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IT for Tourism Services, UniBg 2019-2020
Mobile, Smartphones, Wi-Fi, and Apps
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
IT for Tourism Services, UniBg 2019-2020 IT for Tourism Services, UniBg 2019-2020
Today
Lecture 01
Some 25 Years of eTourism
Lecture 02
Networks & Social Networks. Web Presence
Lecture 04
Mobile, Smartphones, Wi-Fi, and Apps
Lecture 03
Destinations, the Industry, and Peer-To-Peer
Lecture 06
Web Reputation: Likes, Engagement & Sentiment
Lecture 05
Analytics, Insights, Cookies, and the Disappearing Privacy
Lecture 07
Design: Content, Copyright & Creative Commons
page 2 Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
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What Are We Talking About Today?
1. Mobile 2. Different Needs 3. Mobile-Friendliness 4. Geolocation & Georeference 5. Location-Based Services 6. Wi-Fi 7. Apps vs. Websites
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 3
, Kaspersky
Lab
image credits to zurb.com
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Mobile Is Constantly Increasing
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
Source:
The Telegraph
November 11, 2016
Source:
ComScore
2014
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Mobile Is Still Increasing
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 5
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They’re Around…
image credit to oneindia.com
Cell phone
Bag
Shoes
Destination
page 6 Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
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Different Needs
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
Talking about tourism and mobility, let’s see now whether tourists’ needs are expressed and addressed via a desktop computer, at home or in a office, or through a mobile device, i.e. on-the-move.
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Information Search
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
on destinations
on accommodation
on tours or routes
on airlines, railways, car rental
on packaged tours
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From Home, Or Office, Before Leaving
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Fore-Seeing
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
through pictures
through videos
through presentations
through virtual reality
page 9
From Home, Or Office, Before Leaving
image credit to Business in Vancouver
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Customization
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
segmentation
down to the single tourist
privacy – as we will see – is disappearing
page 10
From Home, Or Office, Before Leaving
image credit to דרכון פורטוגלי
image credit to Push Monkey Blog
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Information Comparison
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
User Generated Content
Photo sharing
Video sharing
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From Home, Or Office, Before Leaving
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Purchase Of Products
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
or e-commerce
from Travel Providers
through OnLine Travel Agents (OTA)
directly from destinations
from specialized publishers
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From Home, Or Office, Before Leaving
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Purchase Of Personal Services
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
local guides
guided tours
local courses
(cuisine, arts & crafts etc.)
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From Home, Or Office, Before Leaving
image credit to Press Release Jet
image credit to QuébecOriginal
image credit to perfectcookery.in
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On-The-Move
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
Now, let's take into consideration which tourist needs are expressed by mobile users.
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On-The-Move, While Travelling
image credit to oneindia.com
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Local Information
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
“What can I do?”
“Will that venue still be open?”
“What is this building?” … through augmented reality, too
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On-The-Move, While Travelling
image credits to brettfish.co.za , giphy
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Advice
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
“Any good place to have a meal?”
“Any free toilets in the area?”
“Any affordable activities?”
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On-The-Move, While Travelling
image credits to map icons collection
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Geographical Positioning
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
“Where am I?”
“Which way to the main square?”
“Which way to my B&B?”
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On-The-Move, While Travelling
image credit to EduVision
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Information on Public Transport
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 18
“Which tramway line shall I take? And where from?”
“Shall I purchase tickets in advance?”
“It's late... Will the tramway still be running?”
On-The-Move, While Travelling
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Reassurance
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 19
“Is it going to rain?”
“Will I find a parking place for my car? Where?
And how much will they charge me?”
“Is this a dangerous area?”
On-The-Move, While Travelling
image credit to Zero Grid
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Communication
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
“I need to place a phone call!”
“I need to send a short message!”
“I wish I could visit that webpage...”
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On-The-Move, While Travelling
image credits to proprofs.com
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Mobile-Friendliness
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
A crucial usability problem for smartphones is the websites’ ability to be fully readable on very small monitors.
