSK
Frame Length 5ms 1ms
Typical MAC overhead
~25% ~15-20%
Vehicular support Up to 120 kmph Up to 250 kmph
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 40
3GPP Release 8 - Architecture Overview
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 41
Evolved Packet System
The System Architecture Evolution (SAE) defines the Evolved 3GPP Packet Switched domain (aka Evolved Packet System - EPS)
S1 -U
S1 -MME
E -UTRAN
2G/3G SGSN S4
S3MME
S11
S10
3GPP Access
ServingGa teway
SGi
PCRF
Gx
HSS
S2b
SWn
Operator 's IP Services
(e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
SWm
SWx
UntrustedNon -3GPP IP
Access SWa
HPLMN
Non -3GPP Networks
S6b
Rx+
PDNGateway
ePDG 3GPP AAA Server
Gxb
S2a
Gxa
TrustedNon -3GPP IP
Access STa
S 7c
S5
S6a
UE
SWu
The EPS provides IP connectivity for 3GPP and non-3GPP Access Networks
UTRAN, E-UTRAN, Trusted and Untrusted Non-3GPP Access
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 42
Evolved Packet System
Up until Release 8, 3GPP IP mobility was based on GTPHowever, other networks (notably CDMA) had IP mobility based on Mobile IP For Release 8 some vendors and operators preferred to use GTP, others preferred to use Mobile IPConsequently, both options were allowed and specified by 3GPP:
TS 23.401 defines a GTP-based EPS supporting 3GPP IP Access networks onlyTS 23.402 defines a (Proxy) Mobile IP-based EPS supporting 3GPP and non-3GPP IP Access networks
For roaming between GTP-based and Mobile IP-based EPSes, the baseline interworking is GTP
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 43
3GPP Access
Non-Roaming EPS Reference Architecture
E-UTRANPDN
GatewayServing GatewayeNodeB
PCRF
Operator’s IP Services
HSS
Gxc(Gx+)
S11(GTP-C)
S1-U(GTP-U)
S2b(PMIPv6,
GRE)
MME
S5 (PMIPv6, GRE)
S6a(DIAMETER)
S1-MME(S1-AP)
GERAN
S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)UTRAN
SGSN
Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access
Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access
S3(GTP-C)
S12 (GTP-U)
S10(GTP-C)
S5 (GTP-C, GTP-U)
Gx(Gx+)
Gxb(Gx+)
SWx (DIAMETER)
STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)
ePDG
3GPPAAA
SWn (TBD)
S2c (DSMIPv6)
S2c
S6b(DIAMETER)
SWm(DIAMETER)
SGi
SWa (TBD)
Gxa(Gx+)
Rx+
S2c
UE
UE
UE
SWu (IKEv2, MOBIKE, IPSec)
S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)
Evolved Packet Core
Non-3GPPIP Access Trusted Untrusted
3GPP IP Access
LTE
2G/3G
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 44
3GPP Access
Non-Roaming EPS Reference Architecture
E-UTRANPDN
GatewayServing GatewayeNodeB
PCRF
Operator’s IP Services
HSS
Gxc(Gx+)
S11(GTP-C)
S1-U(GTP-U)
S2b(PMIPv6,
GRE)
MME
S5 (PMIPv6, GRE)
S6a(DIAMETER)
S1-MME(S1-AP)
GERAN
S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)UTRAN
SGSN
Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access
Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access
S3(GTP-C)
S12 (GTP-U)
S10(GTP-C)
S5 (GTP-C, GTP-U)
Gx(Gx+)
Gxb(Gx+)
SWx (DIAMETER)
STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)
ePDG
3GPPAAA
SWn (TBD)
S2c (DSMIPv6)
S2c
S6b(DIAMETER)
SWm(DIAMETER)
SGi
SWa (TBD)
Gxa(Gx+)
Rx+
S2c
UE
UE
UE
SWu (IKEv2, MOBIKE, IPSec)
S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)
• Common anchor point for all IP Access Networks (3GPP and non-3GPP)• Assigns/owns IP-address for UE (v4/v6)• Processes all IP packets to/from UE• Can be in home and/or visited network
• Anchor point for 3GPP IP Access Networks only (2G/3G/LTE)• Processes all IP packets to/from UE• Controlled by MME• Uses network-based mobility towards PDNGW (GTP or PMIPv6)• Always in same network as eNodeB
• Handles all signaling traffic (no user plane traffic) • Interacts with HSS for user authentication, profile download, etc.• Interacts with eNodeB and Serving GW to control tunnels, paging, etc.• Interacts with SGSN for 2G/3G
• Performs radio resource management, incl. handovers• Interacts with MME for all signaling plane processing• Exchanges user plane traffic with Serving GW• Wireless or fixed access network
• Close integration with the EPC• Supports mobility, policy and AAA interfaces to the EPC
• EPC point of attachment for untrusted IP access networks (“Internet”) •IPSec to UE for EPC connectivity• Network-based mobility towards PDNGW (PMIPv6)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 58
3GPP Access
Roaming Architecture: 3GPP Access, Home Routed Traffic, GTP-Based
PDN Gateway
Serving Gateway
hPCRF
Operator’s IP Services
HSS
S6a(DIAMETER)
Gx(Gx+)
Rx+
Note: Protocol choice analysis in TR 29.803
SGi
VPLMN (GTP)
HPLMN (GTP)
S8a(GTP-C, GTP-U)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 59
3GPP Access
Roaming Architecture: 3GPP Access, Home Routed Traffic, PMIP-Based
PDN Gateway
Serving Gateway
hPCRF
Operator’s IP Services
HSS
S6a(DIAMETER)
Gx(Gx+)
Rx+
Note: Protocol choice analysis in TR 29.803
SGi
vPCRFVPLMN (PMIP)
HPLMN (PMIP)
S9(DIAMETER)
Gxc(Gx+)
S8b(PMIPv6, GRE)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 60
3GPP Access
Roaming Architecture: Non-3GPP Access, Home Routed Traffic, PMIP-Based
PDN Gateway
Serving Gateway
hPCRF
Operator’s IP Services
HSS
S2b(PMIPv6,
GRE)
S6a(DIAMETER)
S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)
Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access
Gx(Gx+)
Gxa(Gx+)
SWx (DIAMETER)
Rx+
SWm(DIAMETER)
STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)
Note: Protocol choice analysis in TR 29.803
3GPPAAA
SGi
SWa(TBD)
vPCRF
3GPPAAA Proxy
Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access
ePDG
SWn(TBD)
VPLMN (PMIP)
HPLMN (PMIP)
Gxb(Gx+)
S9(DIAMETER)
SWd (RADIUS, DIAMETER)
Gxc(Gx+)
S8b(PMIPv6, GRE)
SWu
S6b(DIAMETER)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 61
Roaming Architecture: 3GPP Access, Local Breakout, GTP-Based
3GPP Access
PDN Gateway
Serving Gateway
hPCRF
Operator’s IP Services
HSS
S6a(DIAMETER)
Rx+
Note: Protocol choice analysis in TR 29.803
vPCRFVPLMN (GTP)
HPLMN (GTP)
S9(DIAMETER)
Operator’s IP Services
Gx(Gx+)
S5SGi
Rx+
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 62
Roaming Architecture: 3GPP Access, Local Breakout, PMIP-Based
3GPP Access
PDN Gateway
Serving Gateway
hPCRF
Operator’s IP Services
HSS
S6a(DIAMETER)
Rx+
Note: Protocol choice analysis in TR 29.803
vPCRFVPLMN (PMIP)
HPLMN (GTP or PMIP)
S9(DIAMETER)
SWd (RADIUS, DIAMETER)
Operator’s IP Services
Gxc(Gx+)
Gx(Gx+)
S5SGi
Rx+
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 63
3GPP Access
Roaming Architecture: Non-3GPP Access, Local Breakout
PDN Gateway
Serving Gateway
hPCRF
Operator’s IP Services
HSS
S2b
S6a(DIAMETER)
Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access
Gxa(Gx+)
SWx (DIAMETER)
Rx+
SWm(DIAMETER)
STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)
Note: Protocol choice analysis in TR 29.803
3GPPAAA
SWa(TBD)
vPCRF
3GPPAAA Proxy
Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access
ePDG
VPLMN (GTP or PMIP)
HPLMN (GTP or PMIP)
Gxb
S9(DIAMETER)
SWd (RADIUS, DIAMETER)
Operator’s IP Services
Gxc(Gx+)
Gx(Gx+)
S5SGi
Rx+
SWn(TBD)
SWu
S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)
S6b
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 64
3GPP Access
Roaming Architecture: All Access, Home Routed and Local Breakout
PDN Gateway
Serving Gateway
hPCRF
Operator’s IP Services
HSS
S2b
S6a(DIAMETER)
Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access
Gxa(Gx+)
SWx (DIAMETER)
Rx+
SWm(DIAMETER)
STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)
Note: Protocol choice analysis in TR 29.803
3GPPAAA
SGi
SWa(TBD)
vPCRF
3GPPAAA Proxy
Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access
ePDG
