mobile tower radiation impact on biological impairment · hema shruthi g school of electrical...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp. 443–454, Article ID: IJCIET_09_11_044

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=10

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

©IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

MOBILE TOWER RADIATION IMPACT ON

BIOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT

Kanimozhi G

School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Chennai, India

Hema Shruthi G

School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Chennai, India

Xiao-Zhi Gao

School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Finland.

ABSTRACT

Mobile Phone usage has increased exponentially across the globe in the past two

decades and to deliver proper signal strength, the number of mobile phone towers is

also increasing globally, creating widespread speculation and concern among both

the cell phone users and non-users alike. In this paper, a detailed account of the

various biological effects of mobile tower radiation on humans and the norms adopted

in different countries has been conferred. Furthermore, various case studies and

surveys from around the world relevant to this issue have been discussed to put forth

the alarming status of the mobile tower radiation.

Key words: cell phone towers; RF radiation; radiation norms; biological effect;

tumours.

Cite this Article: Kanimozhi. G, Hema Shruthi. G and Xiao-Zhi Gao, Mobile Tower

Radiation Impact on Biological Impairment, International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(11), 2018, pp. 443–454.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=11

1. INTRODUCTION

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have steadfastly stated that the radiation

from the cell phone towers is far below the current norms and are non-carcinogenic

maintaining that the RF radiation emitted by mobiles is more dangerous than those emitted

from towers. World Health Organization (WHO) has also backed the view that RF from

cellular towers is not harmful for past several years. Over the years there have been many

studies and experiments conducted to prove and disprove this but there is no conclusive

evidence. But health concerns remain a debatable topic and hinder the growth of telecom

industry significantly. As of 2014, the global mobile industry with seven billion subscriptions

and generating annual service revenues of around $1,000 billion each year has 74% of its

Mobile Tower Radiation Impact on Biological Impairment


users in emerging markets. Almost one-third of all users (18% and 14% respectively) belong

to China and India, 15% in emerging Asia, 11% in Africa, 10% in South America and 5% in

the Middle East.

Currently in the Indian mobile industry there are more than 97 crores of mobile phone

users. To meet this large demand Indian telecoms infrastructure has expanded from 100,000

to 450,000 towers in nine years. ―There are close to 400,000 telecom towers in India at

present are expected to grow at 3% compounded annually for the next 5 years and the total

number of towers is expected to grow to more than 511,000 by financial year 2020, of which

30,000 towers are expected to be only supporting data sites‖, said consulting firm Deloitte

India in a study conducted in 2015 [1]. In India about 108 cell towers were found to exceed

radiation limits in the years 2013, 2014, 2015 and Telecom enforcement resources and

monitoring field units have imposed financial penalty on the concerned telecom providers.

Table 1 Radiation norms adopted by different countries for GSM1800 [2]

Countries Power Density

(W/m²)

USA 10

New Zealand 0.5

Canada (Safety Code 6, 1997) 3

Italy, China, Paris, Poland 0.1

Austria (Salzburg) 0.001

Belgium 1.2

INDIA (ICNIRP and EU

recommendation 1998 )

9.2

CSSR, Luxembourg, Belgium 0.24

Australia 2

Bulgaria, Russia, Hungary 0.02

Italy (duration of areas> 4hours) 0.095

Switzerland 0.095

Germany (ECOLOG 1998) 0.09

Australia (New South Wales) 0.00001

Italy ( sensitive areas) 0.025

Germany (BUND 1997) 0.0009

The norms followed by different countries are shown in Table 1. The research findings of

a recent study in Brazil [3] revealed that cell tower radiation exposure may have been the

reason for 7000 deaths from cancer. The study revealed that over 80% of people who

succumbed to cancer in Belo Horizonte, one of Brazil's largest cities lived within a mile from

a cell phone antenna. This is a cause of grave concern as people from all walks of life and of

all ages from a new born baby or a frail old man is affected. Various cell tower studies that

have been conducted in different cities across the globe dating as far back as 1970 shows that

people living inside a certain radius from a mobile tower suffer from 2 to 121 times increased

risk of cancer.

