Modern Knowledge Model United NationsDelegate Guide

Modern Knowledge Schools Model United Nations Manama, Bahrain

مدرسة املعارف الحديثةنموذج األمم املتحدة

منامة، البحرين

This guide holds the formal technical methods of the Model United Nations procedure. This booklet includes everything related to the UN Commission on the Model United Nations. Including the rules and methods of debating and dialogue, the voting of the terms, the official expressions and draft resolutions and speeches. Once you have read the booklet, you will be familiar with all the vocabulary and procedures of the United Nations to be ready and prepared for the second annual Modern Knowledge Model United Nations Conference that will take place on the 16th and 17th of February, 2018

Head of Delegates - Amar Kseibi Assistant Head of Delegates - Salman Ali

Model United Nations What is MUN? MUN stands for Model United Nations and it is a simulation of a United Nations conference. Students act as representatives for a certain country or delegates and debate in their respective councils such as DISEC, WHO, and UNHCR about diverse global issues and topics. The delegates collaborate throughout the duration of the conference in order to devise comprehensive resolutions that can address and try to solve the issues posed in the council.

What is a delegate? A delegate acts as a country’s representative, and he or she, along with other delegates, is responsible for finding suitable solutions for the issues addressed in their respective council. A delegate speaks on behalf of his or her country and exhibits its stance on each of the issues. Delegates make up the majority of the council, along with two chairs, two runners, and two securities.

What is the role of the Delegate? Delegates have the most important role, in the council, they are the ones in charge of discussing the issues of their council. They are expected to debate with other delegations in order to find appropriate solutions to the issues.

Research How can I conduct research for an MUN conference? In order to walk in to an MUN conference with staggering confidence and the ability to write incredible resolutions you must research your country, issue,and council thoroughly. This will ensure that you are fully prepared and ready to represent your country.

1. Country It is essential to have a solid background and understanding of your country’s viewpoint on the issues addressed in the council. This will help you know whether your country advocates for, or against the issues or whether or not it holds a neutral stance towards the issues. Researching your country can be divided into two parts:

a. Country Profile Before starting your research it is imperative to familiarize yourself with the country’s background. This includes the country’s geography, and In addition, it is important to be familiar with the country’s political environment and style of government in order to formulate resolutions that are best suited to your country’s interests , and it allows you to debate constructively with your country’s best needs in mind. its natural resources , as well as its economy.

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Country Policy This research pertains to the specific issue that will be addressed in your respective council. It is vital to understand and find out what your country thinks should, or should not be done regarding the specific issue at hand. It is also important to know how this issue impacts your country, as well as its past actions regarding the issue. This includes past resolutions and treaties that the country has signed or previous political and diplomatic alignments it has formed with other countries in the council. Some resources that you can use to help you research your country would be through:

● Contacting your country’s embassy ● Referring to websites such as

○ CIA World Factbook ○ The UN website: www.un.org ○ Your council’s official website ○ Trusted news sources such as BBC or The Wallstreet Journal or The New

York Times amongst other reliable and credible sources 2. Council Having learned about your country, it’s also important to acknowledge your council, and the types of issues it addresses. It is imperative to familiarize yourself with what your council’s role is in the United Nations, as well as past action that the council has taken regarding the issue. A valuable resource to use when researching your council would be the official UN Council website . As for the issues, it is helpful to read articles and news spreads regarding the issue from trusted news sources, such as BBC, (add more later). To assure you are fully prepared and cultivated, you must conduct your research on the following: ● The UN committees ● The issues that will be debated ● The country you’re representing and it’s stance according to the issue (for/against/

neutral) your country may be for one issue and against the other ● CIA World Factbook ● To research, visit the website of your council

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Resolutions: In a council, delegates are required to write resolutions. A resolution is a document that consists of clauses that may possibly solve the issue addressed. Delegates collaborate with other delegates of different nations to form comprehensive resolutions, that serve for the greater good, without offending any country through strong criticism.

Format: Heading

● On the upper left corner, the name of the council, the issue, the main submitter, and the co-submitters

Preambulatory clauses ● Preambulatory clauses, also called “preambs”, explain why the issue being

discussed is important. They do not include solutions to the issue, but are there for the delegates to recognize and understand the significance of the problem addressed.

● Each preambulatory clause must start with an italicized preambulatory phrase (all preambulatory phrases can be found on page

● Preambulatory clauses always end with a comma

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Operative Clauses ● Operative clauses are the main solutions to your topic. Each operative must

include a new, authentic idea that the majority of nations can agree on, in order for the resolution to pass.

