modern genetics. human inheritance some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles) some are...

21
Modern Genetics

Upload: job-collins

Post on 25-Dec-2015

218 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern Genetics

Page 2: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Human inheritance Some traits are formed from single genes

(2 alleles) Some are formed from multiple genes

(multiple alleles) Example: blood type

Page 3: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Blood typesTypes: A, B, AB, O3 alleles control the blood type

A & B are co dominantO is recessive

Page 4: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

SexChromosomesCarry genes that determine if a person is male or female

Each parent offers 2 alleles

Male X, YFemale X, X

Alleles on the X and Y chromosome are not the same

Page 5: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Sex Linked Genes Genes carried on the sex chromosomes A female has 2 X chromosomes: if one x

has a dominant gene and the other has a recessive, the dominant trait will show

In a male, there isn't corresponding alleles. If the X chromosome has a recessive trait, and there is no corresponding allele on the Y chromosome, then the recessive trait will show.

Therefore, males have a higher tendency to show recessive sex linked traits.

Page 6: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Carriers A heterozygous person Because they have the dominant allele, the

recessive trait doesn't show, but they can still pass it along to offspring

Page 7: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Genetic DisordersDef: an abnormal condition inherited

through chromosomes

Some are caused by mutationsSome caused by an change in

chromosome numberCystic fibrosisSickle cellHemophiliaDown syndrome

Page 8: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Pedigree Chart that tracks which family members

have a certain trait

Page 9: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Managing Disorders Karyotype: picture of the chromosomes in

a cell--can determine if a mutation or extra chromosome is present

Genetic counseling: to help coping with disorders

Therapy: to assist with disorders

Page 10: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern GeneticsSelective Breeding: is the process of selecting and breeding parent organisms to pass on particular traits to the offspring.

Examples:Horses, pigs, corn, dogsQuestion:What do you thing the animal to the left is? It has been selectively bred.

Page 11: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern GeneticsCross Breeding: A cross between two pure breed parents creating a hybrid.

Killer Bees: a cross between Brazilian bees with African bees to create a bee that would produce more honey.

Page 12: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern GeneticsGenetic Engineering: is the process in which a sequence of DNA from an organism is first isolated, then inserted into the DNA of another organism, changing that organism’s DNA.

Example:Taking genes from microorganism and inserting them into plants to produce a natural insect killing chemical.Inserting a bioluminescent gene into bacteria to make it glow.

Page 13: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern GeneticsGenetic Engineering vs. Organic

Most of you have eaten genetic engineered/ modified foods. Many plants have bacterial genes that make them more resistant to insects.

How many of you have eaten fruits without seeds?Picture:Here is a tobacco plant that glows.

Page 14: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern GeneticsCloning: is a technique that uses technology to make copies. It can be applied to a segment of DNA or the whole organism.

Examples:Bacteria: create human insulin which is used to help people with diabetes.A sheep named Dolly. (Nucleus Transfer)

Page 15: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern GeneticsCloning a Gene

Page 16: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern Genetics

Genome: is all the genetic material in an organism.

Page 17: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern GeneticsSo why clone?

1. Medicine2. Reviving endangered or extinct animals:

Jurassic Park!3. Reproducing a deceased pet4. Cloning humans

Page 18: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern GeneticsDNA Identification: The use of DNA to identify a person.

DNA Fingerprinting: Chart representing repeating base pairs

Example:Used in crime solvingA fun case at NOVA.DNA Evidence Video

Page 19: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern GeneticsWhat are Some Issues to Cloning?

The Good vs. Bad

What are the ethical issues?

Page 20: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern GeneticsThere are genetically engineered salmon that grow faster. They are breed in captivity, near rivers and stream. What might happen if they escape?

Page 21: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance  Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles)  Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles)  Example:

Modern GeneticsShould we label genetically modified foods?

Many companies already label food and products that have been genetically altered.