Slide 1

IntroductionFirst steps & 1G

archaic mobile communication optical transmission (smoke/light signals,..) acoustic transmission (drums, alpine horns,...)electroniccommunications:fixed networks Morse code 1st telegraph line 1843 Washington - Baltimore Telephony P. Reis 1861 A.G. Bell 1876

Wireless transmission:1873 Maxwell theory of electromagnetic waves1887 H. Hertz: experimental proof1897 Marconi: 1st wireless transmission1901 1st transatlantic transmission1903 Dt. Telefunken GmbH: AEG, Siemens& Halske1906 1st speech & audio transmission1909 1st radio program1917: 1st mobile transmission: BS - trainFig. 1 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 3)

Single Cell vs. Cellular systems

r

frequency Re-useQuantum leap in mobile communication:Single Cell systems Cellular systemsSingle Cell Systems: no Handover, small service area poor service & speech quality manual switching cumbersome, bulky & expensive equipment used until the 1980s1st mobile services:Car phonesince 1946(St. Louis, USA)

radiusr

Principle of cellular systems

12765

1122337665544

7

137654

2

Cluster1GIntroductionfrequency-Year ofcountrysystemrange [MHz]introductionUSAAMPS 8001979JapanNTT-MTS 8001979ScandinaviaNMT 450, 9001981 - 86Great BritainTACS 9001985GermanyC450 4501985Advantage: Capacity Roaming Handover1980 - 2000:Growth Ratescellular networks> 50%/year

Cellular System Block Diagram

PSTNMobileSwitching CenterBS

Voice

DataMS

Data

Voice

HLR/VLRDatabases

BS

MS

Processing Center

1G limitations capacity quality incompatibilityEuropean mobile market;early 1990thFig. 4 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 9)

GSMIS-95 CDMAD-AMPSPDCIRIDIUM

Introduction 2GFig. 5 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 11)

CIPHERMODUL

Input data(original text)Output data(ciphered text)

CipherSequenceAdvantages of digital data transmission Network capacity speech compression Supplementary Services signalling Costs production, operation & maintenance Miniaturisation micro electronics Transmission Quality Easy to regenerate Security easy to cipher

Distance to BS

SignalQuality

Digital SignalAnalogueSignalBS: Base StationSecurity:CipheringTransmissionQuality:Easy to regenerateFig. 6 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 13)

2G cellular systems

GSM:Global System for Mobile Communicationsince 1992world-wide: 165 countries900, 1800 & 1900 MHzsubscriber: 550 M.PDC:Personal Digital Cellularsince 1993/94Japan only800 & 1500 MHz 70 M. subscriberIS-95:Interim Standard-95since 1995welt-wide, America & S. Korea800 & 1900 MHz, 1700 MHz (Korea) 100 M. subscriberD-AMPS:Digital AMPSsince 1991/92USA, Kanada800 & 1900 MHzAMPS/D-AMPSsubscriber: 90 M.

GSM: Standard / AdaptationsGSM Adaptations:GSM900890-915 / 935-960 MHzE-GSM880-915 / 925-960 MHzGSM18001710-1785 / 1805-1880GSM19001850-1910 / 1930-1990 MHzGSM-R876-880 / 921-925 MHzGSM450450.4-457.6 / 460.4-467.6 MHzGSM480478.8-486 / 488.8-496 MHzGSM850824-849 / 869-894 MHz

1978:CEPTFrequencyReservation1982-1990:GSM Standardisationby Group Special Mobile GSM /ETSI (founded 1988)1990/91:GSM Phase 1frozen(GSM900/1800)1990-2002:GSM rolls- upworld-wide marketFig. 8 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 17)

Phase 1Phase 2Phase 1Phase 2+Phase 2Phase 1CapabilitiesYear

199119951997Speech transmission: FR, Basic ServicesData: max. 9,6 kbit/sWide range ofSupplementary Servicescomparable to ISDN,Decision ofdownward compatibilityAnnual Releases:96, 97, 98, 99,.. New Supplementary Services IN Applications new Data Services (high data rates)GSM: Evolutionary ConceptDownward compatibilityOriginal concept: closed standard lifetime until 3G standardisation

Service of (in): sparsely populated areas areas with poor infrastructure at sea catastrophe areas areas without other supply GEO(GEOstationary Orbital)

Erde 10.000- 20.000 km

700- 1500 km

MEO (Medium -Earth Orbital)36.000 km LEO(Low Earth Orbital)

Mobile Satellite Systems MSS1G: INMARSAT2G: IRIDIUM, ICO, Globalstar, INMARSAT,ORBCOMM,..Fig. 10 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 21)

Trend: Voice DataMobile Trends

Demands on 3G Mobile Communication

worldwide, seamless access terrestrial & MSS component Compatibility: IMT-2000 family downwards-compatible with 2G Fixed Mobile Convergence FMC high data rates Multi Media applications CS & PS low price & flexible access for developing countries!

Fig. 14 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 29)

10100100010.000Data rate [kbit/s]Video conferences video telephonyTele-ShoppingTele-BankingFinancial servicesElectronic newspapersImages / Sound filesData base accessInformation servicesE-mailServicesVoice3G Services & required data ratesUMTS offersflexible & dynamic data rates: 8 kbit/s - 2 Mbit/sFig. 15 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 31)

IMT-2000 Development:ESA: European Space AgencyTTA: Telecommunications Technology AssociationCATT: China Academy of Telecommunication TechnologyARIB: Association of Radio Industries and Business

ITU: IMT-2000ETSI(Europe)ARIB, TTC(Japan)TTA(South Korea)TIA, T1(USA)CATT(China)ICO, Inmarsat(MSS)ESA, Iridium(MSS) 1985: Start ITU studies on FPLMTS (IWP8/13) 1992: Frequency reservation in WARC`92 1990 - 95: TG 8/1 defines FPLMTS requirements

RTT proposals for IMT2000T1: NA: W-CDMATIA: UWC-136 WIMS W-CDMA cdma2000EuropeICO: ICO RTTETSI: UTRA DECTInmarsat: HorizonsESA: SW-CDMA SW-CTDMASouth KoreaTTA: CDMA II CDMA I SAT-CDMAJapanARIB: W-CDMAChinaCATT: TD-SCDMAUSAIridium: INXMSSRTT: Radio Transmission TechnologyITU-Deadline RTT Proposals:30.06.98Source: ITUT1, TIA: WP-CDMAFig. 4 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 The Third Generation (3G), 9)

3G standardization organizations Standardization organizations such as 3GPP, 3GPP2 were established

3G system

WCDMA 3GPPFDD/TDD modeCDMA2000 3GPP2

UMTS Standardization3GPP3rd GenerationPartnership ProjectETSIEuropean TelecommunicationStandards InstituteARIB/TTCAssociation of Radio Industries& Business / TelecommunicationTechnology Committee, JapanCWTSChina Wireless Telecommunications StandardsUMTSForumGSM AssociationMPR: Market Representation PartnerOrganisational PartnerObservership statusGSAGlobal Mobile SupplierAssociationTIATelecommunication Industry Association, USATSACCTelecommunication Standards Advisory Councilof CanadaANSI T1Committee T1TelecommunicationsTTATelecommunications TechnologyAssociation, South KoreaUWCCUniversal WirelessCommunicationsConsortiumIPv6ForumWMFWireless MultimediaForumMWIF Mobile WirelessInternet Forum3G.IP ForumACIFAustralian CommunicationsIndustry ForumFig. 12 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 The Third Generation (3G), 25)

UMTS Licensingfrequency range [MHz]

Licensing in: Finland 03/99 Spain, GB: 1Q2000 NL, D, F, I: 3Q2000 EU15: closed until end of 2000 Japan: 1Q2001

1900192019802010202521102170Licenses (EU15): 2 x 60 MHz paired band (FDD) 35 MHz unpaired (TDD) bandwidth: 5 MHz 12 FDD packets + 7 TDD packets UMTS Forum SAG requests per operator: min. 2 x 15 MHz FDD + 1 x 5 MHz TDD EU15: 4 - 6 Licenses (e.g.: F, Fin., Spain: 4; GB, NL: 5; D: 6)UMTS FDD (UL)UMTS FDD (DL)UMTSTDDUMTSTDD

Licensing methods / conditions free of charge / beauty contest (e.g. Finland, Spain) Auctioning: e.g. GB, D, NL, I annual fee: e.g. France available (mostly) for 15 years

Radio transmission termination.Radio channel management.Speech encoding / decoding.Flow control of data.Mobility management.Call control. Performance measurement of radio link.Function of UT

UT is uniquely identified by the IMEITAC (6 digits)FAC (2 digits)SNR (6 digits)SVN (2 digits)Final Assembly Codes (FAC)01 ,02 AEG07 ,40 Motorola10 ,20 Nokia40,41,44, Siemens47 Optional International51 Sony51 Siemens51 Ericsson60 AlcatelTAC: Type Approval CodePlaces that is centrally assigned by a GSM body.SVN: Software version NumberRefer to the version of software SNR: Serial Number Unique serial number assigned by the manufacturer

USIM

Stores user addressesIMSI,MSISDN,TIMSI, rooming, etcPersonalizationSIM stores user profile (subscribed services)RAM available for SMS, short numbers, users directory, etc Protection codes PIN ,PUK

authentication and encryption featuressubscribers secret authentication key (Ki)Security Algorithm & Keys (for Authentication, Ciphering,..)

Ciphering using the ciphering key.processing (channel coding and interleaving, rate adaptation, spreading, etc.)softer handover execution.Records and passes to the RNC the Signal strength measurements.Mapping of Transport channels into physical channels

Function of Node B:

controlling and managing the multiple base stations (Node Bs). manage soft handoff and the utilization of radio network services PagingAllocation of downlink Channelization codes.Locating the MS

Switching and call routing to or from MS.Charging.Service provisioning.Control of connected BSCs.Access to PSTN.Provides the gateway functionality to other networks.One MSC controls more than one BSC.Function of MSC

Its function is to connect the PLMN to the PSTN or to the other PLMN existing in the country.Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)

The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile subscriptions.Permanent information IMSI, MSISDN Services subscribed Service restrictions (e.g. roaming restrictions) Parameters for additional services info about user equipment (IMEI) Authentication dataTemporary information Link to current location of the user: Current VLR address (if avail)Current MSC address (if avail)MSRN (if user outside PLMN)

MSC/VLR

Function of (SGSN) forwards incoming and outgoing IP packets addressed to/from a mobile station that is attached within the SGSN service area. provides packet routing and transfer to and from the SGSN service area.Ciphering and authenticationSession managementMobility managementLogical link management toward the MSOutput of billing data

Nokia SGSN

29

Function of (GGSN)The interface towards the external IP packet networks.acts as a router exchanges routing information with the external network.GPRS session management, communication setup toward external network.Output of billing data.