VPLMN (GTP or PMIP)
HPLMN (GTP or PMIP)
Gxb
S9(DIAMETER)
SWd (RADIUS, DIAMETER)
Operator’s IP Services
PDN Gateway
S8a/b
Gx(Gx+)
S5 SGi
Gx(Gx+)
Rx+Gxc
(Gx+)
SWn(TBD)
SWu
S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)
S6b(DIAMETER)
S6b
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 65
Notes on Roaming and Local Breakout
Home Routed traffic and Local Breakout supported at the same time for a given UE
However, for a given application, only one of them can be used at a given point in time
GTP/PMIP interworking onus for 3GPP Access is on the PMIP-based network
If visited network is PMIP-based, and home network is GTP-based, then the Serving Gateway in the visited (PMIP) network must offer S8a (GTP) interface to the home network.If visited network is GTP-based, and home network is PMIP-based, then the PDN Gateway in the home (PMIP) network must offer S8a (GTP) interface to the visited network.Differences in PCC infrastructure (Gxc interface to Serving Gateway) expected to be handled by PMIP-based network as well
This applies to the existence of the interface as well as any resulting differences in policy flows (S9)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 67
High level Comparison between GTP and Mobile IP
GTP (Proxy) Mobile IPKey management and confidentiality
None (done at the access) Optionally, IPSec can be used (e.g. GRX)
IPSec with automated (IKE) or manual key exchange
Inter-Technology handoff No MIP could be deployed as an extra layer
Yes
Context Transfer (policy, QoS, charging, etc)
Yes No (needs new extensions)
QoS management Yes No (needs new extensions)
Access Agnostic No Yes
IETF Compliant No Yes
Air-interface capacity impact
Optimized Depends on MIP model
Client impact No client required Yes with CMIP Can be alleviated with PMIP
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 68
S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)
Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF)
E-UTRANServing GatewayeNodeB Operator’s
IP Services
HSS
Gxc(Gx+)
S11(GTP-C)
S1-U(GTP-U)
S2b(PMIPv6,
GRE)
MME
S5 (PMIPv6, GRE)
S6a(DIAMETER)
S1-MME(S1-AP)
GERAN
S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)UTRAN
SGSN
Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access
Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access
S3(GTP-C)
S12 (GTP-U)
S10(GTP-C)
S5 (GTP-C, GTP-U)
Gx(Gx+)
Gxb(Gx+)
SWx (DIAMETER)
STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)
ePDG
3GPPAAA
SWn(TBD)
S6b(DIAMETER)
SWm(DIAMETER)
SGi
SWa(TBD)
Gxa(Gx+)
Rx+
UE
UE
Note: Refer to TS 23.203, 23.401, and 23.402 for further details
PCRF
PDN Gateway
UE
SWu (IKEv2, MOBIKE, IPSec)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 69
GTP/PMIP in EPSGTP use in EPS split in -C and -U plane
GTP-C for S3, S4, S5, S8, S10, S11 and S101GTP-U for S1-U, X2, S4, S5, S8, S12 (version FFS)
PMIPv6 used in EPS on S2, S5, S8New GTP control plane being specified (TS 29.274). New feature includes:
New QoS mechanism and UE Context (separation of control and user plane entities)New IEs (bearer, function)Idle mode signaling reductionInter 3GPP mobilityEnd marker packet
GTP user plane version still in discussion but it will likely be an enhanced GTPv1 version with backward compatible extensionsEPS PMIPv6 being specified (TS 29.275). Enhancements are required to align PMIP and GTP capabilities as required for EPS, some of them are addressed in the current internet-draft
Path Management (e.g. heartbeat, restoration)Dual Stack capabilities
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 70
LTE/EPS Interworking with WiMaX
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 71
LTE/EPS Interworking Possible integrated PDN GW and CSN
E-UTRANPDN
Gateway/CSN
Serving GatewayeNodeB
PCRF
Operator’s IP Services
HSS
Gxc(Gx+)
S11(GTP-C)
S1-U(GTP-U)
MME
S5 (PMIPv6, GRE)
S6a(DIAMETER)
S1-MME(S1-AP) S10
(GTP-C)
S5 (GTP-C, GTP-U)
Gx(Gx+)
SWx (DIAMETER)
3GPPAAAS6b
(DIAMETER)
SGi
R3-PCC(Gx+)
Rx+
UE
UE
WiMAX
ASNGw
BTS
WiMAX
UE
(RADIUS)R3
(PMIP, GRE)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 72
3GPP/3GPP2 Standards Update
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 73
3GPP Structure and Leadership - Current TSG Structure
TSG – Technical Specification Group
TSG GERANGSM EDGE Radio Access Network
TSG RANRadio Access Network
TSG SAService & System Aspects
TSG CTCore Network & Terminals
GERAN WG1Radio Aspects
RAN WG1Radio Layer 1 spec
SA WG1Services
CT WG1MM/CC/SM (lu)
GERAN WG2Protocol Aspects
RAN WG2Radio Layer 2 spec
Radio Layer 3 RR spec
SA WG2Architecture
GERAN WG3Terminal Testing
RAN WG3Lub spec, lur spec, lu spec, UTRAN O&M requirements
SA WG3Security
CT WG3Interworking with external networks
RAN WG4Radio Performance Protocols aspects
SA WG4Codec
CT WG 4MAP/GTP/BCH/SS
RAN WG5Mobile Terminal
SA WG5Telecom Management
CT WG5Smart Card Application Aspects
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 74
3GPP/3GPP2 Standards Activities - Summary
3GPP Current Status (as of September 18th, 2008) after SA Plenary Meeting
Stage 1 completed June 2008Stage 2 completed June 2008 (with the exceptions that will be completed by December 2008Stage 3 freezing target December 2008, but will be probably moved to March 2009 (?)OAM/Charging freezing target: Stage 3 freezing + 3 months = March 2009 + 3 months?Testing freezing target: TBDSummary of all Release 8 Features – Target publication remains December 2008
3GPP2 target date for X.P0057 is December 2008
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 75
3GPP Release 8 E-UTRAN Standards TimelineLayer 1 specifications are very stableRemaining specs went under change control 12/07, even though many/most were not readyExpect a wave of CRs in 2009 to fix defects
Jul Oct Oct Oct OctJan Jan JanApr Apr AprJul Jul Jul
2006 2007 2008 2009
Stage 2 Change Control
Stage 2 Freeze
Stage 3 Change Control
Stage 3 Freeze
Stage 2 DevelopmentStage 3 Development
Oct Oct OctJan Jan JanApr Apr AprJul Jul Jul
2007 2008 2009
Stage 2 Change Control
Stage 2 Freeze
Stage 3 Change Control
Stage 3 Freeze
Stage 2 Development
Stage 3 Development
3GPP Release 8 EPC Standards TimelineStage 2 work winding down, a few key issues remain open
Stage 3 work just beginning. (3GPP likely to “declare”completion by EOY 08)
Expect a wave of CRs in 2009 to fix defects and to last 12-16 months
Jan
Jan
Stage 3 might end in 03/09
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 76
Key EPC Network Elements
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 77
Key Attributes of LTE and the EPS LTE supports high bandwidth
– Support for high throughput in the core is important– Example: 1/3 Million users at 120 kbps equals 40 Gbps
LTE does not have a “circuit” or “voice” mode– Cellular networks will eventually move to VoIP– Support for large number of small packets will be important– High availability and reliability will be critical (ESSENTIAL)
Move to “always-on” model– LTE can be fixed-line competitor– With “all-IP” and “always-on”, more users will be active at a given point in time– Expect increased machine-to-machine communication with varying call models– High session count must be supported
Conclusion– Network must support high session count, high throughput, and high packet-per-
second (pps) count– Network must be highly available and reliable
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 78
Key Attributes of the EPCThe EPC supports both 3GPP and non-3GPP access networks
– Allows us to build a single unified core network that can support a variety of different access networks, e.g. UTRAN, HRPD, LTE, IEEE 802.11,etc.