The International Association for Research on Cancer (IARC) has concluded that RF

radiation from cell towers is a class 2B carcinogen, meaning that it is possibly carcinogenic to

humans with increased risk of certain types like brain cancer. The Bio Initiative Report

written in 2012 [4] by a team of international scientists has stated that EMF exposure

including exposure from masts and towers are health hazards. The threat from cell phone

towers is more than that of cell phones due to the constant nature of activity of towers.

Kanimozhi. G, Hema Shruthi. G and Xiao-Zhi Gao


2. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS

Since 70% of the human body consists of liquid which absorbs electromagnetic radiation

readily, our body is highly susceptible to the radiation. Body parts which contain fluid are

more susceptible to radiation [5] as the microwave absorption effect is more significant. The

effects are severe in brain, eyes, heart, abdomen where the liquid is almost stagnant. There are

many hazards due to EMFs and cell phone antennae besides cancer like memory disruptions,

brain disorders, hormonal imbalances, Genetic mutations, Infertility, hindered learning,

Dementia, ADD, heart complications, insomnia etc. In 2010, the landmark international

Interphone study [6] discovered that more than ten years of cell phone use led to 40 times

greater risk of brain tumors, 300 times greater risk of acoustic nerve tumors, and a higher risk

of acquiring parotid gland tumors. It is also found that the risk of brain tumors was 400 times

greater in people who began using phones at a tender age of 20 or lesser. A 2015 study in

Electromagnetic Biology & Medicine [7] showed that continuous usage of cell phones or

wireless internet causes oxidative stress, which means there occurs an influx of free radicals

in the body as the body’s antioxidant capacity is overwhelmed. Oxidative damage occurs in

cells and DNA due to free radicals which also have been strongly linked to heart disease,

cancer, dementia and other issues.

2.1. Effect on Brain

The British Medical Journal recently published a study which states that cell phone tower

radiation affects brain in a distressing manner causing irritability, lack of concentration, lack

of appetite and sleeping difficulties. It also concluded that lesser the closeness to a cell phone

tower, the greater the risk. Cell phone users have a greater concentration of the transthyretin

than nonusers. Transthyretin is generated in the liver and is used for transporting vitamin A

around the body. It also has a great significance in diseases like Alzheimer’s. In 2007, Dr.

John Walker, a British researcher conducted a number of studies on the ramifications of cell

phone tower radiation [8] which revealed increased occurrences of cancer, haemorrhages in

brain and a hike in blood pressure within an orbit of 400 yards from cell phone towers.

Figure 1 Comparison of exposed and unexposed brains in rats [11]

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity is becoming more prevalent in recent times. Human

brain depends on electro-biochemical pathways for proper functioning and continuous

exposure to even less EMF pollution may have adverse effects such as increased irritability,

confusion and sleeplessness. A review in 2010 showed that 8 out of 10 case studies by

PubMed [9] had reported a hike in neurobehavioral symptoms and cancer in people living

within 500m radius of cell phone towers. The blood brain barrier in the central nervous

system is a semi-permeable, selective membrane between blood and extracellular fluid that



protects the brain from invasion of toxic substances. It facilitates the passage of gases, water

and molecules such as glucose and amino acids which are significant for the proper

functioning of brain. This barrier is damaged in people suffering from Alzheimer’s and

Parkinson’s disease. Experiments performed on rats [10] showed that the RF radiations from

cell phones and towers can unravel this barrier thus leading to the discharge of albumin from

blood vessels as seen in Figure 1.

The exposed rats also exhibited shrinking of neurons due to loss of internal cell structures.