30

NodeBRNCRAN

NodeB

RNC

UTRAN

SCPSMSSCE

HLR/AUCSGSNGGSN

GPRS backbone

RANCN

SS7

MGW

MGW

IP/ATM Backbone

MSC ServerGMSC Server

PSTNISDN

Internet,Intranet

WCDMA R4 Network ArchitectureUMTS Architecture & UMTS Releases.

32VMSC: visit

UMTS Architecture & UMTS Releases.Call control and routing for mobile-originated and mobile-terminated calls; Mobility management integrates with (VLR) which holds location information;Providing authentication functions;terminates signaling MSC Server (Soft Switch)

UMTS Architecture & UMTS Releases.This translates media traffic between different types of network.Termination of bearer channels;MSC server is able to support several MWGs;

Media Gateway:

Difference between R99 and R4

MSCSCPHLRMSCRANRANRAN

TDMMSC ServerSCPHLRRANRANRAN

ATM/IPMGWMGW

MSC Server

TUP/ISUPNotes: PS domain structure remain unchangedR99R4

MAP Over TDMMAP Over TDM/IPCS domain evolutionATM/IPATM/IP/TDM

NodeB

RNC

UTRAN

SCPSMSSCE

HLR/AUC/HSSSGSNGGSN

GPRSbackbone

CN

MGW

MGW

MSC ServerGMSC ServerIP/ATM BackboneCS domainPS domainIu-CSIu-PSIP backbone

MRFPIMS domain

MGWP-CSCFS-CSCFMGCFMRFC

RAN

SS7

PSTN/PLMN

Internet,Intranet

WCDMA R5 Network ArchitectureUMTS Architecture & UMTS Releases.

36P-CSCF: (Proxy-Call State Control Function) I-CSCF : (Interrogating-CSCF) S-CSCF: (Serving-CSCF) HSS: (Home Subscriber Server) MGCF: Media Gateway Control FunctionMRF: Multimedia Resource Function MRFC:MRFP:

1)What is IMS?The IP Multimedia CN subsystem comprises all CN elements for provision of multimedia services. This includes the collection of signalling and bearer related network elements as defined in TS 23.002 [1].CSCF,MGCF,MRF; IP multimedia services are based on an IETF defined session control capability which, along with multimedia bearers, utilises the PS domain (this may include an equivalent set of services to the relevant subset of CS Services).

2)The function of IMS?The IM CN subsystem should enable the convergence of, and access to, voice, video, messaging, data and web-based technologies for the wireless user, and combine the growth of the Internet with the growth in mobile communications.(

3)Relationship with PS and CSThe IP multimedia subsystem utilizes the PS domain to transport multimedia signalling and bearer traffic. The PS domain maintains the service while the terminal moves and hides these moves from the IP multimedia subsystem.The IP multimedia subsystem is independent of the CS domain although some network elements may be common with the CS domain

UTRAN Interfaces

RNS

RNC

RNS

RNC

Core Network

Node B

Node B

Node B

Node B

Iu

Iu

Iur

Iub

Iub

Iub

Iub

RAN Architecture& InterfacesAll these interfaces are open interfaces

ATM Overview

STM : Synchronization Transfer ModeAs TDM (Time Divisions Multiplexing )

125 usec.

SynchroniesFrame 1Frame 2Frame 3Best for real time application (QOS >>>)Not suitable for data (data traffic is burst)

Packet switchesPKT is variable length and asynchronousSuitable for dataBad QOS for real-time applicationA

A

A

APTM : Packet Transfer Mode

To provide a high-speed, low delay multiplexing and switching network to any type of user traffic, such as voice, data,or video applications.

Why do we need a new technology?

41The main reason for ATM is because we would like to send different types of data with difference types of characteristics efficiently and using the same technology.For example, we would like to send a huge file and voice together on the same connection. If the huge file is sent first, the voice will have to wait for its turn and voice requires real time (least delay possible). So its bad for voice. And if the connection is broken halfway due to some reason, the huge file have to start TX again from the start again. So its bad for data transfer.We would like a technology that will cater to the different types of data needs.

ATM OverviewATM : Asynchronization Transfer ModeDeveloped to carry multimedia real-time application (video - spech) and non real-time application (data)Based on packet switching but packet are at fixed length (cell)

ABACBACAB

CellLess time variation with packet switches but not as TDMto be able to integrate real and non- real application

ATM overviewCell size is a compromise Small size selected to minimize packet delay for voice transmission Cell size is a compromise Larger cell size would be more efficient for data Per packet processingHeader overhead HeaderData

Bytes 5Bytes 48

ATM OverviewATM is a connection-oriented (virtual circuit ) networkPermanent virtual (PVC) -- connection and paths through the network are established when network is establishedATM is a connection-oriented (virtual circuit ) networkSwitched virtual circuit (SVC)--connection and paths through the network are established on an as-needed basis

Phisical connictionVP1VP18

VC #6VC #9VC #12VC #13VC #15VC #16Virtual channel (VC): Setup end to end virtual path VPVirtual Path (VP): is bundle of VCs sharing part off path

ATM Cell

45GFC: Control too many terminals access to private ATM network.VPI and VCI like source and destination address. ATM switch use this two identifiers to switch ATM cell.PTI: 0 is data cell, 1 is operation and maintenance cell.CLP:1 has low priority 0 has high priority. HEC: Head error control ATM network just check head. The error control of payload will completed by application layer. Cell delimitation One specific function of HEC is to identify the boundary of cell ,The HEC is used to synchronize the start of cell.

Cells

VoiceDataVideo

Connection oriented Fast packet switching Statistical multiplexer Supports voice, data and video service Provides QoSFeatures of ATM

46

ATM Sublayer ModelATM Protocol Stack ModelOSI Reference Model

UserPMDTCPHYATMAALCSSARInterface management7 Application 6 Presentation5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data link 1 Physical

47This picture is the compare between ATM model and OSI model.SSCS:Service Special Convergence Sublayer CPCS:Common Part Convergence Sublayer CS:Convergence Sublayer SAR:Segmentation And Reassembly AAL:ATM Adaptation Layer PHY:Phsical Layer TC:Transmission Convergence Sublayer PMD:Physical Medium Dependent Sublayer

Two sublayers: Transmission Convergence Sublayer (TC)transmission frame generation/recoveryProcessing HECcell delimitingtransmission frame adaptation Physical Medium Dependent Sublayer (PMD)Link coding Network physical mediumFunction of ATM Physical Layer

AALATMPHY

48 HEC: Header Error ControlCell delimiting: Maintains cell boundaries, locate cells in stream of bitsTransmission frame adaptation: packages cells into physical medium frames

Cell switch Quality of Service Processing the cell header Types of payload Multiplexing /Demultiplexing of different connection cellFunction of ATM Layer

AALATMPHY

49Cell switch: switch ATM cell to different port.Processing the cell header : read VPI and VCIATM layer read the payload of ATM cell ,it will know this payload is data or voice information.Multiplexing: received cell from AAL, and demultiplexing received from physical layer.

The AAL is subdivided into two sublayers: the convergence sublayer (CS) the segmentation and reassembly (SAR) sublayer. The CS performs the convergence functions required to map both connection-oriented and connectionless bit streams from higher layers onto the SAR and ATM layers. The function of the SAR sublayer is to deliver 48-octet packets from the higher layers to the ATM layer. SAR also reassembles the information flow that is sent through the network. Different AAL layer for different service.Function of AAL layer

AALATMPHY

50

Types of AAL In order to support different types of user services, there are five types of AAL. In WCDMA RAN, voice is transferred over AAL2 and other signal are transferred over AAL5.Service typeABCDBit rateconstantvariablevariablevariableReal time YESYESNONOConnection modeConnection orientedconnectionlessAALAAL1AAL2AAL3/4AAL5

51

Service Types of ATM layer CBR (Constant bit rate) VBR-RT (Variable bit rate-real time) VBR-NRT (VBR-non real time) UBR (Unspecified bit rate) ABR (Available bit rate)

52QoS depends on Network Performance:Speed Accuracy DependabilityATM Traffic Descriptor is the generic list of traffic parameters which can be used to capture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of an ATM connection. Source ATM Traffic Descriptor is used in the connection set-up phase. The traffic parameter values are given by the user.Peak Cell Rate (PCR)Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR)Intrinsic Burst Tolerance (IBT) or Maximum Burst Size (MBS)Traffic contract includes Source ATM Traffic Descriptor, QoS Class specification and the value of Cell Delay Variation Tolerance (CDVT).

In ATM context QoS usually means objectives for ATM layer network performance:Cell Loss Ratio (CLR)Cell Transfer Delay (CTD),Cell Delay Variation (CDV)Cell Error Ratio (CER) Severely Errored Cell Block Ratio (SECBR)Cell Misinsertion Rate (CMR)

ATM traffic classes

ATM traffic parameters

IPOA Protocal StackATM network Physical layerIP address is mapped to PVC or SVC

User applicationATMAALIPTCP/UDP

ATMAALIPTCP/UDP

IP packet is transferred to ATM PayloadUser application

55IP Over ATM , Bundle IP datagram on the ATM cell.

NBAPPHYATMAAL5Service Specific Layers

Node BRANAPRNSAPNBAPPHYATMAAL5Service Specific LayersMTP3-BSCCP

RANAPPHYATMAAL5Service Specific LayersMTP3-BSCCP

Core Network (CS Domain)RANAPRNSAPNBAPPHYATMAAL5Service Specific LayersMTP3-BSCCP

RNCRANAPPHYATMAAL5Service Specific LayersMTP3-BSCCP

Core Network (PS Domain)RNCUTRAN Protocol StacksControl Plane

56Three main control protocols exist in UTRAN.