– Allows for an evolutionary approach to the EPS
– Access network technologies can evolve without impacting the core
Non-3GPP access networks not limited to wireless networks– EPS supports fixed networks as well
– Enables better support for femto-cell and facilitates fixed-mobile convergence
– We have been working with various customers on a converged wireless and wireline EPS architecture based on a combined EPS (TS 23.402) and ETSI TISPAN model
EPC is service independent– Provides a general IP network infrastructure with support for a variety of applications
• SIP and non-SIP, user and machine, managed and non-managed,
– Subscriber databases, policy, charging, and IP mobility must all be generic
– Security and control of non-managed services must be addressed as well
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 79
Key Attributes of the EPCEPC allows for both home routed traffic and local breakout
– Home routed traffic incurs additional overhead, delay and cost, but also allows for home provider specific processing of traffic
– Local breakout is more efficient and allows for “hot potato” routing
EPC provides mobility services for all types of access networks– Allows for roaming and handover between different types of access networks
• Optimized solution being developed for LTE-HRPD handover; WiMAX handover will be done as well (3GPP Release 9)
– Facilitates access network independence and fixed-mobile convergence– Multiple protocol choices for mobility services though
• Network-based (GTP, PMIPv6) and client-based (DSMIPv6, MIPv4)
Conclusion– Network must allow for a variety of access network technologies, both wireless and
fixed– Network must be designed to support fixed-mobile convergence– Network should be application agnostic and allow for varying call models– Network should be prepared to support different mobility protocols
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 80
EPC Platforms DirectionsMobile networks & the Internet are converging
Ramp in packet traffic will have implications on infrastructure
EPC platforms address the LTE/EPC requirements by providing:– Several orders of magnitude more bandwidth, packet processing capability
and high session count– A variety of form factors and scalability points to support different deployment
models and scales
– Support for multiple airlink and access technologies (macro all the way to femto, 2G/3G/LTE, non-3GPP and wireline network integration)
– Carrier-class design for high reliability and availability
– DPI capabilities for P2P, billing, advertising, etc.
– Increased scalability while reducing complexity through platform and management integration
IP expertise is a critical success factor going forward
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 81
LTE/EPC and CDMA Carrier
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 82
E-UTRAN – eHRPD Connectivity and Interworking Architecture – X.P0057
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 83
LTE/EPC and Traditional 3G Service Provider
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 84
Two Types of LTE/3G Interworking
Pre-Release 8 3G NetworkPDN GW handles handover to/from Pre-Release 8 SGSNs
Release 8 3G NetworkMME and SGW handle handover to/from Release 8 SGSNs
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 85
Non-roaming Architecture: LTE/3G (Pre- Release 8) Interworking
SGi
Gn
Gn
S1-MMEPCRF
S7
S6aHSS
S10
UE
GERAN
UTRAN
Pre Rel-8 SGSN
E-UTRAN
MME
S11
S5ServingGW
PDNGW
Rx+
Gr
S1uOperator's IP Services(e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
OnlineCharging
CGF(offline)
Gy (DCCA)
Gz (GTP’)
Lawful Intercept
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 86
Non-roaming Architecture: LTE/3G (Release 8) Interworking
SGi
S4
S3
S1-MMEPCRF
S7
S6aHSS
S10
UE
GERAN
UTRAN
Rel-8 SGSN
E-UTRAN
MME
S11
S5ServingGW
PDNGW
Rx+
Gr
S1uOperator's IP Services(e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
OnlineCharging
CGF(offline)
Gy (DCCA)
Gz (GTP’)
Lawful Intercept
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 87
Options for LTE/3G Inter-working
Upgrade all the SGSNs in the legacy 3G network to Release 8 prior to LTE interworking
Only S-GW deals with handover with legacy SGSNs
– Simplified handover architecture
P-GW need not support legacy Gn/Gp interface
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 88
Technical Comparison of LTE and WiMAX
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 89
Executive Summary
WiMAX has following benefits over LTEMature standards and large ecosystem of chip, device, network providers. Expect commercial LTE rollout in 2010
WiMAX systems will be cheaper and simpler
WiMAX has following drawbacks over LTELTE interworks with existing 3GPP, 3GPP2 systems very well. Enables gradual roll-out
LTE has higher spectral efficiency compared to WiMxX 1.0
Expect WiMAX 1.5 and 802.16m to catch up
Large pools of FDD spectrum make LTE attractive
Determining factors for WiMAXTDD; Fixed/Portable Usage; Greenfield Operator; Emerging Market
Determining factors for LTEFDD; Mobile Usage; Cellular Operator; Developed Markets
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 90
Comparison -- System Level Similarity /Differences Advantages/Disadvantages
W&L are IP based architectures.
W&L are “flat” architectures with most radio functionality at the base site
WiMAX relies heavily on IETF based protocols where appropriate while LTE relies on combination of IETF and legacy 3GPP protocols
WiMAX benefits from reuse of equipment and protocols (deployed in enterprise and carrier IP networks) in cost and expertise savings. Two examples: AAA, and HA
(only) LTE provides separation of control (MME) and bearer (S-GW)
Allows for independent scaling of bearer and control. Allows combining S-GW and PDN-GW.
(only) WiMAX enables creation of distinct Access and Connectivity Provider
Enables business models where different connectivity providers share same radio access network
W&L support IPv4, IPv6
WiMAX supports Ethernet Convergence
Ethernet convergence is useful for many deployments such as Enterprise connectivity
LTE provides extensive support for interworking with 3GPP, 3GPP2 providers
WiMAX will provide loosely coupled interworking with 3GPP2 starting Rel. 1.5
Enables smooth transition from 3GPP2 and 3GPP systems to LTE
W&L: WiMAX & LTE
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 91
Comparison -- Security/ Mobility/ QoS
Similarity /Differences Advantages/DisadvantagesW&L provide mutual authentication, and encryption of over-the-air traffic and maintain key hierarchies
LTE Security is based on USIM
WiMAX device security is based on certificates
LTE is consistent with cellular technology
WiMAX is consistent with security mechanisms in Enterprise and Cable industry
W&L support roaming (simple IP) and mobility (continuity of IP address)
W&L provide mobility between BS (within GW), across GWs in radio network.