Studies conducted in several countries like Austria, Germany, Israel, Brazil, etc. in areas with

radiation level greater than 1 mW/m2

have reported increased incidences of cancer in 5 to 10

years [12]. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) which is part of the World

Health Organisation says radiation from cell phone handsets and mobile phone towers may

cause a type of brain cancer called glioma. 10 or more years of incessant usage of mobile

phones may result in a higher risk of acquiring glioma which affects the glial cells and

acoustic neuroma (tumour on a nerve which affects hearing). Ipsilateral exposure on the part

of the head where the mobile phones are usually held has the highest risk.

2.2. Effect on Ears and Eyes

A great deal of cell phone users across the globe suffer from Tinnitus, also known as

―Ringxiety‖. It is a psychological disease in which people suffer from hallucination of the

sound of cell phone ring. Severity of tinnitus may cause hearing troubles, disrupt working and

sleeping patterns. Mobile phones may cause damage to the inner ear [13], and people who

have long-term usage for 4 or more years and for more than half an hour in a day may develop

irreversible hearing loss. A person's head on absorbing a microwave pulse, results in a surge

of acoustic pressure which then passes to the ear through bones. Further the cochlear receptors

are activated through the regular process involved in normal hearing, resulting in people

hearing ―clicks‖. Owing to excessive usage of mobile phones, today’s generation is suffering

from increased hearing loss. Each inner ear has 16,000 hair cells that affect hearing and can

be easily damaged by the severe radiation from cell phones. Failure in regeneration of these

cells causes hearing problems.

A German study connects the use of cell phones to eye cancer. Another study has shown

that the exposure to microwave radiation can cause cataracts. Increase in use of mobile

phones can cause tumour in the eyes [14] also called uveal melanoma. 98% tumours are found

in the choroid region, 1% in the iris and 1% in the uveal tract. Various experiments conducted

on animals in labs reveal that microwave radiation corresponding to the mobile phone

frequency affects corneal epithelial cells in the eye causing chromosomal breaks.

Figure 2 Left - Good quality lens; Right - Exposed lens [11] Figure 1 Less BMD observed in

right hip bone which is in constant contact with mobile phone



Mobile phones cause increase in temperature when placed in close proximity, so keeping

mobile close to the eye lens can lead to opacities in lens and increased risk of getting cataracts

as shown in Figure 2. A good quality lens can focus clearly the laser beams from various

locations as shown in the left figure. Damaged lens loses its ability to focus the laser beam, as

shown in the right of Figure.2.

2.3. Effect on Skin and Bones

―Men who routinely carry their cell phones on their belt on the right side have reduced bone

mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in the right hip‖, [15] revealed

Fernando D. Sravi. From Figure.3 it is depicted, that the BMD is slightly less on the right side

of the pelvis where mobile phones are usually carried compared to the left side which is not

usually in contact with the phones. The upper pelvic region is widely used in bone grafting

procedure, so deterioration of bone density in that area may affect reconstructive surgery. It

was also found that cell phones may cause an increased risk of Osteoporosis resulting in

reduced bone mass and deterioration thus leading to skeletal fragility.

A study done by the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) on mobile

phone radiation and its effects on human skin revealed that living tissue is affected by RF

radiation. In the study [16], a small patch of skin in the forearm of 10 volunteers was exposed

for an hour to GSM. The results are compiled from the collected skin biopsies of exposed and

unexposed areas. 580 proteins were extracted and identified out of which 8 proteins are

significantly affected. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity is a symptom of Morgellons disease

which causes a myriad of skin symptoms like sensations of crawling, stinging, biting and also

results in rashes and sores. The radiation also deteriorates immunity in humans and makes us

more susceptible to allergic and inflammatory reactions. Cell tower radiation can lead to an

increase in mast cells, which can cause itching, pain, edema and erythema.