Radio Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP): it is the protocol used between RNC and Core Network (CS or PS domain).It is an evolved GSM BSSMAP protocol.Functions are: RAB management, relocation of SRNC, transport of NAS signaling messages, paging, controlling the security mode, location reporting,

Node B Application Protocol (NBAP): it is the protocol used between RNC and its Node Bs.Functions are: cell configuration management, radio link management and supervision, measurements on common and dedicated resources, system information management,

Radio Network Subsystem Application Protocol (RNSAP): this protocol is used between 2 RNCs.Functions are: radio link management, physical channel reconfiguration, relocation execution, measurement on dedicated resources, paging, ...

UTRAN Protocol StacksUser PlaneData Streams IubPHYATMAAL2

Node BPHYATMAAL2

PHYATMAAL2GTP-U

Core Network (CS Domain)PHYATMAAL2

RNCData Streams Iu PSPHYATMAAL5

Core Network (PS Domain)RNCData Streams Iu CSDataStreamsIub, IurDataStreamsIurDataStreamsIu CSDataStreamsIu PSAAL5IPUDP

GTP-UIPUDP

57The user plane is used to carry any type of user information: it can be user data information, but also user control information.In order to carry information between a Node B and a RNC, specific frames are built. There are called Frame Protocol (FP) frames.They consist of an header, and a payload.The header contains a checksum, the frame type field, and information related to the frame type.The payload contains either control or data information.There are different types of FP frames: some are used to carry dedicated information, some are used to carry common information.For example, when dedicated user data information is carried, at the same time a Quality Estimate parameter is sent, in order to indicate if the payload is good (or bad) from a radio point of view.Dedicated user control information can be used to transport outer loop power control parameters.

RadioNetworkLayerTransportNetworkLayerApplicationProtocolDataStream(s)Control PlaneUser Plane

SignalingBearer(s)SignalingBearer(s)DataBearer(s)ALCAP(s)Transport NetworkUser PlaneTransport NetworkUser PlaneTransport NetworkControl PlaneUTRAN Protocol StacksGeneral Model of UTRAN InterfacesPhysical Layer

58This is representing the general protocol model for UTRAN interfaces. The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes are logically independent of each other, and if needed, protocol layers, or the whole protocol stack in a plane, may be changed in the future by decisions in the standardization.The Protocol Structure consists of two main layers, Radio Network Layer, and Transport Network Layer. All UTRAN related issues are visible only in the Radio Network Layer, and the Transport Network Layer represents standard transport technology that is selected to be used for UTRAN, but without any UTRAN specific requirements.

User plane: it includes the data stream(s) and the data bearer(s) for the data stream(s). Data stream(s) is/are characterized by one or more frame protocols specified for that interface.

Control plane: it includes the application protocols, and the signaling bearer for transporting the application protocols messages. These are application protocols mainly used for setting up bearers.

CDMA Principle

Duplex Transmission & Multiple Access

Duplex Transmission

Multiple Access

Multiple-access for Digital Communication SystemsThe frequency spectrum must be shared by all the users in the system.Three method for sharing spectrum:FDMAFrequency-division multiple-access.TDMATime-division multiple-access.CDMACode-division multiple-access.Most modern systems use combinations:TDMA/FDMACDMA/FDMA

Multiple-AccessThree ways to separate signals.FrequencyTimeCode

FrequencyTimeCode

FDMAFrequency-division multiple-access.Each user is assigned one frequency

frequencyChannel 1

3

2

4

30 kHzguardband

FDMAFrequency-Division Multiple-AccessExamples:AMPS

FrequencyTimeCode

TDMATime-division multiple-accessAll users transmit at same frequency.Each user transmits at a different time.

User 1

User 2

User 3User 1User 2User 3guardtime

20 msectime slottime

TDMA

FrequencyTimeCodeTime-Division Multiple-AccessExamples:USDC/IS-136

CDMA

FrequencyTimeCode

Code-Division Multiple-AccessExamples:IS-95Bluetooth

CDMAC1 * C2 = 0C1 * C3 = 0C1 * C1 = 1C2 * C3 = 0C2 * C2 = 1C3 * C3 = 1

(C1D1 + C2D2 + C3D3)

Perfect orthogonally CDMA is self interference because not perfect orthogonally So must be use spreading to minimize power per user

( C1D1 + C2D2 + C3D3) * C1= D1

Spread Spectrum bandwidth of the signal (Bw) is inversely proportional to the signal powerfSf

The spectrum before spreadinginformationf0The spectrum after spreadinginformationf0Sff

DSSS Spreading: Frequency-Domain View

information pulse interferenceWhite noiseThe improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain information is spread.The Y-coordinate is energy density.The spectrum before despreadinginformationInterference noise

Sff0ff0The spectrum after despreadinginformation

Interference noiseSfffSf

The spectrum before spreadinginformationf0The spectrum after spreadinginformationf0Sff

73 Increase in the rate of time domain signals means the spread of bandwidth of frequency domain signals. This demands spreading technologies. One important application of spreading is to solve the problem of reliable communication when there is strong interference. Meanwhile, the spreading technologies adopted in CDMA has such a feature: despreading and spreading calculations are the same. Let us suppose that the broadband signals we receive are accompanied by strong narrow-band interference signals, as shown in Figure 3. Thus, the process of despreading converts the input signals into a useful narrow-band signal and multiple broadband signals (the narrow-band interference signals after the despreading become broadband interference signals with greatly reduced strength). After the narrow-band filter calculation, only the energy of a small number of interference signals passes a filter and becomes remaining interference. Thus, interference is greatly reduced. In CDMA, the above goal of spreading can be achieved by means of QPSK modulation. CDMA system is a broadband system, that is to say, the bandwidth of one carrier in IS95 is made to reach 1.25MHz. Therefore, we say this system itself integrates the function of frequency diversity. We say this based on the following reasons: Suppose how the frequencies of 900M and 900.001M are transmitted in air. If fading occurs to the frequency of 900M,we think that the frequency of 900.001M will also fade. In this case, if the two frequencies are used for signal diversity, we do not think we will succeed. That is to say, when frequency 1 fades, frequency 2 will fade at the same time and cannot overcome the fading. Then suppose how the frequencies of 900M and 910M are transmitted in air. If fading occurs to the frequency of 900M, the frequency of 910M may not fade as a result of different transmission performance. In this case, if the two frequencies are used for signal diversity, we can achieve the goal.

Types of Spread SpectrumDirect Sequence

DS-CDMA

User-AACode 1

User-BBCode 2

User-CCCode 3

User-AACode 1

User-BBCode 2

User-CCCode 3

De-spreadingCode

Narrow BandSignalWide BandSignal(Multiple Signal)

SpreadingDespreadingNarrow BandSignal

CB

A

(Receiver A)(Receiver B)(Receiver C)

key Feature

76

Effects on Radio Communication

Effects on Radio Communication

Effects on Radio Communication

2. Rayleigh Fading (Multi-path Fading):

Effects on Radio CommunicationThe difference in paths leads to a difference in paths of the received components.

To overcome multipath fading we use :

- Microscopic diversity and combining techniques

- Frequency hopping

- Interleaving technique

- adaptive power control

Effects on Radio Communication

Microscopic diversity techniques : 1-Time diversity technique

2-Frequency diversity technique

Effects on Radio Communication

3-Space diversity technique

Effects on Radio Communication

Rake Receiver

A

B

C

ABCABCRake

Rake receiver

RX

Searcher CombinerCalculation

Combined Signal

Electric Power

ElectricPowerDelay ProfileDelay TimeMultiple Signal 1Multiple Signal 2Multiple Signal 3

Delay TimeFinger Circuit

Finger CircuitFinger Circuit

Output Power

Hard Handover

Cell #1Cell #2Break before makeP1P2P1 > P2P2 > P1P1 = P2

Soft Handover

Cell #1Cell #2Make before BreakP1P2P1 > P2P2 > P1P1 = P2

Node B

Node B

RNCNode B

Combining /SplittingActiveSetIuIubIubIubActive Set: max. 3 Cells

Soft HandoverCN

Node B

Node B

RNCNode B

CNCombining /SplittingActiveSetInter-RNC HoVIuIubIubIub

RNCIur S-RNC: Combining/Splitting + RR allocation D-RNC: only RR allocation change D-RNC S-RNC possibleS-RNC: Serving RNCD-RNC: Drift RNCRR: Radio ResourceFig. 11 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UTRA Aspects, 23)Soft Handover

Softer Handover

Sector cells

Node B

RNCFig. 10 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UTRA Aspects, 21)MRC maximum radio combination

HandoverMeasurement:Connection quality & strength+ strength of own & surrounding BTS

UEMeasurement:Connection quality & strengthBTS

Measurement Report

RNCHOVDecisionPre-processing of measurementsActivation of new Node BActive Set UpdateMeasurementReportUMTS Handover decision similar GSM initiated by RNC performed by UEFig. 8 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UTRA Aspects, 17)

TimeActive set thresholdMonitoring set threshold

Measurement Quality

TTCell ACell A & Cell BCell B

UE Monitor Neighbors cells which define by network at power increase of one cell to active set report to Node BSoft HandoverCell ACell BCell C

Maximum Radio Combination MRC

Cell ACell BCell C

D1 * C2 * SC1D1 * C2 * SC2D1 * C2 * SC3

RNC

To decode the data at UE use Rake receiver

Rake receiver

RX

Searcher CombinerCalculation

Combined Signal

Electric Power

ElectricPowerDelay ProfileDelay TimeMultiple Signal 1Multiple Signal 2Multiple Signal 3

Delay TimeFinger CircuitFinger CircuitFinger Circuit

Output Power

OVSFSC ASC BSC COVSFOVSF

WCDMA

Rc length = 6 bitRb length = 1 bitCode length=6 bitSF = 6Rc length = 6 bitRb length = 2 bitCode length=3 bitSF = 3Note that : at variable Rb we need variable code length to achieve same Rc Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor OVSF

CC1,0 = (1)

CC2,1 = (1,-1)CC2,0 = (1,1)CC4,0 = (1,1,1,1)CC4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)CC4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)CC4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

CC256,0CC256,1CC256,2CC256,255CC256,254 SF = 1SF = 2SF = 4SF = 256Channelization Codes (CCn,m) = OVSF Codes CC1 = (1)CC2 =

1 11 -1CCn =

CCn/2 CCn/2 CCn/2 -CCn/2CCn,m generation:from columns in CCnOrthogonal Variable Spreading Factor OVSFAt dawn link : Minimum SF=4 and Maximum SF=256At up link : Minimum SF=8 and Maximum SF=512Note :Code length= # of codeCode length=SF

Orthogonal Data Channelization

OC 4

OC 3

OC 2

OC 1

RFModulation

RFDemod

OC 3Data Channel 1Data Channel 2Data Channel 3Data Channel 4ReceiverLinear Addition

Transmitter

98Each user is assigned one or more orthogonal waveforms derived from an orthogonal code. Since the waveforms are orthogonal, users with different codes do not interfere with each other. Orthogonal-CDMA requires synchronization among the users, since the waveforms are orthogonal only if they are aligned in time.