LTE has network mobility based on GTP and PMIP while WiMAX has based on PMIP
PMIP is IETF based mobility protocol while GTP was defined and used in 3GPP. WiMAX can reuse off-the-shelf AAA, and HA
W&L provide service flows based on traffic flow classification
W&L provide QoS for constant and variable bit rate services
LTE enables client-based setup of service flows
This feature is expected in future WiMAX release
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 93
Comparison-Likely Operator Profile
Prefer WiMAX Prefer LTE
Spectrum Availability
TDD spectrum in 2.5, and 3.5 FDD spectrum in multiple frequency bands. (While LTE supports TDD, unlikely to be big focus)
Primary Service Type
Broadband wireless service for residential usage
Broadband wireless service for mobile and portable devices
Legacy or Greenfield operators
Primarily Greenfield operators (Sprint Clearwire being the significant exception)
Legacy 3GPP and 3GPP operators to migrate to LTE based on broadband demands and device availability
TTM Considerations
Current Availability of inter operable devices and equipment favors WiMaX
Earliest large scale commercial deployment in 2010.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 94
LTE Deployments and Interworking
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 95
Trials Timeline (Best Guess)
Operators Dates
Verizon, Vodafone, China Mobile Pre-Commercial Trial through mid 2009
Verizon to go commercial early 2010
NTT DoCoMo Ongoing Trials
Commercial early 2010
T-Mobile Demonstration is MWC (1Q, 2008)
No announcements on commercialization
LTSI (LTE-SAE Trial Initiative). Major Operators (Vodafone, China Mobile, FTO, Telefonica, Telcom Italia)
Proof of Concept completed
Interoperability Tests planned through end of 2009
Customer Trials in 2010
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 96
End to End System Architecture
Functional Mapping
PDN-GW maps to HA
HSS maps to AAA
(S-GW and MME combined) map to ASN-GW
eNodeB maps to BS
UE maps to SS (subscriber station)
LTE
SS
BS
ASN-GW
HAAAA
R6
R3
R8
R4
WiMAX
S10
UE
eNodeB
S-GWMME
PDN-GW
HSS
S1-MME
S5
S11
X2
S1-u
S6
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 97
Interworking with other Wireless Networks
S-GWMME
PDN-GW
LTE E-UTRAGPRS/UMTS
SGSN
cdma200/HRPD
PDSN
WLAN
ePDGS3
S4S2a S2b
WiMaX LTELoosely coupled interworking with cdma200 in Release 1.5
Well defined interfaces (as shown above) for GPRS/UMTS, cdma2000, and WiFI
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 98
Interworking with 3GPP2
WiMAX LTECoupling Type
Loosely Coupled system sharing HA, HAAA and Billing
Tightly Coupled system sharing PDN-GW (HA), HAAA and Billing
Mobility Supports handover between cdma2000 and WiMAX using Mobile IP
Supports handover between cdma2000 and LTE using Mobile IP
Access Network Coupling
No coupling at access network layer
Tunnel between MME and RAN for exchanging control messages (pre-registration)
Tunnel between S-GW and PDSN for exchanging data packets.
Physical Layer Coupling
No coupling at physical layer eNB provides information about 3GPP2 BTS’ (frequency, etc).
eNB specifies measurements
eNB determines when to handover to 3GPP2
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 100
Network Mobility
SS
BS
ASN-GW
HAAAA
R6
WiMaX
MIP
UE
eNodeB
S-GWMME
PDN-GW
HSS
GTP
GTP
GTP
UE
eNodeB
S-GWMME
PDN-GW
HSS
GTP
PMIPv6
PMIPv6
GTPGTP
LTE
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 101
Network MobilityWiMaX LTE
GTP (23.401) PMIPv6 (23.402)Method Type Mobile IP v4 (CMIP, PMIP) GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP v2) PMIPv6
Main Elements ASN-GW (FA) in the ASN and Home Agent in the CSN
MME, Serving Gateway, and PDN- GW. MME and Serving Gateway in the visited network, PDN-GW in visited or home network.
MME, Serving Gateway (acts as MAG), and PDN-GW (acts as LMA). MME and Serving Gateway in the visited network, PDN-GW in visited or home network
Mobility Scenarios
1) Intra ASN
2) Inter-ASN – ASN anchored
3) Inter-ASN with ASN relocation
1) No MME, S-GW relocation
2) No MME but S-GW relocation
3) MME and S-GW relocation
1) No MME, S-GW relocation
2) No MME but S-GW relocation
3) MME and S-GW relocation
Main Messages
Intra-ASN: Target ASN send Mobile IP re- registration with FA COA (target address)
GTP Messaging (Update Bearer Request) between Target S-GW and PDN-GW switches tunnel from source to target
PMIP Messaging (Proxy Binding Update) between Target S-GW and PDN-GW switches tunnel from source to target
Miscellaneous Better suited to support for legacy UTRAN (UMTS/3G)
Better suited for to handle mobility to HRPD. Verizon is primary driver
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 103
Security
WiMaX LTE
Basis for Security
Device Certificate in MS/SS for device authentication
Shared Secret in UE and AuC for device authentication
Main Elements
Certificate in SS
BS and ASN-GW
AAA
USIM in UE
eNodeB and MME
HSS/AuC
Authenticatio n and Key Derivation
EAP (TLS, TTLS) between SS and AAA with ASN-GW as NAS
R6 Messages for key transfer between ASN-GW and BS
AKA (Authentication and Key Agreement) between UE and MME
DIAMETER Messaging between MME and HLR
S1 messages for key transfer between MME and BS
Miscellaneous Separate keys for Encryption and Signaling
Encryption (AES, 3DES)
Integrity (HMAC, CMAC)
Creation of temporary identity for user id confidentiality
Separate keys for Bearer and Signaling
Separate keys for Encryption and Message Integrity
EIA1 for Integrity and EIA2 for Encryption (SNOW 3G and AES)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 104
Femtocell - Overview
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 105
Mobile Operator ChallengesImproving in-home Coverage
– Significant percentage of mobile traffic originated in the home
– Poor coverage leads to unhappy customers – churn
Reducing Operational Costs– Backhaul of cell tower traffic accounts for 20% of
mobile operator OPEX
– Site acquisition, leasing costs, power costs
– Capacity demand is expected to be 4x to 10x as migration to 3G and 4G proceeds
Increasing Revenue/Reducing Churn– High quality 3G signal in the home
– Enables new bundled service offerings (quad play)
– Enables “femtozone” and Connected Home services
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 106
What is a Femtocell?Tiny 3G home access point
– Provides 3G signal inside the home
– Standalone device or integrated into home gateway
– Works with all standard 3G handsets
Connects to the core network via the internet or managed IP network
– Becomes part of the wireless carrier’s network
– Uses home broadband connection for backhaul
Typical specification– Low power output (a few mW)
– Short range (similar to DECT)
– Self configurable
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 107
Femtocell Simplified Network Concept
BTS Wireless Core(MSC, SGSN)
Internet
Cellular Network
Standard 3G Handset
FemtocellAccess Point(<<100mW)
FemtoAccess
Controller
BroadbandConnection
(4 calls in 200kbps)
LicensedSpectrum
OperatorManagement &
Services
LicensedSpectrum
Residential GW
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 108
3G Femto and UMA/Dual-Mode Comparison
Characteristic UMA/Dual Mode FemtocellRequires broadband backhaul Yes Yes
Requires new handsets Yes No
Requires new radio CPE at home
No, though new CPE could optimize performance
Yes
Handset mobility Phone can be used in any public hotspot, e.g. Starbucks
Phone needs to be within femtocell range, and *might* be locked to a residence or location
Licensed Radio No Yes
Enables Quad Play Yes Yes
New Family/Zone plans Yes Yes
Integration into SIP/IMS Core UMA – Generally No Dual-Mode - Yes
Yes/Eventually
Battery Life Not as good Better
Bearer Voice Voice and Data
UMA/Dual Mode and Femtocell are complementary FMC applications
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 109
Architectural Approaches
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 110
Generic Femto Architecture (as defined by the Femto Forum)
Femto Access PointMobile
device
Home GW
Femto GW
Femto Management System
FAP-MS FGW-MS
FL
Fa
SeGW
Fixed Broadband Interconnect
Radio
i/f
Fm Fg
CS core
PS core
Subscriber Databases
Fb-cs
Fb-ps
Fr
HPLMN Core Network
IMS core
Fb-ims
HPLMN RAN
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 111
Fragmented Approach to Integration
UE(3G Terminal)
Femto AP RAN Controller Core Network(SGSN, MSC)
Embedded SIP Client (pre-IMS to CS core)
Embedded IMS Client (assumes deployed IMS)
IMS Centric
Radio CentricIub/IP
Split RNCEmbedded UMA Client
Devices shall not be impacted by any access