Touchscreen, and fingers’ size, is the default on smartphones...
There’s a Google Tool which tests mobile compliance, aka mobile-friendliness.
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Mobile-Friendliness Checked
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
The Google Mobile-Friendly tool tests mobile compliance by referring to the source code of the relevant webpage.
At least two approaches are available to solve the mobile-friendliness problem.
Mobile-friendly websites may be either responsive or adaptive.
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Responsive Websites
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
Currently, the most popular solution is the responsive approach. Specific programming languages, like CSS and Javascript, are used in the source. The same HTML source is used by all devices – from desktop through tablets to
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smartphones – for its ability to adjust to monitors of any size.
image credit to zurb.com
By the way, CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) provides graphic style instructions, while Javascript is a high-level programming language. Alongside CSS and HTML, JavaScript is now a core technology of the World Wide Web.
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Adaptive Websites
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
Another approach to solve the mobile-friendliness problem – an approach called adaptive – delivers different webpages to different devices.
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image credit to zurb.com
The adaptive approach allows to diversify content and navigation according to the users’ needs.
The web server is instructed to recognize the browser used, and the monitor’s size.
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An Adaptive Websites For A Destination
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 25
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A Responsive Website For A Destination
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 26
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An Unfriendly Website For A Destination
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 27
Text too small to read Content wider than screen Clickable elements too
close together
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Mobile Configurations According To Google
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 28
Source: Google
Responsive
Adaptive
Separate: choosing
is up to the user
cv
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Georeference
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
Several functions in mobility depend on geographical positioning, which is based on georeference. According to Wikipedia, “to georeference something means to define its existence in physical space.”
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image credit to Leapfrog
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Longitude and Latitude
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
A geographic coordinate system is needed, to do so. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified by a set of numbers or letters.
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Any place can be defined by its longitude and latitude.
A Longitude and a Latitude
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 31
image credit to jersey.com
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The Global Positioning System
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver. Current GPS-based devices include in car navigation systems (like Tom Tom) and – increasingly – smartphones like iPhones or Android-based mobile phones. There are more than one GNSS. Europe, e.g., is developing the Galileo GNSS.
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Or GPS
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 33
An antenna in the device, or User Segment, measures the time that signals take to reach the device, and therefore its distances from the satellites – some twenty each time. Comparing distances allows to determine the device’s position on the Earth surface. A Control Segment placed on the Earth helps optimizing the process.
A set of satellites in a medium Earth orbit – the Space Segment – transmit radio signals containing the current time and data about their position.
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Points of Interest
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
Places, which may be interesting for tourists, have their georeferenced positions. Just geographic coordinates: longitude and latitude. Georeferenced places stored in data systems are called Points of Interest (POIs).
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image credit
to gocanvas
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Georeferenced POIs
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
Georeferenced Points of Interest (POIs) stored in data systems – like Google Maps or Here – can be “read” by users’ devices like smartphones.
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If a device “knows” its geographical position, it can “read” and list which POIs can be found in the area, and show directions to reach those POIs.
image credits
to gocanvas , Dday.it
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Google Maps Vs. OpenStreetMap
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
Currently, the most diffused proprietary web mapping system is Google Maps. Google Maps relies on different providers of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) according to different countries, and is somehow opposed to OpenStreetMap, an open source map system.
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OpenStreetMap is a free service.
Google Maps, instead, is a freemium service. This means that it’s free for those who want to embed Google Maps in their websites, but with limitations. If the Google Maps embedded in a website are visited a lot, Google charges.
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Google Maps Coordinates #1
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 37
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Google Maps Coordinates #2
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 38
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Google Maps Coordinates #3
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Google Maps Coordinates #4
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Google Maps Coordinates #5
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Be careful, just in case. Coordinates on Google Maps may differ from GPS coordinates. And Google itself displays both DMS (Degrees, Minutes, Seconds) and DM (Decimal Degrees).