Spreading process in WCDMADownlink (NodeB to UE ) Scrambling Code: Identifies cell (sector). Channelization Code: Identifies user channels in cell (Sector).

Scrambling Code A

Scrambling Code B

Scrambling Code C

ChannelizationCode 1ChannelizationCode 2ChannelizationCode 3ChannelizationCode 1ChannelizationCode 2ChannelizationCode 2ChannelizationCode 1

Downlink scramble code generation PN Code(2 - 1)18 PN Code(2 - 1)18

Select 512 code onlyLength of each code 38400 chipGold Sequences

Spreading process in WCDMA

Up Link (UE to NodeB ) Scrambling Code: Identifies user terminal. Channelization Code: Identifies channels in user terminal. Scrambling Code A

Scrambling Code BScrambling Code C

ChannelizationCode 1ChannelizationCode 2ChannelizationCode 1

ChannelizationCode 1

Up link scramble code generation PN Code(2 - 1)25 PN Code(2 - 1)25

Select 8192 code onlyLength of each code 38400 chipGold Sequences

Spreading process in WCDMA1st Step: Channelization Variable Rate Spreading ( According to user data rate)2nd Step: Scrambling CodeFixed Rate Spreading (3,840 Kchips)

S

ChannelizationCode

ScramblingCode

3,840 Kcps

Coding &Interleaving

UTRA time structure

2560 chipsTime SlotTS

2/3 msFrame fTS#0TS#iTS#14

10 msf#1f#if#72

Superframe

720 ms1/3.840.000 s 260.4 ns

Chip shortest information unit in CDMA TDD: TS contains 1 Burst FDD: cyclic repetition of control information (e.g. TPC) TDD: TDMA frame FDD: shortest transmission duration TDD & FDD: shortest pattern data rate adaptation TDD & FDD: Counting period for Def. Physical channels Handover to GSM (GSM TCH Multiframe = 120 ms)

UTRAKey Parameters

bandwidth B = 5 MHz chiprate Rc = 3,84 Mchip/s SF = Rc / RS = 1 - 16 (TDD) 4 - 256/512 (FDD)Spreading Code =Channelisation Code x Scrambling Code 1 TS = 2/3 ms = 2560 chip 1 frame = 10 ms 1 Superframe = 72 frames

TDD: bursty structure (TS) FDD: continuous transmission ( 10 ms)

Fig. 21 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 43)

Pulse Shaping FilterRF OutData Channel1Data ChannelNLinearSummation

Spread Spectrum Code(PN Code or Gold Code)FEC CodingOrthogonal Code 1Orthogonal Code N

1:2DemuxPulse Shaping FilterI/Q ModulatorCRC CodingInter-leavingCRC Coding

Complex Multiplier (I + jQ)

FEC CodingInter-leavingD/AD/A

SSC_QSSC_IIQIQIQAllows for error detection in the receiverAllows for error correction in the receiverImproves error correction in the receiverGives a unique identity to each data streamMaps digital bits to analog signals0 +11 -1Provides 2x higher data rate(WCDMA,cdma2000 downlink)Gives a unique identity to this transmitterContains transmitted frequency spectrumAllows both signals from 1:2 Demux to share the same RF bandwidthPre-coded data (bits)SymbolsChips

Cellular CDMA Transmitter

106The block diagram above shows the various blocks contained in a cellular CDMA transmitter. Error protection of the data channels is performed using CRC coding, forward error correction and interleaving. It should be remembered that this user data could be voice from a vocoder, user or control data. The error protected signal is then converted from a digital signal ranging from 0 to +1 to one that ranges from -1 to +1 in the digital to analogue converter. This is necessary since there is a linear summation device which will produce a composite data stream by adding all the input channels. Before the linear summation each channel is multiplied by a particular orthogonal code to provide the necessary channel separation. The next stage, after the summation, is to perform a 1:2 de-multiplexing of the stream. This will effectively double the data rate by taking all the even bits from the input stream and placing them on the I branch output and all the odd bits onto the Q branch. This step is used to take advantage of an RF modulation scheme known as IQ modulation.Scrambling of the signal is then performed using a complex multiplier effectively using a separate PN code for the I and Q branches. This complex PN code is called a Gold code.After pulse shape filtering the I and Q branches are passed to the IQ modulator which will produce an RF output that can be fed to the antenna system.Each of these stages will be explained in more detail in the rest of this section.

ACELP/AMR Voice Coding

A/DLinear Predictive Coding(LPC)FilterCodebookIndexCodebookPerceptualWeightingErrorAnalysis

SpeechGeneratorVocoderOutput BitsMUXVoice, Tone ActivityDetectorsMode Indication bitsComfort NoiseTone EmulationDTX Indication(+)(-)PredictionErrorBenefits of Activity Detection:1) 2)

107The type of voice coding used for WCDMA is a combination of coding called Algebraic Code Excited Liner Predictive(ACELP) which used codebook references to represent speech sounds and Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) coding which allows different speech rates to be used, depending on the environment or application. Another feature of this coder is that a sample of the background noise is periodically sent to the receiver. Since most voice conversations are made up of approximately 50% silence this sample can be used to recreate the background noise thus reducing the amount of data to be send and hence increasing system capacity since no interference will be caused during the idle periods.The process uses a closed loop system that compares the sound sample of the voice with what is stored under a predicted code reference. The output from this process will represent the error between the two and is passed through a perceptual weighting device that will mimic the sensitivity of the human ear to gauge how much distortion this error will produce. After error analysis a new codebook reference may be chosen that should be a better match to the incoming speech. This closed loop should produce a very close codebook reference that can be used in the receiver to recreate the speech.The receiver will simply contain the same codebook, a speech generator and a filter.The Voice, Tone activity detectors will handle the multiplexing of the background noise to be used in the receiver for idle periods and discontinuous transmission bits to indicate when to use this.

CRC CodingCyclic-Redundancy Check (CRC) CodingIdentifies corrupted dataIf there is an error, the receiver can request that data be re-sentFor voice data errors, the vocoder discards any bad dataChecksum011010Original Data 100101101010CRC GeneratorOriginal Data 100101101010CRC GeneratorRe-Generated Checksum 011011TransmitterReceiverIf Checksums do not match, there is an errorReceived Data 100101001010Received Checksum 011010RF Transmission Path

108The first method of overcoming the errors created by the air interface is Cyclic Redundancy Check. Blocks of data are passed through a CRC generator which will perform a mathematical division on the data producing a remainder or checksum. This is added to the block of data and transmitted. The same division is performed on the data block in the receiver. If a different checksum is produced the receiver will know that there is an error in the block of data. Based on this knowledge the receiver has two choices:1) Discard the block if it is a voice transmission or2) Ask for a retransmission in the case of packet data.The longer the checksum the greater is the accuracy of the process. In the example above the checksum was 6 bits long. Six bits of binary information represents (26) 64 different combinations. It could be imagined that various combinations of errors on the data and the checksum would produce the same checksum. The longer the checksum the less likely it is for this to happen. WCDMA specifications specify a range of checksum lengths ranging from 0 to 24 bits. PKzip, used to compress files in the computer industry uses a 32 bit checksum for greater accuracy.

FEC CodingError CorrectionHow do you correct errors at the receiver?Sendmessagemany times?010010110,010010110,010010110,010010110,010010110,

ForwardErrorCorrection!Up to 6x data expansion...But the most powerful results

109The function of Forward Error Correction is to help the receiver correct bit errors caused by the air interface. One method for correcting these errors would be to send the information a number of times. Provided this is more than twice the receiver could select which message is most correct by a best out of three decision. Transmitting the data up to six times will produce the best error protection, however this will greatly increase the bandwidth.What is required is a system that provides forward error correction with minimal increase in the bandwidth.

FEC CodingFEC Coding approachesBlock Codes (Hamming Codes, BCH Codes, Reed-Solomon Codes)Data is processed into unique CodewordsEach Codeword can be positively identified even if one or more bits are corruptedExample: New York City is a codeword for NYCContinuous Codes (Convolutional Codes, Turbo Codes)Data is processed continuously through FEC generatorResulting data stream has built-in redundancy that can be extracted to correct bit errors.

IS-95, cdma2000, and WCDMA utilize Convolutional Codes low-rate dataPowerful error correctionSimple implementation allows low-latency, real-time processingcdma2000 and WCDMA utilize Turbo Codes for high rate dataMost powerful error correctionMore processing power (MIPS) required for decoding

110There are two basic types of FEC available; Block or Continuous codes.Block Codes work by processing the data into unique code words. This would be similar to transmitting New York City to represent NYC. These redundant bits provide the error correction. As this type of system works on blocks of data it is not suitable for conversational transmissions.Continuous codes on the other hand are continuously produced as the data is fed to the FEC. The result will contain redundant bits that help to correct errors.IS-95, cdma2000 and WCDMA will utilize Convolutional coding for low data rates where a low latency and real time processing is required. For high data rate services where latency and processing power is not a problem Turbo coding may be used. This type of coding gives a much better error correction performance.

FEC Coding: The Convolutional CoderConvolutional Coding

Original Data 00011011...FECGenerator

FEC Encoded data 1010011100110110...