point architecture
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 112
Architecture Summary - Options
AP
AP
MSC
SGSN
bb
RAN (Tunneled Iu) RAN (Iu-h w/ modified RANAP) Corresponds to IP.Access current solution
AP
AP
Femto GW
MSC
SGSN
bbSec GW
Sec GW
Iu-cs
Iu-ps
Iu-cs
Iu-ps
Iuh over IPSecIu over IPSec
Iu Concen trator
SIP/IMS (Client in Femto Gw)
AP
AP
bbSec GW
Iu
Gm/Mw
Iu or Iuh over IPSec
MSC-S
CSCF
AP
AP
ePDGbbSec GW
Gi
Gm over IPSec MSC-S
CSCF
IWF-AS
HSS HSS
Femto GW
Diameter
SIP/IMS (Client in Femto AP)
Wm
Gm
SGSNIu-ps
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 113
PDNGateway
Long Term Vision of Femto Cell Gateway Integration (in SAE/LTE environment)
MobilityManagement
Entity
Serving SAEGateway
3GPP LTE IP Base Stations
PDNGateway
Internet
All-IP Femto Cells
FemtoGateway
Femto MobilityManagement
Entity
S1-c S1-u
Seamless Mobility
s10
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 114
Standardization Status
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 115
Main Organizations and Standards Bodies involved in Femto Definition
• Market representative organization pushing femto as the de facto solution for mobile coverage in the home for all access technologies (WCDMA, CDMA, WiMaX architecture)Organized in working groups covering service requirements (wg1), radio and interference management (wg2), network architecture (wg3) and legal issues (wg4)
• Mobile Service Providers organization defining deployment guidelines and interoperability proceduresPublished guidelines on Femto security and broadband network reqs
• 3G/GSM standardization BodyDefining standards for 3G W-CDMA and SAE/LTE Femtocell services and architecture
•DSL standardization bodyObjective is to reuse TR-069 framework for zero-touch provisioning of Femtocell Access Point
•Mobile Service Provider organization looking at beyond 3G services and architectureFully supporting FemtoForum work on Femtocell
www.femtoforum.org
www.gsmworld.com
www.3gpp.org
www.ngmn.org
www.broadband-forum.org
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 116
Wireless/Wireline Convergence in the EPC
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 117
Wireless/Wireline Convergence
The EPC is not limited to supporting 3GPP IP Access Networks or even wireless access networks
Wireline access networks can be supported as well
Features provided by the EPC that may be useful for a wireline access network
Mobility Policy Authentication & AuthorizationAccountingLawful InterceptSecure Access
Additional Wireline Features to consider for converged EPCResidential Network Address Translation (NAT)Location Information
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 118
EPC Features for Wireline
MobilityNot all devices need mobility or handover supportMobility features incur additional overall processing and transport costInvoke mobility features only for devices that need it
PolicyBoth wireless and wireline access networks support a policy and charging infrastructure Existing standards (e.g. 3GPP Policy and Charging Control - PCC, and ETSI TISPAN) are reasonably similar in overall concepts
Ongoing standards work to harmonize 3GPP PCC and ETSI TISPAN interfaces as well (Rx and Gq’)
Authentication and AuthorizationWireline access networks typically either do not perform access authentication, or they are moving away from doing soAuthorization is however still being done, e.g. installation of access network authorization profile from AAA upon network attach Conceptually similar to what is being done in 23.402 (except for authentication)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 119
EPC Features for Wireline
Accounting3GPP defines an overall charging infrastructure that supports both off-line and on-line charging
On-line charging mostly relevant to wireless thoughCharging rules can be installed by AAA or PCCOff-line charging in 3GPP networks often use GTP’ today, whereas other access networks typically use RADIUS based accounting (eventually moving to DIAMETER)On-line charging is based on DIAMETER Credit-Control (DCCA)In summary, overall architecture is similar between wireline and wireless, however deployed protocols and use of on-line accounting may differ
Lawful Intercept3GPP identifies the need for lawful intercept, but does not define the provider internal solution for this Similar solution applies for wireline and wireless networks
Mediation Device (MD) installs content intercept tap in intercept access point (IAP)IAP taps content and sends to MD, which forwards forwards relevant content (and other information) to law enforcement agency
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 120
EPC Features for Wireline
Secure AccessWireline access networks may be either trusted or untrustedThe EPC defines the evolved Packet Data Gateway (ePDG) for secure EPC access over untrusted IP Access Networks
• Uses IKEv2 to establish an IPSec tunnel Provides a general solution for access to EPC mobility services over non- 3GPP access networks with some key benefits
• Can be invoked by only those elements that actually need mobility services• Solves some residential NAT traversal issues when using network-based mobility• Can be used to enable femto-cells over wireline networks (trusted and untrusted)
Downside to this solution is added tunnel overhead even for trusted IP access networks– May consider skipping ePDG for such trusted IP access networks
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 121
Additional Wireline Features for EPC
Residential Network Address Translation (NAT)Residential NAT is assigned IP address from access networkMobility enabled devices behind NAT will be assigned IP address by NAT
Breaks network-based mobility Solution: Operate in bridged mode or tunnel through NAT
Location InformationLocation information needed for emergency services
May also be used for authentication (e.g. NASS-bundled authentication as defined by ETSI TISPAN)
Location information handled outside the EPC today, however converged architecture may consider including it
Could be done as part of PCC infrastructure, or using a parallel architecture and interfaces (see e.g. ETSI TISPAN CLF function)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 122
Some Benefits of Wireless/Wireline Convergence
Common infrastructure Policy: Common PCRF and a single policy profile that applies to both wireline and wireless.AAA: Common AAA and a single set of credentials that apply to both wireline and wirelessCharging: Common charging elements and ability to correlate bearer-level charging with application level charging irrespective of access used (example: VoIP)Subscriber data stores (HSS): Common data store facilitates applications spanning access technologies. Location-based services enabled as well
Facilitates common services across access networks and devicesExamples:
Single VoIP service (phone number) for both home and cellularSingle e-mail accountSingle user profile for content filtering, irrespective of access network used (e.g. iPhone or desktop)Single sign-on that works across access networks
Cross access network servicesFor example, dual-mode phone (WiFi)
Fully integrated model enables QoS, single-sign on, etc. on the wireline access networkePDG model would be “over-the-top” – still enables session continuity
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 123
Consolidated Wireless and Wireline EPS Architecture
There are basically two different strategies for supporting wireline access networks in the EPS:
1) Treat the wireline access as an untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access
2) Treat the wireline access as a trusted Non-3GPP IP Access
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 124
S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)
3GPP Access
Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access
Wireline Access using Untrusted Non- 3GPP IP Access:DSL Example
PDN Gateway
Serving Gateway
PCRF
Operator’s IP Services
HSS
Gxc(Gx+)
S2b(PMIPv6,
GRE)
S5 (PMIPv6, GRE)
S6a(DIAMETER)
S5 (GTP-C, GTP-U)
Gx(Gx+)
Gxb(Gx+)
SWx (DIAMETER)
ePDG
3GPPAAA
SWn(TBD)
S6b(DIAMETER)
SWm(DIAMETER)
SGi
SWa(TBD)
Gxa(Gx+)
Rx+
UE
UE
SWu (IKEv2, MOBIKE, IPSec)
BNG
AN
RG
AN Access Node (DSLAM)BNG Broadband Network GatewayMAG Mobile Access GatewayPLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkRG Routing Gateway
Note: Refer to TS 23.402 for further details
UE
• Details of untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access not visible to the EPS - No integrated policy, QoS, charging, etc.
