mobile cellular phone revolution in africa heloise emdon, february 2010, ottawa
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Mobile Cellular Phone Revolution in Africa
Heloise Emdon, February 2010, Ottawa
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History of Acacia
• 1996 – 2001
• Demonstration projects
• Recognition of constraints
• Affordability, Education
• 2001-2006• Focus on policy• Shift towards networks
Acacia I Acacia II
Acacia III• 2006-2011
• Strong networked approach• Increased focus on policy change• Integration ICTs across all sectors
2003-7: CAD10.4m 2006-11: CAD12m
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Livelihoods improved
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New ICT businesses
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Cell phone banking: mPesa model
Client SMS
Agent Cash
mPesaCash form
mPesa admin
Fees & Admin
Safaricom
Profits
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M-health
Decisions Support Applications CommCare uses OSS JavaRosa
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RIA Household Study n:20 000
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ICT Density in 2007
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Percentage of Income on Mobiles
10 - 17% of income spent on mobile
compared to OECD averages of around 5%
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Mobile pricing
How much did you spend on your fixed line last month (charges and line rental) US$
Research ICT Africa
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Mobile Phone users
share of prepaid users
16+ without mobile phone and active sim and willing to pay R58.40 (US$ 5)* or
more
16+ with duplicated sim cards
16+ with mobile phone or active sim
78.6%
17.9%
10.8%
62.1%
Average monthly WTP for mobile expenditure of non-users that would be interested in getting a
mobile phone - R 46.70 (US$ 4.40)*N-households: 20 000
Research ICT Africa
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Benchmarking study influence policy
An interconnection research can be imparted to policy makers to improve the day-to-day lives of people, but also that very real regional rivalries can be a trigger for policy change in Africa.
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Policy barriers and hindrances in effective telecom regulation
1. Inefficient operators
2. Information asymmetry between regulator and operators
3. Regulatory failure: Dealing with competing interests of consumers and Enterprises investors
Storke and Vetter (2009)
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M-banking the Unbanked – RIA study
Research ICT Africa
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Comparison of the share of individuals with bank accounts and with mobile phones
Research ICT Africa
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Why do you not have a bank account?
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Household receiving money from another household
Research ICT Africa
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Household sending money to another household
Research ICT Africa
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Airtime Transfer
Research ICT Africa
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What factors would make you prefer sending or receiving airtime rather than cash or transferring money via banks
Research ICT Africa
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Two Modelscash-airtime convertibility and mobile wallets
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M-PESA pilot overview 28/09/067
M-PESAACCOUNT MANAGER
Basic principle of operation
Money deposited into the external bank account is mirrored in the M-PESA account
• M-PESA assigns ownership of the value to different customers
• M-PESA moves value between customers in response to sms instructions
BANK ACCOUNT
$1,000
AGENT M-PESAADMIN
SAFARICOM
FinancialInstitution
CLIENT BCLIENT A
$20 $5 $100
$200 $175 $500
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YES!Cellular phones meeting needs
BUT!Africa lags behind in more costly
investments in fixed line and broadband infrastructure necessary to improve education, health and enterprise
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ICT opportunity Index
The Digital Guide to Digital Opportunities (ORBICOM)
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Sub-saharan Undersea Cables in 2011 - maybe (version 18)
Steve Song:
www.manypossibilities,com
http://farm3.static.flickr
.com/2462/3764474517_78d7b452a3.jp
g
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Investments planned for backbone
Uganda
Kenya
Tanzania Ethiopia
Burundi Sudan
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Research ICT Africa
Fixed Lines
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World Growth Reportommit Conclusion
3%-4% of GDP but what was found in the high growth developing countries is that they consistently invested between 5-7% of GDP in infrastructure (amongst which is ICT infrastructure) and education (capabilities) were the countries that demonstrated sustained high growth