Original Data 00011011Viterbi Decoder

TransmitterReceiverRF Transmission Path

111The above diagram gives a high level overview of the operation of the Convolutional coder. The original data is fed to the FEC generator which in this case produces twice as much data. A coder that produces this increase that is, two bits out for one bit in is known as a 1/2 rate coder, one that produces three bits of information for one input is known as a 1/3 rate coder.This output is not simply the input data repeated and will be subjected to noise superimposed by the RF transmission path. In the receiver a device known as a Viterbi Decoder is used to correct these errors and recover the original data. This device works by taking the actual level of the data and estimating whether this was a 1 or a 0 when it left the transmitter, rather than use thresholds for 1 and 0.

FEC Coding: Convolutional CoderConvolutional Coding: ExampleR = 1/2 , k=2 Convolutional Coder For every input bit, there are two output bits The maximum time delay is 2 clock cyclesD

D

Input Data 1010...

MUXX2k+1X2k

Coder Output

clock

112The diagram above shows how a simple Convolutional coder could be created using two shift registers, two XOR gates and a multiplexed. For every input data bit there will be two output bits produced X2k and X2K+1.

Block Interleaving

TimeAmplitudeTo Viterbi decoderOriginal Data Samples1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Interleaving Matrix1 2 34 5 67 8 9TransmitterInterleaved Data Samples1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9RF Transmission Path

Interleaved Data Samples1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9Errors ClusteredDe-Interleaving Matrix1 2 34 5 67 8 9De-Interleaved Data Samples1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9ReceiverErrors Distributed

113A radio channel produces bursty errors. Because convolutional codes are most effective against random errors, interleaving is used to randomize the bursty errors. The interleaving scheme can be either block interleaving or convolutional interleaving. Typically, block interleaving is used in cellular applications. The interleaving length is determined by the delay requirements of the service. Speech service, for example, requires a shorter delay than data services.

Turbo CodingTurbo CodesOutperform Convolutional codesRequires much more processing power; data packets may be decoded off-lineUsed for high-bit rate data and packet dataInterleaving (time diversity) enhances error correctionEncoder #1Encoder #2MUX

DataDecodedData

DE-MUX

Decoder #2

DP1P2DP1P2

DTurbo EncoderTurbo DecoderInterleaver

Interleaver

InterleaverDe-InterleaverDecoder #1

114The turbo code encoding structure is based on a combination of two or more weak error control codes. The data bits are interleaved between two encoders, generating two parity streams. The whole process results in a code that has powerful error correction properties

I/Q ModulationI/Q (In-phase/Quadrature) Modulation: DefinitionTwo data streams are multiplied by a common carrier frequency, but at phase offsets of 0 degrees (cosine)and 90 degrees (sine)

Data Stream #1 I Data Stream #2 Q

90o

SUM

cos ( 2 fRF t)I sin (2 fRF t)+ Q cos (2 fRF t)

+1-1+1-1

115A simple form of digital modulation is binary or Bi-Phase Shift Keying (BPSK). The phase of a constant amplitude carrier signal moves between zero and 180 degrees. On an I and Q diagram, the I state has two different values. There are two possible locations in the state diagram, so a binary one or zero can be sent. The symbol rate is one bit per symbol. A more common type of phase modulation is Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). It is used extensively in applications including CDMA cellular service. Quadrature means that the signal shifts between phase states which are separated by 90 degrees. The signal shifts in increments of 90 degrees from 45 to 135, -45, or -135 degrees. These points are chosen as they can be easily implemented using an I/Q modulator. Only two I values and two Q values are needed and this gives two bit per symbol. In the transmitter, I and Q signals are mixed with the same local oscillator (LO). A 90 degree phase shifter is placed in one of the LO paths. Signals that are separated by 90 degrees are also known as being orthogonal to each other or in quadrature. Signals that are in quadrature do not interfere with each other. They are two independent components of the signal.

I/Q ModulationGraphical representation of an I/Q modulated signal

IQ( I = 1, Q = 1 )( I = -1, Q = -1 )( I = -1, Q = 1 )( I = 1, Q = -1 )

1 Modulation Symbol represents 2 data bitsModulation efficiency = 2 bits/symbol

RF Carrier amplitude

RF Carrier phase angle

116The figure above is an example of a state diagram of a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) signal. The symbol rate is the bit rate divided by the number of bits that can be transmitted with each symbol. There are four states because 22=4. It is therefore a more bandwidth-efficient type of modulation than the BPSK, potentially twice as efficient.

I/Q ModulationBy multiplying by the sin and cosine at the receiver, the original I and Q data streams are recovered

90o

SUM

cos (2 fRF t)I sin (2 fRF t)+ Q cos (2 fRF t)LPF

LPFData Stream #1 I Data Stream #2 Q

+1-1+1-1

117The composite signal with magnitude and phase (I/Q) information arrives at the receiver input. The input signal is mixed with the local oscillator signal at the carrier frequency in two forms. One is at an arbitrary zero phase. The other has a 90 degree phase shift. The composite input signal is thus broken into an in-phase (I) and a quadrature (Q) components. These two components of the signal are independent and orthogonal. One can be changed without affecting the other. Normally, information cannot be plotted in a polar format and reinterpreted as rectangular values without doing a polar to rectangular conversion. This conversion is exactly what is done by the in-phase and quadrature mixing processes in a digital radio. A local oscillator, phase shifter and two mixers can perform the conversion accurately and efficiently.

The WCDMA TransmitterData 0110101.Add CRC BitsAdd FEC Bits

I/Q Mod.OVSF CodeGenerator

Error DetectionError CorrectionOrthogonal Coding

RF OutFIR FilterFIR FilterInter-leaver

ComplexSpreading(DL)

HPSKSpreading(UL)SSMA Spreading, PAPRReductionSpectralContainmentRF Modulation

ChannelizationCodeBS code (DL) orUE code (UL)Data Channel CodeSpread Spectrum Code(Gold Code)Scrambling CodeFadingResistanceS/P

118The block diagram above shows a typical WCDMA Transmitter. As with the IS-95 Transmitter the original data undergoes the addition of CRC and FEC bits. Interleaving is also performed to increase the resistance to fading. This time the first code that is applied to the signal is the orthogonal or channelization code. This is derived from the OVSF code generator and will vary in length depending on the required transmission data rate. After this code is applied the scrambling or PN code is applied using complex spreading for transmissions in the downlink(BTS) or HPSK spreading for transmissions in the uplink (UE). Finally this base-band signal is split and fed to the input of an I/Q modulator to produce an RF output with a bandwidth of 5 MHz.

Generic Frame Structure

UE Protocol Layers

Layer 1Layer 3Layer 2

Control PlaneUser PlanePHY (PHYsical)MAC (Medium Access Control)RLC (Radio Link Control)PDCPBMCRRC (Radio Resource Control)Management functions: MM, CCNon accessstratumAccessstratum

Network layer protocol:Ipv4, Ipv6, ...

AMR

120The radio interface (Uu) is layered into three protocol layers:the physical layer (L1)the data link layer (L2)the network layer (L3).The layer 1 supports all functions required for the transmission of bit streams on the physical medium. It is also in charge of measurements function consisting in indicating to higher layers for example Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR), interference power, transmit power, It is basically composed of a layer 1 management entity, a transport channel entity, and a physical channel entity.The layer 2 protocol is responsible for providing functions such as mapping, ciphering, retransmission, segmentation.The layer 3 is split between 2 parts: access stratum and non access stratum. The access stratum part is composed of RRC (Radio Resource Control) entity and duplication avoidance entity. The access stratum part is composed of CC, MM parts.

UERRCRLCMACPHYRLC

CTRLUSERDATA

UTRANRRCMACPHYRLCRLC

CTRLUSERDATA

UTRAN ModelPhysical channels Physical Channels Distinguished by: - RF Frequency - Channelization Code - Spreading Code - Modulation (I/Q) Phase (uplink) - Timeslot (TDD mode)Signaling Radio BearerRadio BearerTransport channels - grouped by method of transportLogical channels - grouped by information content - User Data - Control and signalingUTRAN OSI ModelL1L2L2L3L1L2L2L3

121If we take a look at the UTRAN WCDMA OSI model we can see how the three layers are connected using logical, transport and physical channels. Logical channels are grouped by information content that is whether they carry user data or L3 control and signaling. This L3 signaling, sometimes referred to as mobility management could be information like measurement reports, handover commands etc. These Logical channels are mapped onto Transport channels. These are grouped by method of transport. This division will allow different CRC, coding etc to be applied for different applications.Finally the Transport channels must be mapped onto Physical channels. These are distinguished by RF frequency, channelization code, spreading code, modulation and timeslot in the case of the TDD mode. In other words these channels perform the actual transmission of data bits.Also shown is Radio Resource Control (RRC) which is direct control of the physical layer from layer 3 for call setup, release etc.

Physical Channel frequency, code (& TS)

Transport Channel how & with what characteristics data are transferredLogical, Transport & Physical ChannelsLogical & TransportChannels: TS 25.301Transport & Physical Channels:TS 25.211 & 25.221

RNCIubNodeB

UuUE

Logical Channel type of information transferred

Logical ChannelsDefined for different kinds of data transfer services as offered by MAC. Each logical channel type is defined by what type of information is transferred.classification of into two groups:

Control channelBroadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Node B broadcasts some general cell information such as: 1. Location Area Identity (LAI), 2. The identity of BCCH codes for neighboring cells

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)Node B Transmits a paging message to indicate an incoming call or short message. The paging message contains the identity number of the mobile subscriber that the network wishes to contact.Common Control Channel (CCCH)Bidirectional channel for transmitting control information between network and UEs at idle mode and by the UEs using common transport channels when accessing a new cell after cell reselection.

Control channelDedicated Control Channel (DCCH)Bidirectional channel that transmits dedicated control information between a UE and the network. This channel is established through RRC connectionsetup procedure , measurements and handover etc.

Traffic Channels Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)Use for the transfer of user information. A DTCH can exist in both uplink and downlink.Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)A pointtomultipoint unidirectional channel for transfer of dedicated user information for all or a group of specified UEs.

Transport ChannelsBetween the physical layer and MAC Layer to described by how and with what characteristics data is transferred over the radio interface. An adequate term for this is Transport Channel.