- Wireline access is “just a bit pipe”• UE creates IPSec tunnel to ePDG, and ePDG uses PMIP to PDN GW
• PCRF can install policies on ePDG for use in the EPC only (Gxb not specified in Release 8 though)
Untrusted Non-3GPPIP Access
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 125
3GPP Access
Wireline Access as Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access: DSL Example
PDN Gateway
Serving Gateway
PCRF
Operator’s IP Services
HSS
Gxc(Gx+)
S2b(PMIPv6,
GRE)
S5 (PMIPv6, GRE)
S6a(DIAMETER)
Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access
S5 (GTP-C, GTP-U)
Gx(Gx+)
Gxb(Gx+)
SWx (DIAMETER)
STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)
Note: Refer to TS 23.402 for further details
ePDG
3GPPAAA
SWn(TBD)
S6b(DIAMETER)
SWm(DIAMETER)
SGi
SWa(TBD)
Gxa(Gx+)
Rx+
UE
UE
SWu (IKEv2, MOBIKE, IPSec)
BNG
AN
RG
Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access
AN Access Node (DSLAM)BNG Broadband Network Gateway
(next-gen BRAS per TR-101)MAG Mobile Access GatewayRG Routing Gateway (DSL modem with
routing)
• BNG will need to be enhanced with PMIPv6 functionality (MAG)
• Not all devices and services require IP mobility; allow for simple IP service to bypass PDN Gateway
• Authentication and policy interfaces in wireline access may not match Gxa and STa
SGiS2a
(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 126
Converged Architecture Based on Wireline Access as Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access
Cisco has been working on a combined wireless/wireline architecture based on the 3GPP Evolved Packet System and ETSI TISPAN
– Cisco has been collaborating with the major wireless SP
– Several other carriers are interested in this topic
The next slides provide a very high-level overview of such a “proposed” merged architecture
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 127
eBNG(Trusted non-3GPP
IP Access)
eBNG(Trusted non-3GPP
IP Access)
Converged Core Architecture: Simplified View
3GPP Access
Serving Gateway
HSS
3GPP AAAServer
AF
PDNTE
ARFCNG
AAA Server (UAAF+PDBF)
{Ta*,e5}
e1
S6c
S5
Gxc
S6a
SGi
TISPAN elements are shown in blue
Gm, etc. Mw, Mx
“Evolved BNG”
S2a (PMIP, MIPv4)
Note: Fast handover not yet considered
Di, Ds, Iz
PDNI-BGF
eBNG(Trusted non-3GPP
IP Access)
CNGCF e2e3
a3,a4
e1
Note: Multiple (service specific) eBNG are
likely to exist in a single deployment
{Gxa, Rq, Ia, location, access}
{PDN Gateway,
C-BGF}
{Gx, Ia}
Wx*
{Rx+, Gq’, location, access}
{S9, location, access, NAT}{PCRF, SPDF,
location-proxy} {Gxd, Ia}
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 128
Possible Deployment Scenarios
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 129
Deployment Models: Deployment Scenario 1
Pros
Centralization of OAM&P personnel and expertise
Minimal signaling delay between MME and SGW/PDNGW
Overall more efficient data plane processing by combined SGW/PGW
Cons
Core site failure will impact large number of users (signaling and data)Signaling and user-plane latency in large geographiesCore site bandwidth requirements and underlying transport network bandwidth requirements
Few core sites with• Centralized MME• Centralized combined SGW/PGW
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 130
Deployment Models: Deployment Scenario 2
ProsRegionalization of OAM&P personnel and expertiseOverall more efficient data plane processing by combined SGW/PGWCore site failure will generally not impact established sessions until handoverLimited user plane latencyBandwidth requirements are distributedTraffic can be off-loaded regionally for cost and capacity savings
ConsMME signaling latency in large geographiesCore site failure will impact MME signalingfor a large number of users
Cannot establish new sessions Cannot perform handover
Central core site with• Centralized MME• Combined SGW/PGW
Distributed core sites with combined SGW/PGWs (w. distributed Internet)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 131
Deployment Models: Deployment Scenario 3
ProsCentralization and regionalization of OAM&P personnel and expertise
ConsCore site failure will impact large number of users (signaling and data)Signaling and user-plane latency in large geographiesCore site bandwidth requirements and underlying transport network bandwidth requirementsLess efficient overall data plane processing by separating SGW and PDNGW
Central core site with• Centralized MMEs• Centralized standalone PGWs
Distributed core sites with standalone SGWs
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 132
MME
MME
Deployment Models: Recommended Scenario
ProsRegionalization of OAM&P personnel and expertiseOverall more efficient data plane processing by combined SGW/PGWImpact of site failure is limited to the regionLimited signaling and user plane latencyBandwidth requirements are distributedTraffic can be off-loaded regionally for cost and capacity savings
ConsNone
Distributed core sites with• Regionalized MMEs• Regionalized combined SGWs/PGWs
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 133
Standalone or combined SGW/PGW
All traffic has to traverse both the SGW and the PGW– There are no benefits to keeping the SGW and PGW in separate locations– Still need open S5/S8 interfaces though in order to
Allow for home routed traffic in roaming scenarios (incl. regional roaming)Allow for handover to an area served by a different “SGW”
An integrated SGW/PGW offers many benefits– Process half as many packets as standalone SGW and PGW. – Maintain 1/3 the number of tunnel endpoints as standalone SGW and PGW
(namely 1 instead of 2+1)– Encapsulate packets to user only once, whereas standalone SGW and
PGW have to encapsulate, decapsulate, and encapsulate again– Less overall IPSec processing (if used between SGW and PGW)– Fewer signaling messages to process– Fewer boxes to manage (OAM&P)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 134
What about MME Integration ?
SGW/PGW scaling is dominated by IP packet logic and processingHigh bandwidthLarge number of packetsData plane feature processing (forwarding, encapsulation, decapsulation, QoS, charging, etc.)IP network platform (router) best suited for this.
MME scaling is dominated by signaling logic and processingCPU intensiveSignaling plane feature processing (authentication, paging, bearer control, user profile, etc.)General purpose processing platform best suited for this
MME and SGW/PGW scaling and development facing different constraintsLimited synergies by integrating MME with SGW and/or PGW:
Primarily a reduction in signaling latency and processing between the MME and SGWOf course, we still need open interfaces between MME and SGW (and PGW indirectly)
Also, current (3GPP) networks migrating towards separate data plane and user plane (SGSN user plane bypass using direct tunnelto GGSN)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 135
IP Network Bandwidth Requirements
eNodeB
MME
SAE Gw
PDN Gw
MME
SAE Gw
x10sx100sx10000s
80Mbps
80Mbps
80Mbps
50:110:1
4Gbps
4Gbps
40Gbps
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 137
What is WiMaX? – The Business Case
WiMaX Forum – The Organization
WiMaX – The Architecture
WiMaX Development – Feature Specification
Agenda
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 138
What is WiMaX? The Business Case
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 139
What is WiMaX?
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is based on 802.16d/e (fixed/mobile)It competes directly against:
Twisted Pair (DSL) and Cable for Fixed Access, andGSM (3GPP) and CDMA (3GPP2) for Mobile Access
It also complements WiFi’s (802.11) predominantly indoor access and competes for outdoor access.It is IP-based all the way to the radio base station.It will operate in both unlicensed and licensed bands.It is an alternative last mile for mobile broadband access and hopefully less encumbered by IPR
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 140
WiMaX Value Summary
WiMAX value proposition is for operators to make money out of delivering services on the new Internet modelWiMAX is free from the legacy wire line-cellular because it’s roots are derived from the InternetWiMAX will match speeds of LTE (current proposal of 20 MHz now part of 1.5 Release.)WiMAX will have a cellular-based flavor of multicasting available via HSPA called Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service or MBMSWiMAX embraces QoS controls and tools which allow operators to embrace multi-tier service pricing and level marketing. WiMAX is excellent where countries – locations have no existing infrastructure
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 141
Why is Mobile WiMAX attractive to operators ?