2.4. Psychological Effects

R. Santini, et al of France, in 2003, conducted a study [17] which affirmed that people living

in an orbit of 300 meters from towers reported the following complaints: ―fatigue, sleep

disturbances, headaches, difficulty concentrating, depression, memory loss, visual disruptions,

irritability, hearing disruptions, skin problems, cardiovascular disorder and dizziness‖. E.A.

Navarro of Spain, in 2003, conducted a study [18] which confirmed that ―exposed individuals

that lived within 50-150 meters of the base station experience more headaches, sleep

disturbances, irritability, difficulty concentration, appetite loss and dizziness‖. Many studies

also reveal that people residing in close quarters of cell phone towers are at a risk of

developing neuropsychiatric disorders like memory loss, muscle spasms, altered reflexes,

headache, depression, tremors, numbness, paralysis, dizziness, tingling, nausea, muscle and

joint pains, sleep disturbance, seizures, leg/foot pain, stroke etc.

Full recuperation of brain and body depends on the stage four sleep and use of mobile

phones impairs this stage as shown in Figure 4. Use of cell phones before bed disrupts sleep.

It may also result in confusion, depression and headaches. The results are particularly

alarming [19] among teenagers and children who are night users of cell phones and keep them

close to their head while sleeping. It may also cause depression, mood and personality

changes, poor academic performance and lack of concentration.

2.5. Genetic Effects

It has also been reported that the RF radiation effect may be hereditary and can get passed on

from one generation to another. Experiments conducted on mice revealed that signals from

cell phone antenna resulted in the mice becoming less reproductive. Five generations of



exposure led to the mice not being able to reproduce at all. A study conducted by Osman et al.

using the vitro model revealed that exposure to RF radiation causes significant changes in the

sperm motility. The samples collected from 27 males were divided into two categories - one

exposed to cellphone radiation of frequency 900MHz for 5 minutes and the other category

was of unexposed samples. Rapid progressive, no motility and slow progressive sperm

showed a notable decrease in their movement. Long duration exposure to non-ionizing

radiation from cellphones has been found to cause structural changes in the male germ cell.

Certain studies [20] have also revealed decrease in semen quality on exposure to the radiation.

Kang et al. confirmed that cell phone radiation may cause structural injuries and functional

impairment in the testis, may cause alteration in semen parameters, and reduce epididymis

sperm concentrations. In 2006, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine [20]

proclaimed that usage of cell phones resulted in reduced semen quality, sperm count, motility,

viability in men. Various studies [21] have reported a 30% decrease in sperm count and

damage of sperms due to excessive usage of mobile phone. DNA breaks in sperm cells caused

by cell phone radiation can undergo mutation and lead to cancer.

Figure 2 Effect of the radiation exposure dose on sleep disturbance [11] Fig. 3. DNA damage due

to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation

Cell phone radiations can damage DNA. Intense exposure to radiation of microwave

frequency can produce breaks of single and double strands in DNA. A loss in calcium ions

may also lead to leakage in membrane [22]. Due to the leak in the membranes of liposomes

DNase, a DNA destroying enzyme is released. Cells often exposed to radiation from cell

phones, this enzyme produces DNA fragmentation as shown in Figure 5. Microwave

frequency radiation also has a significant impact and can impair DNA replication and repair

processes thus altering molecular conformation. DNA damage can also be caused by

formation of free radicals in cells. These free radicals result in damage of macromolecules

like DNA, membrane and protein and can also cause cancer. Several studies have concluded

that EM radiation from cell phones can lead to enhanced activity of free radicals in cells.

3. OTHER EFFECTS

Owing to excessive exposure to mobile tower/ phone radiation, there is a greater risk of

acquiring several types of cancer such as brain tumour, facial nerve tumours, salivary gland

tumours, lymphoma, breast, blood, uveal melanoma, skin and testicular cancer. It also affects

other aspects of human metabolism.