WCDMA Downlink Physical Layer

128

WCDMA Downlink Physical ChannelsCommon Downlink Physical ChannelsP-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel - Broadcasts cell site information- Broadcasts cell SFN; Timing reference for all DL channelsSCH Synchronization Channel- Fast Synch. codes 1 and 2; time-multiplexed with P-CCPCHS-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel- Transmits idle-mode signaling and control information to UEsP-CPICH / S-CPICH (Primary /Secondary Common Pilot Channel) Helps with channel estimation and shows the attractiveness of the cell (S-CPICH for sectored cells)PDSCHPhysical Downlink Shared Channel- Transmits high-speed data to multiple users

WCDMA Downlink Physical ChannelsDedicated Downlink Physical ChannelsDPDCHDedicated Downlink Physical Data ChannelTransmits data information dedicated to a single userDPCCHDedicated Downlink Physical Control Channel Transmits control dedicated to a single user

WCDMA Downlink Physical ChannelsDownlink Indication ChannelsAICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Random Access attempt(Echoes the UEs Random Access signature)PICH (Paging Indicator Channel)Informs a UE to monitor the next paging framePICH (Paging Indicator Channel)Informs a UE to monitor the next paging frameAP-AICH (Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel)Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Packet Access attempt(Echoes the UEs Packet Access signature)

WCDMA Downlink Physical ChannelsCD/CA-ICH (Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel)Confirms that there is no ambiguity between UE in a Packet Access attemptEchoes the UEs Packet Access Collision Detection signatureOptionally provides available Packet channel assignments CSICH (CPCH Status Indicator Channel)Broadcasts status information regarding packet channel availability

WCDMA Downlink (FDD)BCCHBroadcast Control Ch.PCCHPaging Control Ch.CCCHCommon Control Ch.DCCHDedicated Control Ch.DTCHDedicated Traffic Ch. NBCHBroadcast Ch.PCHPaging Ch.FACHForward Access Ch.DCHDedicated Ch.P-CCPCH(*)Primary Common Control Physical Ch.S-CCPCHSecondary Common Control Physical Ch.DPDCH (one or more per UE) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.DPCCH (one per UE)Dedicated Physical Control Ch.Pilot, TPC, TFCI bitsSSCiLogical Channels(Layers 3+)Transport Channels(Layer 2)Physical Channels(Layer 1)DownlinkRF Out

DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel)One per UEDSCHDownlink Shared Ch.CTCHCommon Traffic Ch.CPICHCommon Pilot ChannelNull DataData EncodingData EncodingData EncodingData EncodingData EncodingPDSCHPhysical Downlink Shared ChannelAICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)PICH (Paging Indicator Channel )Access Indication dataPaging Indication bitsAP-AICH(Access Preamble Indicator Channel )Access Preamble Indication bitsCSICH (CPCH Status Indicator Channel )CPCH Status Indication bitsCD/CA-ICH (Collision Detection/Channel Assignment )CPCH Status Indication bitsS/PS/PCchS/PS/PS/PS/PS/PS/PS/PS/P

Cell-specificScramblingCodeI+jQ

I/QModulator

QI

Cch

Cch

Cch

Cch

Cch

Cch

Cch

Cch 256,1

Cch 256,0

GS

PSCGP

Sync Codes(*)* Note regarding P-CCPCH and SCH Sync Codes are transmitted only in bits 0-255 of each timeslot;P-CCPCH transmits only during the remaining bits of each timeslot

Filter

Filter

Gain

Gain

Gain

Gain

Gain

Gain

Gain

Gain

Gain

Gain

SCH (Sync Channel)DTCHDedicated Traffic Ch. 1DCHDedicated Ch.Data EncodingMUXMUX

CCTrCH

DCHDedicated Ch.Data Encoding

133The block diagram of a typical WCDMA transmitter is shown above. Each physical channel is spread to the chip rate by a different channelization code. This diagram also shows how the logical channels are mapped onto transport channels and onto physical channels. It can also be seen that the group of downlink indication channels do not have transport channels mapped onto them as they exist only in the physical layer. It can also be seen that the sync codes are added after scrambling is performed. The reason for this is that these must be decoded by the UE before it knows the BS scrambling code.It should be noted that the Common Pilot Channel is fed all 0s or null data from the higher layers. This, like all other physical channels is passed through a Serial to Parallel converter (S/P) to create two separate streams for use with the IQ modulator. These streams of modulation symbols are spread to the chip rate by a special orthogonal code (C256,0) which is a stream of all 1s. The result of this process, which is still all 1s is fed to the linear summation device and then scrambled by the cell specific gold code. The result of this process is that this channel is effectively the gold code of the base station being repeatedly broadcast. The structure of this and other physical channels will be explained later.

A dedicated control logical channel (DCCH) and any number of dedicated traffic logical channels (DTCH) are sent to separate dedicated transport channels (DCH). This will allow different coding and error protection schemes to be used depending on the type of data. All these logical dedicated channels (DCH), after coding and error protection are multiplexed to create a Coded Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCH). This is time multiplexed with the L1 signaling bits contained in the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPDCH). Serial to Parallel conversion is performed and the resulting stream of modulation symbols is spread to the chip rate by the desired orthogonal code for that user.After being added to the data streams from the other physical channels in the linear summation device these streams of modulation symbols are scrambled by the cell specific gold code and sent to the RF modulator. This whole process results in one user being offered a combination of various data channels using one orthogonal code. If the user requires a data rate that cannot be accommodated using one code then multi-code operation will be used.

Common Pilot ChannelDownlink CPICH (Common Pilot Channel)Pilot Symbol Data (10 symbols per slot)12345678910111213140

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec1 timeslot = 2560 Chips = 10 symbols = 20 bits = 666.667 uSec

If transmit diversity is used, then the pilot symbols are as shown for each antenna:

134Because of fading channels, it is hard to obtain a phase reference for the coherent detection of data modulated signal. Therefore, it is beneficial to have a separate pilot channel.WCDMA uses 18 shift registers to create the PN codes used in the downlink. This will produce a code length of 262,143 (218-1) chips, however only the first 38400 chips are used by the system. Since the chip rate is 3.84 Mcps it will take the system 10 msec (38400/3.84106) to send 38400 chips. This time duration is referred to as one frame. This is sub divided into 15 timeslots, each contains 2560 (38400/15) chips. The duration of one timeslot will be (1010-3/15) sec, 666.667 sec.The above diagram shows how the common pilot channel is mapped onto one of these timeslots. Since the length of the orthogonal code used for this channel (C256,0) is 256 chips then 10 modulation symbols or (102) 20 bits of pilot information can be contained in one timeslot. How this is transmitted using antenna diversity is also shown, that is the symbols sent by the second antenna contain a mix of the code and the inverse of the code. This is so that the mobile can distinguish between the antennae.

Sync Channel / Primary Common Control ChannelDownlink SCH / P-CCPCHBroadcast Data (18 bits)SSCiBCH Spreading Factor = 2561 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 18 BCH data bits / slot

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec2304 Chips

256 Chips

SCHBCHPSC12345678910111213140

135The primary CCPCH is a fixed rate of 30 kbps (SF=256) downlink physical channels used to carry the BCH. Common control physical channels are not inner-loop power controlled. The diagram above shows the structure of the primary common control physical channel (P-CCPCH). This channel is used to carry the transport broadcast channel (BCH) and the synchronization channels. C256,1 is always used for this channel since it needs to be decoded by all UEs.As with the pilot channel each timeslot contains 2560 chips, however the first 256 chips are used to transmit the primary and secondary synchronization channels. This leaves (2560-256) 2304 chips left to carry the broadcast channel. Since the spreading factor is 256 each timeslot can contain (2304/256) 9 modulation symbols or (92) 18 bits of broadcast information. Since 18 bits of broadcast information will be sent in each timeslot and (1815) in each 10msec frame, the data rate of this channel is (1815100) 27 kbps.The primary CCPCH has a fixed predefined rate and it is continuously transmitted over the entire cell.

Secondary Common Control ChannelDownlink S-CCPCHSpreading Factor = 256 to 41 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 20 * 2k data bits; k = [0..6]

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec20 to 1256 bits

0, 2, or 8 bits

DataTFCI or DTXPilot0, 8, or 16 bits

12345678910111213140

136The secondary common control physical channel (S-CCPCH) is used to transmit two different transport channels, that is the forward access channel (FACH) and the paging channel (PCH). This channel will be monitored by the UE while in idle mode and will carry logical channels associated with paging and SMS service.As the type of transport channel that is transmitted using this physical channel can vary, transport format combination indication (TFCI) or discontinuous transmission (DTX) bits need to be sent to inform the receiving end what channels are being sent and the bit rates of these. At the end 0, 8 or 16 bits are used as a pilot sequence for coherent detection.The date carried in this channel can have a spreading factor of 256 to 4. For the highest data rate SF 4 will be used. Each timeslot will need to send 16 pilot and 8 TFCI bits which equates to (16+8) 24 bits or 12 modulation symbols. At a SF of 4 this will require (412) 48 chips leaving (2560- 48) 2512 chips left for the data. This will result in (2512/4) 628 modulation symbols or (6282) 1256 bits of data per timeslot. As there will be 1256 bits of data in each timeslot, this equates to a channel data rate of (125615100) 1.9 Mbps.For the lowest data rate SF 256 could be used with no control bits, resulting in 2560 chips being available for data. This equates to (2560/256) 10 modulation symbols or 20 bits of data. As there will be 20 bits of data in each timeslot, this equates to a channel data rate of (2015100) 30 kbps.

Paging Indication ChannelPaging Indicator Channel (PICH)Spread with SF=256 Channelization codeEach UE looks for a particular paging indicator, PIA paging indicator set to 1 indicates that the UE should read the S-CCPCH of the corresponding frame.

b1b0288 bits for paging indication12 bits (undefined)One radio frame (10 ms)

b287

b288

b299

137The diagram above depicts the structure of the paging indication channel (PICH). This is used in conjunction with the paging channel (PCH) to provide mobiles with a sleep mode operation, that is the PICH is used to alert UEs of an incoming page. This is a layer 1 only channel that is, it originates in the physical layer.The PICH is always associated with a secondary CCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is mapped.This channel consists of 300 bits. Only the first 288 of these are used to carry the paging indicators, leaving the last 12 bits undefined. One PI corresponds to 216 bits and therefore the number of PIs in one frame can vary between 18-144.