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) problems with 3G (Qualcomm) Large ecosystem is developing including handset vendors Lots of mobile CAPEX up for grabsSpectrum is becoming available Will go all-IP e2e years ahead of 3GLeading the movement to “open” systemsIs being incorporated into WiFi muni-mesh opportunitiesWiMAX Forum driving the technology forward (approaching 400 members)Will adopt OFDMA and MIMO well ahead of the 3G campsEmerging Market is seeing lots of activity
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 142
WiMAX IPR Prevent “strangle-hold” seen in 3G/4G
Oct 2006
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 143
Broadband Wireless Market Adoption Reason for WiMAX as preferred technology is simple…
Higher throughput per subscriber, lower latency, built for IPEconomics/Business Case for 802.16 better than traditional 3G systemsModels after the successful “plug & play” scheme of Wi-FiFirst licensed-RF technology to enable “personal wireless broadband”.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 144
WiMaX Forum The Organization
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 145
WiMAX Forum Charter
The charter of the WiMaX Forum is to promote WiMaX byDeveloping a certification program (CWG)
Promoting WiMAX in regulatory bodies (RWG)
Developing “profiles” for products and tests for certification (TWG) and
Filling in for missing standards in the network layer (NWG)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 146
Mobile WiMAX Technology Evolution Vision
A fully backward compatible evolution on standards and productsProjections subject to change
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 147
IEEE 802.16 Previous Activity
IEEE 802.16: Air interface for fixed broadband wireless access, 10-66 GHz, April 2002Amendment 802.16a: Adds licensed and unlicensed 2-11 GHz for ETSI HiperMAN projectAmendment 802.16c: Added profiles (superceded by WiMAX)IEEE 802.16.2: Addresses “coexistence” fixed systemsIEEE 802.16d: Integrated previous and added non-line-of-sight capability (multipath), also called 802.16-2004IEEE 802.16e: Added mobilityIEEE 802.16f: Provides MIBIEEE 802.16g: Provides mobility managementIEEE 802.16m: Will provide next generation (4G) radio capabilities
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 148
IEEE 802.16 Recent Activity
Balloting P802.16Rev2/D5A compilation of all 802.16 approved standards with new features for FDD
Balloting P802.16j/D7 Relay NetworksEnables relay of radio signals to eliminate coverage gaps
Balloting P802.16h/D6 CoexistenceProvisions for operation in un-licensed bands
Completed 802.16m Performance Evaluation DocumentThe objective of this evaluation methodology is to define link-level and system- level simulation models and associated parameters that shall be used in the evaluation and comparison of technology proposals for IEEE 802.16m.
Working on 802.16m System Requirements Document (SRD)
The purpose of this standard is to provide performance improvements necessary to support future advanced services and applications, such as those described by the ITU in Report ITU-R M.2072. (IMT-Advanced)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 149
IEEE Standard Evolution to 16m
16m Completion
expected by end of 2009 *Minimum Requirementsto be Exceeded by 16m
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 150
WiMAX Forum Eligible Voting Members listAlcatel-Lucent
Alvarion
AT&T
Bell Canada
Bridgewater Systems
Cisco Systems
Clearwire
Ericsson
Fujitsu
Huawei Technologies
Intel Corporation
KDDI
KT Corp.
Motorola
Navini
NEC
NextWave Telecom
Nokia
Nortel Networks
Posdata
Redline Communications
Samsung
Nokia Siemens Networks
SOMA Networks
Sprint
Starent Network
Telecom Italia
Telsima
ZTE Corporation
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 151
The WiMAX Forum Working Groups Structure
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 152
WiMAX forum’s nine working groupsApplications Working Group: Define applications over WiMAX™ that are necessary to meet core competitive offerings and that are uniquely enhanced by WiMAX technology.
Certification Working Group: Handles the operational aspects of the WiMAX Forum Certified program.
Evolutionary Technical Working Group: Maintains existing OFDM profiles, develops additional fixed OFDM profiles, and develops technical specifications for the evolution of the WiMAX Forum's OFDM based networks from fixed to nomadic to portable, to mobile.
Global Roaming Working Group: Assures the availability of global roaming service for WiMAX networks in a timely manner as demanded by the marketplace.
Marketing Working Group: Influences WiMAX technology adoption worldwide. Promotes WiMAX products, brands and standards, which form the basis for global interoperability of wireless broadband Internet anytime anywhere.
Network Working Group: Creates higher level networking specifications for fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile WiMAX systems, beyond what is defined in the scope of 802.16.
Regulatory Working Group: Influences worldwide regulatory agencies to promote WiMAX-friendly, globally harmonized spectrum allocations.
Service Provider Working Group: Gives service providers a platform for influencing BWA product and spectrum requirements to ensure that their individual market needs are fulfilled.
Technical Working Group: The main goal of the TWG is to develop technical product specifications and certification test suites for the air interface based on the OFDMA PHY, complementary to the IEEE 802.16 standards, primarily for the purpose of interoperability and certification of Mobile Stations, Subscriber Stations and Base Stations conforming to the IEEE 802.16 standards.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 153
WiMaX The Architecture
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 154
WiMAX Architecture
Networks:
ASN: Access Serving Network
CSN: Connectivity Serving Network
MS
BSASN
BS
ASNGW
AAAproxy
HA
PF
R1 R3
BSASN
BS
ASNGW
CSN
R3
R4
R2 NAP vNSP
AAAPF
CSN
hNSP
R5
R6
R6
R6
R6
Operators:NAP: Network Access ProvidervNSP: Visited Network SPhNSP: Home Network SP
Network Elements:MS: Mobile Subscriber StationBS: Base StationASN GW: ASN Gateway (router)HA: Home AgentPF: Policy Function
InternetInternet
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 155
ASN-GWFA/PMIP
HA
BS BSBS
AAA
RadioMgmt
IP IP IP
Use WiMaX Forum standard interfaces
• R4 for Inter FA handoff (fast-handoff)
• R6 for micro mobility
• Rx for RRM interface
Radio Independent Functionality
• Fast Hand-off for Micro Mobility
R6Rx
R4 (optional) ASN-GWFA/PMIP
BS BS
IP IP
R6
R3
Macro & Micro Mobility: 802.16e Full Mobility Model
Internet
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 156
WiMAX IP-CS (PMIP)
R6 Control Plane handles Authentication, SF Assignment, etc
SF Session per user uniquely identified through GRE-Key
PMIP Client and FA embedded in ASN GW
HA is the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA)
EoMPLS
IP-CS
ASNGW
R6 GRE Mobile IP
HA
PMIP
PHY PHYPHY PHY PHY PHY
MAC MACLNK LNK LNK LNK
.16eCtrl .16eCtrlIP IP IP IP
ASNctrl ASNctrl CSNctrl CSNctrlControl (UDP 2231/R6)
GRE
LNKPHY LNKLNK
GREIP IP IPMAC
PHY
Micro Mobility
LNK
IP IP
IP
IPLNK
MACIP-CSIP-CS MIP MIPMacro Mobility
IP-CS Data Path (PMIP)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 157
Profile Comparison
ASN Profile
Description Pro Con
Profile A Centralized platform
Separate BS and ASNGW
Split RRM: RRA at BS
and RRC at ASN-GW
Able to provide simplified pico-cell
Able to provide soft handover
Fewer backhauls for RRM messages
Difficult Interoperability between BS and ASNGW from different vendors
Heavy workload at ASN- GW
Fewer vendors
Profile B Distributed platform
Combined BS and ASNGW
Simple architecture
Suitable for small-scale deployment
Difficult to customize IP and wireless functions for operators
Expensive for large scale deployment
Profile C Distributed platform
Separate BS and ASNGW
RRM at BS
Able to provide simplified pico-cell
Open – multi -vendors can supply BS and ASNGW
Extra backhauls for RRM messages
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 158
ASN
WiMAX Profiles
ASN GW
BSBSBS
ASN
BTSBTSBTS
ASNASN-GW
[BSC]
B
A
C
unspecifieddecomposition
Profile A: Central radio resource management in ASN-GW approach
Profile B: Closed interfaces favor radio network (BS) vendors
Profile C: Open interfaces with separation between radio and network functionality
PHY and partly MAC in BTS
Handover-Control (RRM) in ASN-GW
Routing and AAA/Paging in ASN-GW
Most ASN functions in BS
BS anchored by standard router
Inter-BS control over Ethernet
All radio-specific functions in BS
Handover-Control (RRM) in BS
Routing and AAA/Paging in ASN-GW
BSBSBS
Deprecated
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 159
Combined BS, ASN-Gateway, RRM in BS
