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  • Model Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David KingModel Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David King By now you are most likely ready to proceed past the simple
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Model Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David King By now you are most likely ready to proceed past the simple Blink sketch so that is what we will do now. A couple of simple sketches we can create will be to simulate a simple grade crossing flasher and a traffic light. A quick note about the LED itself is that you may have noticed that it may not have worked for you at first and there is a possible reason why this might of happened. The LEDs in kits have 2 leads with one being longer and the other shorter. The Long lead is the anode and it needs to be connected closest to the +5 volt power and the shorted lead is the cathode and should be located closest to the ground connection. We also use a resistor connected from the anode to +5 volts or from the cathode to ground. It doesn’t matter which location the resistor is placed in the circuit just as long as it is in the circuit. If at first the LED doesn’t light check to see if you have the LED wired up backwards. If it is backwards remove the LED and turn it around to swap those leads. When using a LED with the output of Arduino Uno it is okay to 1 or 2 LED’s to a single pin. The output from each pin has a maximum rating of about 40 milliamps and each LED connected can draw up to 20 milliamps. As you can see if you connect 2 LEDs to a single output you could be at the limit for that pin. With all of that said there is a way to connect 2 LEDs to a single pin that only uses the 20 milliamps and not the 40 milliamps. This can be accomplished by the way we connect the LEDs in the circuit by connecting the LEDs in parallel or series. This image should help make this a little clearer.

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Page 1: Model Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David KingModel Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David King By now you are most likely ready to proceed past the simple

ModelRailwayAnimation:Part1,LEDs-ExpandedByDavidKingBynowyouaremostlikelyreadytoproceedpastthesimpleBlinksketchsothatiswhatwewilldonow.Acoupleofsimplesketcheswecancreatewillbetosimulateasimplegradecrossingflasherandatrafficlight.AquicknoteabouttheLEDitselfisthatyoumayhavenoticedthatitmaynothaveworkedforyouatfirstandthereisapossiblereasonwhythismightofhappened.TheLEDsinkitshave2leadswithonebeinglongerandtheothershorter.TheLongleadistheanodeanditneedstobeconnectedclosesttothe+5voltpowerandtheshortedleadisthecathodeandshouldbelocatedclosesttothegroundconnection.Wealsousearesistorconnectedfromtheanodeto+5voltsorfromthecathodetoground.Itdoesn’tmatterwhichlocationtheresistorisplacedinthecircuitjustaslongasitisinthecircuit.IfatfirsttheLEDdoesn’tlightchecktoseeifyouhavetheLEDwiredupbackwards.IfitisbackwardsremovetheLEDandturnitaroundtoswapthoseleads.WhenusingaLEDwiththeoutputofArduinoUnoitisokayto1or2LED’stoasinglepin.Theoutputfromeachpinhasamaximumratingofabout40milliampsandeachLEDconnectedcandrawupto20milliamps.Asyoucanseeifyouconnect2LEDstoasingleoutputyoucouldbeatthelimitforthatpin.Withallofthatsaidthereisawaytoconnect2LEDstoasinglepinthatonlyusesthe20milliampsandnotthe40milliamps.ThiscanbeaccomplishedbythewayweconnecttheLEDsinthecircuitbyconnectingtheLEDsinparallelorseries.Thisimageshouldhelpmakethisalittleclearer.

Page 2: Model Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David KingModel Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David King By now you are most likely ready to proceed past the simple

TheGradeCrossingFlasherThegradecrossingflasherisjustapairofLEDsorsetsofpairsofLEDsthatneedtoflashatasetrateofspeedandeachLEDpairmusthaveoneLEDonwhiletheotherisoff.ThisisthealternatingpatternofLEDsthatwewant.Intherealworldthisalternatingflashinghappensataboutarateof1/3rdasecondforeachoftheLEDs.Thisisthetimethatwewillusetokeepiteasy.Yourcompletedsketchwouldbesimilartomysketchshownbelow.

InthissketchitisjustamatterofadjustingthetimesfromtheoriginalBlinksketchandaddingtheadditionoutputsforbothpinModeanddigitalWrite.AsseeninthissketchIhaveconnected4LEDstotheArduinoUnojusttokeepthewiringverysimple.ThereareothermethodsofwiringtheLEDsbutthisissimpletounderstandandeasytoconnect.IhavecreatedaFitzingdiagramtoshowyouhowtoconnectthewirestotheLEDsalongwithusingsomeresistors.RememberthattheresistorvaluesthatweresuppliedwithyourkitmyvaryslightlyfromtheonethatI’musinginthediagrambutthatisokayaslongasthereareinarangeof220to560ohms.

Page 3: Model Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David KingModel Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David King By now you are most likely ready to proceed past the simple

TheTrafficLightThebasictrafficlightthatweseeoutintherealworldisaverysimpledevicethathas3lights,red,amberandgreen,withonesetfacingthenorthboundtraffic,onesetfacingtheeastboundtraffic,onesetfacingthesouthboundtrafficandasetfacingthewestboundtraffic.Inmostcasestheeastboundandwestboundtrafficlightsetsworkinginthesamepattern.Aswellthesouthboundandnorthboundtrafficlightsetsworkinginthesamepattern.Wecancreateasimplelittlecharttodisplaythispatternandmakeiteasiertounderstand.InthechartIusedNSforNorth/SouthandEWforEast/West.AlsoIaddedanextrarowatthebottomofthechartsothatIcouldusethisforthepinassignmentsonmyArduinoUno.

Step

NSGreen

NSAm

ber

NSRed

EWGreen

EWAmber

EWRed

Time

1 On Off Off Off Off On 25sec.2 Off On Off Off Off On 7sec.3 Off Off On Off Off On 1sec.4 Off Off On On Off Off 22sec.5 Off Off On Off On Off 6sec.6 Off Off On Off Off On 1sec.

UnoPin 7 8 9 10 11 12

Page 4: Model Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David KingModel Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David King By now you are most likely ready to proceed past the simple

Asfarasthesketchgoesthisisjustandextendedversionofthesketchweusedforthegradecrossingflasheranduses6outputstorunalloftheLEDs.BesuretoassignpinModeanddigitalWriteforeachLEDinyoursketch.Oncecompleteyoushouldhaveasketchthatlookssimilartomineshownbelow.

Page 5: Model Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David KingModel Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David King By now you are most likely ready to proceed past the simple

TheFritzingorwiringdiagramshouldlooksimilartotheimagebelow.

Page 6: Model Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David KingModel Railway Animation: Part 1, LEDs - Expanded By David King By now you are most likely ready to proceed past the simple

ConclusionThisshouldhelpyoucreateafewmoresketchesfromitemsthatyouseeoutoneverydaylife.Asanexampleifyoumodelrailroadlayouthasawharfmaybeacoupleofnavigationlightsatornearthedockshouldbeadded.Youcouldresearchtheflashingpatternandcolourrequiredforeachoftheselights.Alsothereareotherwarninglightsthathavepatternsthatarenotsimpleon/offcyclesuchasthered/bluelightsofapolicecar.HavefunandcheckoutthevideoandwewillcontinuethisadventureinthenextissueofTheCanadian!


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