Dedicated Control/Data ChannelDownlink DPCCH/DPDCH FrameData 2TFCIData 1TPC1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 10 x 2^k bits, k = [0...7]SF = 512/2k = [512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4]

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

DPDCH

PilotDPDCHDPCCH

DPCCHThe DPDCH carries user traffic, layer 2 overhead bits, and layer 3 signaling data.

The DPCCH carries layer 1 control bits: Pilot, TPC, and TFCIDownlink Closed-Loop Power Control steps of 1 dB, 0.5 dB

12345678910111213140

138The diagram above shows how in the downlink the dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH) the and dedicated physical control channel (DPDCH) are multiplexed onto one WCDMA timeslot.The DPDCH carries user traffic, layer 2 overhead bits and layer 3 signaling data. The DPCCH carries layer 1 control bits that is, the pilot bits which are used by the receiver to measure the channel quality, the transmission power control (TPC) bits used to adjust the power of the UE in conjunction with the quality levels measured using the pilot bits. This channel also contains transport format combination indicator (TFCI) bits used to tell the receiver what type of transport channels are contained in the CCTrCH. The SF can vary in steps from (512/20) 512 to (512/27) 4 to allow it to carry variable data rates. It should be remembered that the data carried by the DPDCH includes L3 signaling, for example handover messages etc.

TFCI BitsTFCI (Transport Format Combination Indicator)Used when multiple services are multiplexed onto one DPDCHData Channel 1Data Channel 2Data Channel N

Channel CodingChannel CodingChannel CodingCoded Composite Transport Channel(CCTrCH)TFI 1TFI 2TFI NMUX

MUX

TFCI Word32 bitsTFI: Transport Format IndicatorTFCI: Transport Format Combination IndicatorChannel Coding10 bits

139This diagram explains in more detail how the transport format indicator (TFCI) bits are generated. It can now be clearly understood why these are not required when only one data channel is used. As this information is vital for decoding each frame strong error protection coding is used increasing these 10 bits to 32 bits.It is vital that this whole 32 bit word is sent in each frame. In compressed mode this is achieved by sending more TFCI bits per timeslot. In slot format 3A for example there are 4 bits sent per timeslot. If only 8 timeslots are sent per frame this means that the complete word (84 = 32) will still be transmitted in each frame. In normal mode operation it should be noticed that only 30 bits are transferred (152). This shortfall is made up by padding with two extra bits. As this word is strongly coded these two bits will be treated like errors and corrected.

Downlink Data Coding, Multiplexing

Conv. Coding R=1/3304304#2 344688688#1 34442034476Radio frame FN=4N+1Radio frame FN=4N+2Radio frame FN=4N+3Radio frame FN=4N

Traffic data (122x2)Add CRC bitsAdd Tail bits2nd interleaving420

420

420344763447634476#1 76#2 76#3 76#4 76804260244Tail 8CRC16

360112Tail 89696CRC 16

Rate matching1st interleavingAdd CRC bitsLayer 3 Control dataAdd Tail bitsConv. Coding R=1/3#2 344#1 344

Radio FrameSegmentationslot segmentation30 ksps DPCHRate matching1st interleaving244Traffic @ 12.2 kbpsL3 Data @ 2.4 kbps

2828282828

2828282828

2828282828

2828282828

MUX: Pilot, TPC, TFCI1212121212

1212121212

1212121212

1212121212

600 bits (300 symbols)600 bits (300 symbols)600 bits (300 symbols)600 bits (300 symbols)Data from second 244-bit packet

140The diagram above shows how the 3GPP specify that a 12.2 RAB should be constructed. Since speech can only cope with a short interleaving delay 20 msec blocks of speech data are taken. With a data rate of 12.2 kbps this will equate to ((12.2103/1000)20) 244 bits.

CRC 16 is added to take this up to 260 bits. To reset the 8 shift registers of the convolutional coder 8 zero tail bits must be added. The resulting 268 bits is fed to a rate 1/3 coder to produce (2683) 804 bits. This is reduced to 688 bits by performing bit puncturing. That is bits are removed from the data according to a sequence known to the receiver until 688 bits are left. At the receiver 0s can be inserted where this data was removed and the decoder will treat these as errors and correct them. The new error protection is ((804/688)0.33) 0.38 which is still better that 0.5 from a rate 1/2 coder. The first stage of interleaving is performed. The depth of this is 20 msec.

Continues on next slide

Downlink Data Coding, Multiplexing

Turbo Coding R=1/3280280#2 90501810018100#1 90509120905070Radio frame FN=4N+1Radio frame FN=4N+2Radio frame FN=4N+3Radio frame FN=4N

Traffic data (3840x2)2nd interleaving9120

9120

9120905070905070905070#1 70#2 70#3 70#4 701156877123840TerminationbitsCRC16

360112Tail 89696CRC 16

Rate matching1st interleavingLayer 3 Control dataConv. Coding R=1/3#2 9050#1 9050

Radio FrameSegmentationslot segmentation480 ksps DPCHRate matching1st interleaving3840Traffic @ 384 kbpsL3 Data @ 2.4 kbps

MUX: Pilot, TPC, TFCI9600 bits (4800 symb.)9600 bits (4800 symb.)9600 bits (4800 symb.)9600 bits (4800 symb.)3840CRC16

3840

ConcatenateAdd Tail bitsAdd CRC bitsAdd CRC bits121156812

Data from second 3840-bit packet608

60860832

3232608

60860832

3232608

60860832

3232608

60860832

3232

141This diagram depicts how the data coding, multiplexing and interleaving is performed for a data rate of 384 kbps (one example). Turbo coding is used.It should be noted that the first interleaving period is 20 ms for the DTCH.

Multi-Code TransmissionDownlink DPCCH/DPDCH Frame1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 10 x 2^k bits, k = [0...7]Data 2TFCIData 1TPCPilotPrimaryDPCCH/DPDCHData 4Data 3

AdditionalDPCCH/DPDCHData NData N-1

AdditionalDPCCH/DPDCH

142The diagram above depicts how numerous downlink DPCCHs and DPDCHs are used for multi code transmissions. It should be noted that only the first or primary DPCCH/DPDCH carries control information.

Downlink Shared ChannelPDSCH FrameData (30 kbps to 1920 kbps)1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 20 x 2^k bits, k = [0...6]SF = [256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, or 4]

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSecNotes:

The PDSCH has no embedded Pilot, TFCI, or TPC. Therefore, it must always be associated with an active DPCCH. The associated DPCCH provides the necessary Pilot, TFCI, and TPC bits for the PDSCH.The PDSCH can change its spreading ratio every frame, as indicated by the TFCI on the DPCCHAny orthogonal code under the PDSCH Root Channelization Code may be utilizedMultiple PDSCHs may be assigned to one UE12345678910111213140

143It should be noted that this channel carries no pilot, TFCI or TPC bits as it is used in conjunction with an active DPCCH to transfer large amounts of data that the DPCCH could not carry, for example packet data. It can also be seen that the SF of this channel can also vary. For this reason the TFCI bits in the DPCCH must be used to inform the receiver about the format of the shared channel.

WCDMA Uplink Physical Layer

144

WCDMA Uplink Physical ChannelsCommon Uplink Physical ChannelsPRACH Physical Random Access Channel - Used by UE to initiate access to BSPCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel - Used by UE to send connectionless packet dataDedicated Uplink Physical ChannelsDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel - Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to BS

145The uplink DPDCH is used to carry dedicated data generated at layer 2. There maybe zero, one, or several uplink DPDCHs on each layer 1 connected. The uplink DPCCH is used to carry control information generated at layer 1. Control information consists of known pilot bits to support channel estimation for coherent detection, transmit power control (TPC) commands, feedback information (FBI), and an optional transport format combination indicator (TFCI). The TFCI informs the receiver about the instantaneous parameter of the different transport channels multiplexed on the uplink DPDCH, and corresponds to the data transmitted in the same frame.

WCDMA Uplink (FDD)Logical Channels(Layers 3+)Transport Channels(Layer 2)Physical Channels(Layer 1)UplinkRF Out

UEScramblingCodeI+jQ

I/QMod.

QIChcIFilterFilter

CCCHCommon Control Ch.DTCH (packet mode)Dedicated Traffic Ch.RACHRandom Access Ch.PRACHPhysical Random Access Ch.DPDCH #1Dedicated Physical Data Ch.CPCHCommon Packet Ch.PCPCHPhysical Common Packet Ch.

Data CodingData CodingDPDCH #3 (optional)Dedicated Physical Data Ch.DPDCH #5 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.DPDCH #2 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.DPDCH #4 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.DPDCH #6 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.QDPCCHDedicated Physical Control Ch.Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits

ChdGcGdj

Chd,1Gd

Chd,3Gd

Chd,5Gd

Chd,2Gd

Chd,4Gd

Chd,6Gd

ChcGd

Chc

ChdGcGdjRACH Control PartPCPCH Control Part

j

DCCHDedicated Control Ch.DTCHDedicated Traffic Ch. NDCHDedicated Ch.Data EncodingDTCHDedicated Traffic Ch. 1DCHDedicated Ch.Data EncodingMUX

CCTrCHDCHDedicated Ch.Data Encoding

146This block diagram of a WCDMA UE transmitter shows clearly that the DPCCH and DPDCH are not time multiplexed but are transmitted on the I and Q branches of an I/Q modulator. In other words complex spreading is done. The reason for this is as previously stated is to reduce the peak to average power output from the UE and hence reduce the interference to equipment close to the transmitter.