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Content Is Often Georeferenced
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
Web services like GoogleMaps and OpenStreetMap, or ViaMichelin, are geographic per se, built for the purpose.
Yet, several other web services make use of geographic data.
For instance, at least three of the communities or social networking platforms we previously considered make use of geographic data routinely.
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Location-Based Services
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
There are seamless connections among locations – tourism locations, too –, their geographical representation on the Web (on Google Maps, or on Foursquare) and your customers’ smartphones. This is very interesting from a tourism point of view. 1. Your website can use Google Maps to provide your customers with
directions to your destination or your business. 2. Your destination or your business can provide location-based information
about tourist services, heritage, and what-to-do. 3. Your destination or your business can provide such location-based
information through mobile devices like smartphones.
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Foursquare
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
There was a pioneer in this field.
The Foursquare service was created in late 2008 and launched in 2009. It still works. Foursquare is a local search-and-discovery service mobile app which provides search-results for its users. It is delivered on desktop computers, too.
By taking into account the places that a Foursquare user has visited, the things that she/he liked before, and what other users advised, Foursquare provides recommendations about places in the vicinity of her/his current location.
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A Social Recommendation System
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
When mentioning Dynamic Packaging, we introduced it as a technology that allows customers to build their own travel itineraries by consulting recommendations from previous tourists and assembling services accordingly.
We also observed that Dynamic Packaging is often connected with Recommendation Systems.
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Well, Foursquare was the first Recommendation System to be both social and georeferenced.
Its LBS, or Location-Based Services, are based on social sharing. image credit to bug-software.com
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Check-Ins
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
When Facebook introduced its Check-In function – to mark one’s presence in a POI – it simply copied that function from Foursquare.
In the Foursquare platform, check-ins are currently performed through Swarm, Foursquare’s sister app.
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Foursquare Sample #1, Mobile Near Me
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Foursquare Sample #2, Mobile Search
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 48
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Foursquare Sample #3, Desktop
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 49
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Destinations vs. Wi-Fi Coverage
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04
Connections costs are a problem, which Wi-Fi coverage may help to solve.
“Infrastructure, especially those that support digital connectivity, are strategic for enabling and supporting smart city tourist services.
Of course, different levels of complexity and cost infrastructure connect to different governance levels.
Fiber backbones and 5G networks involve national and regional government and high-level decision makers whereas free Wi-Fi directly involves local government, municipality and citizens.”
Lorenzi, Mancin, Cagol (2014)
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Wi-Fi Coverage May Be Insufficient…
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 51
image credit to veneziaunica.it image credit to Kaspersky Lab
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Apps, Apple, and Closed Worlds
The mobile phone technology has changed people’s habits. Smartphones are now more popular than wristwatches.
Apple has imposed the iPhone model, a closed world where you enter only by accepting Apple's operating system iOS, and gradually adding specific applications.
This is the model we have to refer to, when we talk of apps.
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 52
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Apps vs. Websites
Very similarly, Google has imposed its own Android operating system worldwide.
People often install iOS or Android “horizontal” apps, as for social networks, transport or maps. Less often do they download “vertical” apps for a single town or a resort... Individual towns, resorts or cultural institutions are in growing need of mobile-friendly websites.
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 53
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Today’s Key Points
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04 page 54
1. When Out Of Home, People Have Different Needs 2. For Websites, Mobile-Friendliness Is A Must 3. Any Place Can Be Defined By Its Longitude and Latitude 4. Location-Based Services Are Services Based On Locations 5. Wi-Fi Coverage Is Increasingly Crucial 6. The Web Is An Open World, While Apps Are Closed Worlds 7. Tourist Apps Are Worthwhile If They Are “Horizontal”
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Thanks For Your Attention
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Picture by Nhat Vuong from the 2014 Workshop
Mobile, Wi-Fi, Apps. Lecture 04