3.1. Most Potent Carcinogen

A study reported increase in the number of residents of Israel suffering from salivary gland

cancer from 1970 to 2006, which was due to incessant usage of mobile phones. An unusual



number of cases of salivary gland cancer [23] reported malignant growth in parotid glands

under the ear, particularly in the area where handsets are held during communication. People

under 20 years of age have been found to be more susceptible. 50% increase in the risk of

formation tumours in the parotid gland was reported after 5-10 years [24]. Cell phones are not

advised to be kept directly on the body especially near the chest area as they emit microwave

radiation and the breasts are made of a soft fatty tissue that can readily absorb the radiation

thus resulting in breast cancer. There are many reports [25] revealing young women with no

prior family history of breast cancer getting diagnosed with it. The tumours were disturbingly

found underneath the area where cell phones are usually placed.

3.2. Melatonin Reduction

Melatonin, a hormone that is secreted in the pineal gland regulates sleep and wakefulness and

also acts as a powerful antidepressant, immune system enhancer and antioxidant. Melatonin

clears our cells of free radicals [26] for DNA protection and prevents the cells from becoming

carcinogenic. A recent study from the Lighting Research Centre (LRC) at Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute reveals that the display of cell phones cause melatonin suppression.

Various studies [27] also show that incessant exposure to EMR leads to reduced levels of

melatonin in animals and humans as revealed in figure 6. Daily cell phone use of over 25

minutes for several years may lead to decrease in melatonin secretion. Decrease in melatonin

production is believed to result in DNA damage, arthritis, increased eye stress, schizophrenia,

renal impairment, seasonally affective disorder (SAD), Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease,

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), miscarriage and childhood leukaemia.

Figure 6 Human melatonin reduction from residential field exposures [27]

3.3. Effect on Stress Proteins

When exposed to stressful conditions, the cells respond by producing a family of proteins

called heat shock proteins. GSM radiation can trigger the stress reaction in cells which causes

the release of heat shock proteins (stress proteins), particularly HSP70 and HSP27[28]

indicating the recognition of these radiations as a potential danger by human body.

3.4. Calcium Ion Release

Studies show that EM field due to cell phone towers can dislodge the calcium ions bound to

the cell membranes [29], making them more susceptible to leak, pores and tear. Calcium ion

leakage into the cells, that is, into the cell fluid cytosol, serves as a metabolic stimulant

resulting in accelerated healing and growth but the drawback is that it also leads to formation

of tumours.



3.5. Effect on other Gadgets like Pacemakers

RF exposure from cell phones and towers can affect patients carrying Pace Makers, Impulse

Generators and Implantable Cardiovascular Defibrillators (ICDs) [30] by causing

electromagnetic interference (EMI) with the devices and thus disrupting their functioning. Dr.

David L. Hayes published a report in New England Journal of Medicine [31] by observing

980 patients using heart pacemakers who used five types of cell phones. This report suggests

that cell phones can interfere with heart pacemaker functioning. However, the pacemaker

interference by the cellular phones was only found to be intense only when the phones were

held over the pacemakers not near the ears.

3.6. Diabetes

The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health has published a new

study [32] which revealed that radio frequency electromagnetic radiation from cell phone

towers can cause diabetes. After examining the effects of EMFs emitted by cell towers on the

haemoglobin (HbA1c) of 159 elementary school students of the same nationality, gender, age,

cultural, regional, and socio-economic status, Prof. Sultan Ayoub Meo of KSU’s College of

Medicine [32] reported that the students having more exposure to high RF radiation generated

by cell towers had higher levels of HbA1c than the students with low RF radiation exposure.

4. INFLUENCE OF EXPOSURE CONDITIONS ON THE SEVERITY OF

HEALTH EFFECTS:

A survey was conducted in France in 2002 [17] on 530 people (270 men, 260 women) of

various age groups living in various proximities from cell phone towers. Eighteen different

symptoms (Radiofrequency sickness) were studied.