Uplink DPDCH/DPCCHUplink DPDCH/DPCCHCoded Data, 10 x 2^k bits, k=06 (10 to 640 bits)Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)PilotFBITPCDedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)123456789101112131415

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

I

QTFCIDPCCH: 15 kb/sec data rate, 10 total bits per DPCCH slotPILOT:Fixed patterns (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits per DPCCH slot)TFCI:Transmit Format Combination Indicator (0, 2, 3, or 4 bits)FBI:Feedback Information (0, 1, or 2 bits)TPC:Transmit Power Control bits (1 or 2 bits); power adjustment in steps of 1, 2, or 3 dB

147The diagram above shows the structure of the uplink DPDCH and DPCCH.Unlike in the downlink they are not time multiplexed but fed to the I and Q inputs of a complex spreader. The number of bits per slot will again be 38400/15 = 2560. The spreading factors that can be used range from 4 to 256. Hence each slot can carry 2560/256 = 10 to 2560/4 = 640 bits of data. Since there are 15 of these every 10 mSec or 1500 per second the data rate of this channel will range from 101500 = 15 kbps to 6401500 = 960 kbps using variable spreading factors.For the SF for the DPCCH is set at 256 giving rise to 10 bits of data these are made up of the following:-Pilot pattern using 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits.TFCI that is Transmit Format Combination Indicator relating to how the DPDCHs are multiplexed etc using 0 (none), 2, 3, or 4 bits.FBI that is, Feedback Information used when BS transmit diversity is used with 0 (none) 1, or 2 bits.TPC that is, Transmit Power Control used to control the BS output power in steps of 1 dB using 1 or 2 bits.

Uplink Data Coding, Multiplexing

Conv. Coding R=1/3360402600Radio frame FN=4N+1Radio frame FN=4N+2Radio frame FN=4N+3Radio frame FN=4N

Traffic data (122x2)Add CRC bitsAdd Tail bits2nd interleaving600

600

600490110110110110110804260244Tail 8CRC16

360112Tail 89696CRC 16

1st interleavingAdd CRC bitsLayer 3 Control dataAdd Tail bitsConv. Coding R=1/3

Rate Matchingslot segmentation60 kbps DPDCH1st interleaving244Traffic @ 12.2 kbpsL3 Data @ 2.4 kbps

4040404040

4040404040

4040404040

4040404040

600 bits (600 symbols)600 bits (600 symbols)600 bits (600 symbols)600 bits (600 symbols)Data from second 244-bit packet402

Frame Segmentation804#1a 490#2a 490#1b 490#2b 490Frame Segmentation90909090490110490110490110

148As with the downlink data coding and multiplexing is also performed. In this diagram we can see how this is performed for a data channel of 12.2 kbps. The main difference between this and the downlink is that rate matching is performed after frame segmentation and this time bits have to be added to increase the data rate.

Uplink Data Coding, Multiplexing

Turbo Coding R=1/3360952523160115809600952575Radio frame FN=4N+1Radio frame FN=4N+2Radio frame FN=4N+3Radio frame FN=4N

Traffic data (3840x2)2nd interleaving9600

9600

9600952575952575952575757575751156877123840TerminationbitsCRC16

360112Tail 89696CRC 16

Rate matching1st interleavingLayer 3 Control dataConv. Coding R=1/3

Frame Segmentationslot segmentation960 kbps DPDCH1st interleaving3840Traffic @ 384 kbpsL3 Data @ 2.4 kbps

9600 bits (9600 symb.)9600 bits (9600 symb.)9600 bits (9600 symb.)9600 bits (9600 symb.)3840CRC16

3840

ConcatenateConcatenateAdd CRC bitsAdd CRC bits121156812

Data from second 3840-bit packet640

640640640

640640640

640640640

64064011580952595259525Frame Segmentation90909090

149The same process is shown again for a uplink 384 kbps channel. Again rate matching is performed after frame segmentation, however this time the rate is reduced by puncturing.

Page 150

RAB, RB and RL

RABRBRLNodeBRNCCNUE

UTRAN

Page 151RAB, RB and RL

RABThe service that the access stratum provides to the non-access stratum for transfer of user data between User Equipment and CNRBThe service provided by the layer2 for transfer of user data between User Equipment and Serving RNC

RLA "radio link" is a logical association between single User Equipment and a single UTRAN access point. Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer transmissions

Page 152UE Working Modes and statesIdle mode Connected modeCell_DCHCell_FACHCell_PCHURA_PCH

152When a UE is switched on, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is selected and the UE searches for a suitable cell of this PLMN to camp on. The NAS shall provide a list of equivalent PLMNs, if available, that the AS shall use for cell selection and cell reselection.The UE searches for a suitable cell of the chosen PLMN and chooses that cell to provide available services, and tunes to its control channel. This choosing is known as "camping on the cell". The UE will, if necessary, then register its presence, by means of a NAS registration procedure, in the registration area of the chosen cell.If the UE finds a more suitable cell, it reselects onto that cell and camps on it. If the new cell is in a different registration area, location registration is performed .

Page 153 UE Working Modes and statesIdle ModeThe UE has no relation to UTRAN, only to CN. For data transfer, a signalling connection has to be established. UE camps on a cellIt enables the UE to receive system information from the PLMN When registered and if the UE wishes to establish an RRC connection, it can do this by initially accessing the network on the control channel of the cell on which it is camped UE can receive "paging" message from control channels of the cell.It enables the UE to receive cell broadcast services. The idle mode tasks can be subdivided into three processes:PLMN selection and reselection;Cell selection and reselection;Location registration.

153When a UE is switched on, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is selected and the UE searches for a suitable cell of this PLMN to camp on. The NAS shall provide a list of equivalent PLMNs, if available, that the AS shall use for cell selection and cell reselection.The UE searches for a suitable cell of the chosen PLMN and chooses that cell to provide available services, and tunes to its control channel. This choosing is known as "camping on the cell". The UE will, if necessary, then register its presence, by means of a NAS registration procedure, in the registration area of the chosen cell.If the UE finds a more suitable cell, it reselects onto that cell and camps on it. If the new cell is in a different registration area, location registration is performed .

Page 154UE Working Modes and statesConnected Mode (Cell-DCH, Cell-FACH, Cell-PCH, URA-PCH)When at least one signalling connection exists, the UE is in connected mode and there is normally an RRC connection between UE and UTRAN. The UE position can be known on different levels: UTRAN Registration Area (URA) levelThe UE position is known on URA level. The URA is a set of cellsCell levelThe UE position is known on cell level. Different transport channel types can be used for data transfer:Common transport channels (RACH / FACH, DSCH, CPCH)Dedicated transport Channels (DCH)

154The connected mode is entered when the RRC connection is established. The UE is assigned a Radio Network Temporary Identity (RNTI) to be used as UE identity on common transport channels. Two types of RNTI exist. The Serving RNC allocates an s-RNTI for all UEs having an RRC connection. The combination of s-RNTI and an RNC-ID is unique within a PLMN. c-RNTI is allocated by each Controlling RNC through which UE is able to communicate on DCCH. cRNTI is always allocated by UTRAN when a new UE context is created to an RNC, but the UE needs its c-RNTI only for communicating on common transport channels.The UE leaves the connected mode and returns to idle mode when the RRC connection is released or at RRC connection failure.Within connected mode the level of UE connection to UTRAN is determined by the quality of service requirements of the active radio bearers and the characteristics of the traffic on those bearers.The UE-UTRAN interface is designed to support a large number of UEs using packet data services by providing flexible means to utilize statistical multiplexing. Due to limitations, such as air interface capacity, UE power consumption and network h/w availability, the dedicated resources cannot be allocated to all of the packet service users at all times.Variable rate transmission provides the means that for services of variable rate the data rate is adapted according to the maximum allowable output power.The UE state in the connected mode defines the level of activity associated to the UE. The key parameters of each state are the required activity and resources within the state and the required signalling prior to the data transmission. The state of the UE shall at least be dependent on the application requirement and the period of inactivity.Common Packet Channel (CPCH) uplink resources are available to UEs with an access protocol similar to the RACH. The CPCH resources support uplink packet communication for numerous UEs with a set of shared, contention-based CPCH channels allocated to the cell.The different levels of UE connection to UTRAN are listed below:-No signalling connection existsThe UE is in idle mode and has no relation to UTRAN, only to CN. For data transfer, a signalling connection has to be established.-Signalling connection existsWhen at least one signalling connection exists, the UE is in connected mode and there is normally an RRC connection between UE and UTRAN. The UE position can be known on different levels:-UTRAN Registration Area (URA) levelThe UE position is known on URA level. The URA is a set of cells-Cell levelThe UE position is known on cell level. Different transport channel types can be used for data transfer:-Common transport channels (RACH / FACH, DSCH, CPCH)-Dedicated transport CHannels (DCH)Assuming that there exists an RRC connection, there are two basic families of RRC connection mobility procedures, URA updating and handover. Different families of RRC connection mobility procedures are used in different levels of UE connection (cell level and URA level):-URA updating is a family of procedures that updates the UTRAN registration area of a UE when an RRC connection exists and the position of the UE is known on URA level in the UTRAN;-handover is a family of procedures that adds or removes one or several radio links between one UE and UTRAN when an RRC connection exists and the position of the UE is known on cell level in the UTRAN.

Page 155UE Working Modes and statesCell-DCHIn active stateCommunicating via its dedicated channels UTRAN knows which cell UE is in.

155

Page 156Cell-FACH and Cell-PCH StateCell-FACHIn active stateFew data to be transmitted both in uplink and in downlink. There is no need to allocate dedicated channel for this UE. Downlink uses FACH and uplink uses RACH. UE need to monitor the FACH for its relative information. UTRAN knows which cell UE is in. Cell-PCHNo data to be transmitted or received. Monitor PICH, to receive its paging. lower the power consumption of UE.UTRAN knows which cell UE is in.UTRAN have to update cell information of UE when UE roams to another cell

156If there is only few data to be transmitted,there is no need to allocate dedicated channel. Thus UE will be in Cell-FACH. UE in Cell-FACH state is communicating via FACH (downlink) and RACH (uplink) with UTRAN. UE need to monitor the FACH for its relative information because FACHs is shared for all users in the cell.If UE has no data to be transmitted or received, UE will be in Cell-PCH or URA-PCH. In these two states, UE needs to monitor PICH,to receive its paging. UTRAN knows which cell or URA UE is now in. The difference between Cell-PCH and URA-PCH is that UTRAN update UE information only after UE which is in URA-PCH state has roamed to other URA. UTRAN have to update cell information of UE when UE roams to another cell. UE migrates to cell-FACH state to complete the cell update. If there is also no data to be transmitted or received, UE is back to CELL-PCH