ASN Profile B Current status: No new Development
P
P
PE
PE
P
PP P
ASPASP MPLS COREMPLS CORE NSP SERVICESNSP SERVICESCPECPE
ISPInternet
Residential
Residential
Business
Corporate
BRAS
PE
Voice
HomeAgent AAA
R1
R4
R2
R3
- HO- Data Path 1 & 2- Authenticator- Key Rec. &Dist.- Context- RRA + RRC- SF Auth & Mgt
- DHCP Proxy/Relay- MIP FA- Location Register- PMIP Client/Assist- AAA Client
R3
R4
BS+ASNG_FABS+ASNG_FA
BS+ASNGFA
BS+ASNGFA
R1
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 160
Separate ASNG, BS and RRM in BSASN Profile C Current Status: Active
P
P
PE
PE
P
PP P
ASPASP MPLS COREMPLS CORE NSP SERVICESNSP SERVICESCPECPE
ISPInternet
Residential
Residential
Business
Corporate
BRAS
PE
Voice
HomeAgent AAA
ASNG/FAASNG/FA
ASNG/FAASNG/FA
R1
R4
R6
R2
R3
- HO- Data Path 1 & 2- Authentication Relay- Paging Agent- Key Receiver- Context- RRA + RRC- SF Management
- HO- Data Path 1 & 2- Authenticator- Key Distributor- Context- SF Authorization
- DHCP Proxy/Relay- MIP FA- Location Register- PMIP Client- AAA Client- Paging Controller
BS ASN-GW
R3
R4
R6
BSBS
R1
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialDecember_2008 161
WiMaX Development Feature Specification
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 162
Potential WiMAX Deployment Spectrum By Region: 2005 To 2008
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 163
WiMAX Forum CWG, RWG, TWG Activity
CWGWorking on the logistics of the certification programWave 2 certification CRSL 2.2 available for testing scheduled for August 2008The plug fest in May 2008 did include beamforming and MIMONWIOT plug fest planned for Nov. 2008
RWGWiMAX accepted into IMT-2000 family of productsAnalyzing world-wide radio parameters requirements (spectral mask) for MSResponding to inquiries from various countries
TWG achievements Developing “Profile 1.5” for FDD and TDD based WiMAXImproving and clarifying “Profile 1.0” and related tests for TDD-based WiMAXDeveloped new tests for “Radiated Performance” of antennasDeveloped coexistence mechanism of WiMAX with WiFi and BluetoothStarted technical work on using 700 MHz spectrum for WiMAX
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 164
WiMAX Forum Release 1.0 Activity
Release 1.0 CapabilitiesNetwork discovery and selection with roaming support
Radio Resource Management procedures inside ASN
Sleep/Idle mode and paging support
Pre-provisioned QoS framework
Authentication and Authorization based on EAP and RADIUS
IP & Ethernet support (Ethernet optional on BS and MS)
Three ASN profiles for splitting functions between BS and ASN-GW (optional to implement, Profile A deprecated)
Mobility management inside ASN and directly between ASNs
Mobility Management between ASN and CSN based on Mobile IP
Client MIP support as well as DHCP with Proxy MIP
Simple IP support added
No standardized functional decomposition inside CSN
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 165
WiMAX Authentication/security Key Exchange
EAP is method usedASN GW is the authenticator and is agnostic to the EAP Method. The transport of EAP is done between the ASN GW and the Base-Station as a control exchange. Base-station functions as EAP-Relay converting from PKMv2 to EAP messages over to ASN GW. ASNGW is EAP pass-through and any key generating EAP methods can be supported in the system The ASN GW, following EAP authentication of the subscriber, will also compute respective Access Keys (AKs) for each Base-Station.The ASN GW will also cache the PMK for the duration of the authentication, and will recomputeadditional AKs when the SS/MSS moves to another Base-station.Support for Un-authenticated user – 911 or Pre-paid for example
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 166
WiMAX Forum NWG Release 1.5 Activity
Note: Release 1 has undergone over 1200 Change Requests and a cover to cover sanity check was performed in September-November 2008 as backward compatibility and additional error handling was added in to create Version 1.3.Release 1.5 Specifications complete on:
Over The Air (OTA) Provisioning Bootstrap – Generic, OMA-DM, TR693GPP2-WiMAX Interworking – Loosely coupled with dual radio onlyNormative R8 Interface – Direct Base Station to Base Station interface Simple IP – Pre-provisioned connections from ASN to CSN (no MIP)IMS Support (IMS) – Capabilities needed to connect to the P-CSCFEmergency Services (E911) – Capabilities needed to connect to an E-CSCF Lawful Intercept (LI) – Generic Overview and North American LIPolicy Control (PCC) – Infrastructure needed to deliver policy rules and control QoSDynamic QoS – Activation/deactivation of pre-provisioned service flows with no PCCDiameter – Adding protocol elements to match RadiusEthernet Services – Ethernet CS over Service Flow paralleling IP CS over SFHandoff Data Integrity – Ensuring uninterrupted packet flow for mobilityRobust Header Compression (RoHC) – Reducing packet size of the air interface
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 167
WiMAX QoS & Scheduling Schemes Specifications & Applications…
Service Flows:Mechanism defined in Mobile WiMAX to
provide QoSUni-directional flow of packets
associated with certain defined QoS parameters for traffic
Connections:Unidirectional logical link between BS
and CPE Each connection is associated with a
service flow delivering the necessary QoS over the air interface
Packet Classifiers:Each service flow also has packet
classifiers associated with it to determine criteria used by the MAC layer to associate packets into service flows
Mobile WiMAX scheduling based on QoS service Flows associated with each packet
QoS Category Applications QoS Specifications
UGSUnsolicited Grant
Service
VoIP •
Maximum Sustained Rate
•
Maximum Latency•
Jitter TolerancertVR
Real-Time Variable Rate Service
Streaming Audio or Video
•
Minimum Reserved Rate
•
Maximum Sustained Rate
•
Maximum Latency•
Traffic PriorityErtVR
Extended Real-Time Variable Rate Service
Voice with Activity Detection (VoIP)
•
Minimum Reserved Rate
•
Maximum Sustained Rate
•
Maximum Latency•
Jitter Tolerance•
Traffic PrioritynrtVR
Non-Real-Time Variable Rate Service
FTPFile Transfer Protocol
•
Minimum Reserved Rate
•
Maximum Sustained Rate
•
Traffic PriorityBE
Best-Effort ServiceData, Web Browsing,
etc.•
Maximum Sustained Rate
•
Traffic Priority
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 168
WiMAX Forum NWG Release 1.5 Activity
Specifications undergoing V&V:Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) – MS-based authentication functionsLocation Based Services (LBS) – Network and GPS-based location determination of MS
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 169
WiMAX Forum NWG Release 1.5 Activity
Specifications under development:DSL Interworking – WiMAX access network as replacement for DSL infrastructureIWK 3GPP2 Single Radio – Optimized HO for single radio to/from HRPD networksIWK 3GPP EPS/EPC – Optimized HO for single radio to/from Release 8 core networks IWK 3GPP Pre-Release 8 – Single and dual radio HO to/from GPRS networksMCBCS-DSx – R1 Link-layer-controlled multicast/broadcast streaming servicesMulticast Broadcast Services (MCBCS-App) – R2 Application-controlled streaming servicesMobility Restriction – Additions to minimize HO for Fixed/Nomadic Spectrum regulationsPMIPv6 – R3 Mobility support based on PMIPv6Universal Services Interface (USI) – API for 3rd Party query of MS-related information
New requirements passed from SPWG for beyond Release 1.5:Device Reported Metrics (DRMD) – R2-based measurements on MS
Multimedia Session Continuity (MMSC) – Connection continuity over diverse accesses
Network Management (NMR) – FCAPS-style element management
IPv4-IPv6 Migration – Support for IPv6-based services over WiMAX
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialNovember_2008 170
WiMAX Forum SPWG Release 2.0 Activity
Release 2.0 Completed RequirementsDRMD Phase 1 – Metrics available on current chip-setMultihop Relay BS (802.16j) – Defines relay use to extend outside radio coverageMulti-Media Session Continuity (MMSC) – SIP sessions across WiMAX, WiFi, LTEModernized Network Management (NMR) – Specifies FCAPS management controlsConnection Manager API – Defines connection manager to WiMAX Modules interactionIPv4-IPv6 Migration – Support for IPv6-based services over WiMAX
Release 2.0 Requirements Development:Device Reported Metrics (DRMD) Phase 2 – Metrics requiring modification of MS HW/SWFemto-Cell – Defines use of residential access points to extend radio coverage indoorsEmergency Telecommunications Service (ETS) – Support of government respondersRelease 2.0 Air Interface – Continuation of profile development
Release 2.0 Requirements On Hold (little activity):WiMAX Short Message Service/Multimedia Message Service/Instant Messaging Service
Defines service comparable to 3GPP and 3GPP2 services