4.1. Influence of Proximity

Figure 7 Percentage of complaints reported by people Figure 8 Comparison between the percentage of complaints

living at various distances from cell phone tower between men and women

The 530 test subjects were distributed in the following manner: 19.6% less than 10 m

from cell towers, 26.2% between 10 and 50m, 13.8% between 50 and 100m, 9.6% between

100 and 200m, 10.1% between 200 and 300m, 20.7% more than 300m [17]. Figure 7 shows

the percentage of complaints reported based on the distance from the tower.

4.2. Influence of Sex

The symptoms reported by 420 people (205 men and 215 women) living in close proximity of

cell phone towers (between the distances <10m and <300m) are studied. Men were found to

have less symptoms than women [17]. Severity of seven symptoms (headaches, depressive



tendencies, nausea, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, visual disturbances and feeling of

discomfort) is notably more in women than men as seen in Figure 8.

4.3. Influence of Age

Figure 9 Percentage of complaints reported by different age groups

Age of subjects leads to significant differences in the severity of symptoms [17] like

feeling of discomfort, sleep disturbances, irritability, fatigue, dizziness, headaches,

cardiovascular problems in subjects living up to 300 m from base stations. The influence of

age on the percentage of complaints can be deciphered from figure 9.

5. EFFECT IN PREGNANT WOMEN AND CHILDREN

Foetuses developing brains are fragile and more vulnerable than adults, so it is prudent to

keep the phone at a distance at all times when pregnant‖ said Dr. Hugh Taylor who conducted a

study on mice. Researchers from Yale School of Medicine say that exposure of pregnant

women to RF radiation may affect brain development of the foetus and may even result in

hyperactivity. In 2012 issue of Scientific Reports, a study from Yale says unborn mice on

exposure to mobile phone radiation suffered changes in certain parts of the brain which are

responsible for hyperactivity. The Russian National Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation

Protection declared that ―use of the phones by both children and pregnant women must be

limited‖.

A study conducted in Sweden reported that there was a 420 % higher chance of brain

cancer in young adult and teen cell phone users. Children are especially vulnerable to cell

phone radiation due to the following reasons:

More energy absorption than adults due to their thinner skin and cranial bones, smaller brain

and head size, lower blood cell volume, thin and elastic ears, and greater conductivity in nerve

cells.

Cell reproduction rate is higher in children which makes cancers more deadly as tumour cells

are quickly multiplied.

They have underdeveloped immune systems compared to adults hence are not adequately

equipped to fight cancer growth,

Children have longer duration of exposure.



Figure 10 Age based absorption of EM radiation from a cell phone

Due to the above reasons, many countries such as Germany, Belgium, Finland, France,

Israel and Russia have vehemently discouraged cell phone use by children.

6. CONCLUSIONS

As seen from the paper, the radiation from the cell phone towers is a lethal poison that is

slowly impairing people and its severity varies depending upon the proximity, age and sex.

The effects are more acute among women than men and its severity increases as proximity to

the tower decreases. The intensity of the symptoms is also dependent on age with particular

symptoms more prevalent among youth while others are more rampant among elderly. Even

though several countries have adopted much stricter radiation norms than the universal

guidelines, organizations such as ICNIRP, WHO, FCC, etc. have not suggested stricter safe

radiation norms claiming that the radiation from towers is non-hazardous. In this rate, the

mobile industry is ought to become another cigarette industry, which constantly kept denying

the harmful effects of smoking and now there are millions around the world who suffer from

lung cancer and other long term effects of smoking. In fact, mobile tower/phone radiation is

deadlier as one cannot see it or smell it, and its effect creeps up on people after a long period

of exposure. Blissful ignorance and indifference only adds to this misery and people around

the world, both users and non-users alike are absorbing this slow poison without knowing its

fatal effect. Sufficient measures must be taken to abolish self-certification by the operators.

Measurements should be executed by a trustworthy third party and continuous monitoring

must be done. Defaulters must be penalized strictly to ensure the norms are followed

explicitly.

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