● For an in-depth clarification or explanation of any operative clause, it is recommended to add a subclause. A sub sub-clause may also be added for additional detail

● All operative clauses must start with the operative phrases found on page. ; Operative phrases must be bold

● The operative clauses must be numbered, the sub-clauses listed by a, b, c, and sub sub-clauses listed in Roman numerals

● Operative clauses end with a semicolon, expect for the last one, which ends with a period

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Sample Resolution Council: International Civil Aviation OrganizationIssue: Military RPAS in Foreign AirspaceMain Submitter: LesothoCo-submitters: Congo, Finland, Zambia, Norway, Kenya, Mauritius, Eritrea, Denmark

Recognizing the need for the implementation of safeguards and an international framework in which enables the addressing of technology capable of evolving,

Reaffirming Chapter 1, Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations which exclaims a message of global peace and security,

Affirming fundamental international regulatory framework to underpin routine operation of RPAS throughout the world in a safe, harmonized and seamless manner comparable to that of manned operations,

Taking to account the Unmanned Aircraft Systems Study Group (UASSG), was established in 2007, Its first task was the development of a regulatory framework for the safe integration of RPAS in non-segregated airspace,

Keeping in mind concepts of certification/standardization of unmanned aircraft flights at the level of international governmental and nongovernmental organizations are developing within the European RPAS Roadmap framework (UVS, 2013),

Noting with deep concern the risk of loss of control of RPAS,

Bearing in mind the risk of intentional misuse of RPAS,

Fully aware of risk and potential consequences of mid-air collision with another RPAS or a manned aircraft,

Emphasizing the need to define the use to which a RPAS is put as Military/State, Commercial, or Leisure/Hobby. 1. Encourages laws implemented internationally/universally towards: experimental or amateur built RPAS,

military and nonmilitary governmental RPAS flights, civil RPAS below 150 Kg, as well as model aircraft;

1. Overall international laws in place prior will be enforced and updated in order to suit the needs of ensuing growth in technology;

1. Creating internationally implemented law in order to maintain universal consensus and understanding is key to prevent cluttered skies characterized by different national airspace structures;

2. Toys, even if capable of flying but do not contain internal combustion engine, are subject to such regulations such as the Directive 2009/48/EC;

1. Directive 2009/48/EC explains the accreditation and regulations within manufacturing such products for recreational use and are general products of safety;

2. Toys can be manipulated toward ill intent, thus any preventative issues are appreciated in such context;

2. Further Requests integrating RPAS in non-segregated airspace by aviation regulations and procedures as well as technical challenges unique to remotely controlled aircraft;

1. Civil RPAS operators and Approved Training Organizations for remote pilots (JARUS-ORG) will be implemented;

2. Stringent airworthiness standards and pilot certifications will be necessary in order to maintain quality/safety when operated;

3. Performance requirements for command and control data link, i.e. in direct radio;

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3. Emphasizes that there must be notices prior to entering airspaces to and from a country's drone based on RPAS operations in Visual Line-of-Sight (VLOS) and beyond (BVLOS);

1. They must be labelled/registered by the country owning such unmanned aviation systems;

2. Notices via direct radio/electronic signature and systems provided by aviations services should be implemented in order to erase any chances of miscommunication between both parties;

3. The need to identify themselves and report their position is done by transmitting an identification signal to the ground or via traditional radio communications: civil systems in use are the Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) or the more modern Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system;

4. Designates performance requirements for 'detect and avoid' to maintain the risk of mid-air collision below a tolerable level of safety (TLS) and taking into account all actors in the total aviation system;

1. Safety objectives for airworthiness of RPAS ('1309') to minimize the risk of injuries to people on the ground; and processes for airworthiness;

2. Prior to operation, there must be performance/technology checks implemented on the AI as well as the one who will operate such - excluding those who use RPAS targeted towards the toy industry;

5. Suggests the implementation of the following sets of standards in which a country must align to, not to be mistaken with clause (1) which encourages already existing regulations, regarding the topic of aviation technologies such as but not limited to;

1. Government transparency on all government and private facilities on all fields of research related to aviation technology:

2. Certification specifications for light unmanned rotorcraft (CS-LURS) and airplanes (CS-LURS) below 600 Kg:

1. Implementing the need to specify commercial, leisure, or hobby:

3. Military activities that include the usage or production of smart technology that cannot possibly pose a threat to any other country:

4. Fines can be implemented for misuse or completely prohibiting the mechanism,

1. There can be a warning system that can rebuke/regulate the usage of drones;

6. Encourages the establishment of the United Nations Directive for Smart Technology (UNDST) which will;

1. Act as an information bank in which governments and private organizations can share new information regarding advancing aviation technology to encourage international transparency on the topic similar to the Vienna Documents;

2. Facilitate and report to the United Nations on the transfer of information from one country to another;

3. Conduct regular checks in the appropriate government and private facilities in order to ensure the guidelines mentioned in clause (6) are enforced;

7. Calls for an official conference between member-states every decade to extend the contents of discussion on the subject of the development of aviation technologies to such as but not limited to;

1. Incorporating the views and advice of technological and economic experts into future discussions;

2. Ways of promoting and encouraging the transparency of member states towards the subject topic and the UNDST mentioned in clause (5);

3. New and upcoming challenges that may be faced in the field of aviation technology;

4. Updating of the resolution if and when necessary during these meetings.

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Sample Resolution

Procedure

What happens when you start the conference?

1. Roll Call a. After the opening ceremony is done, delegates will proceed to their councils, they

will be escorted by the runners of their respective council. Once all delegates are seated, the chairs will start by roll call, where they will call upon each delegate to check if they’re present or not. Delegates are required to rise with their placard held up in one hand and state present, when their country is called upon. During roll call, direct communication is prohibited.

2. Opening Speeches a. Opening speeches begin after roll call has ended. Delegates approach the podium

individually and give a speech (Max. 1 min). Opening speeches give delegates a chance to exhibit their country’s stance on both issues and describe how they affect their countries.

b. Bear in mind that Opening speeches must be formal, so a formal introduction must be included. E.g. “Honorable chairpersons, fellow delegates, and Esteemed Guests…”

c. A formal ending must also be included. E.g. “The delegate thanks and yields the floor back to the chairs”

d. Personal pronouns cannot be used in opening speeches e. Delegates have a maximum of 1 minute to give their opening speech; At fifty

seconds, the chairs will knock once, and at fifty five seconds, they will knock twice. If delegates happen to surpass the 1 minute mark, they will get cut off.

f. Your Opening speech will be the first impression that you give to the chairs and the other delegates, so make sure to put plenty of effort into it!

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Sample Opening Speech

*Note: Opening speeches must be written on paper, the use of electronic devices is prohibited when council is in session

Council: Food and Agriculture Organization

Country: Burkina Faso

Good Afternoon Honorable Chairs, respected guests, and fellow delegates:

This council will be meeting to discuss and debate two issues over the course of the next

two days. The first one being the effects of agriculture on the environment. The government of

Burkina Faso has made its utmost efforts in reducing its effects, however it is among the

poorest countries in Africa, its economy is dependent on agriculture. The Ministry of

Environment has attempted to solve this issue, such as reservoirs, unfortunately there are no

long-term solutions.

The second the issue is on Genetically Modified Organisms. The Burkinian government is

strongly against GMOs, due economic reasons. If Genetically Modified Organisms become

more common, countries such as Burkina Faso, that depend on the exports and imports of

crops, will crumble. Furthermore, its people will become unemployed, up to 60% of the

population are farmers.

Hopefully by the end of this conference a solution that benefits all countries present in this

council will come about.

The delegate would now like to yield the floor back to the chairs.

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3. Lobbying and Merging a. Once all delegates have finished giving their opening speeches, lobbying and

merging commences. During lobbying and merging, delegates are required to group up with other delegates that share the same stance as their own (regarding the specific issue being addressed in the committee), in order to come up with resolutions. Delegates should have strong and valid arguments that can support the the clauses of their resolutions. All groups should have a main submitter, the person to speak on behalf of the group, presenting the resolution to the rest of the council along with a speech ( 2 min. Max)

4. Debating a. Debate time allows the delegates to defend their own resolution. They may also

speak for or against other resolutions. This is when delegates gather points by participating and standing out, giving them a chance to win awards.

i. Presenting Resolutions: After the council is back in session, in order, each main submitter will be called upon to the podium by the chairs. The main submitter must read out their group’s operative clauses from their resolution, and will be given a two minutes to state a for speech for the resolution.

ii. “For” and “Against” Speeches: After a resolution is presented, delegates have a chance to state for or against speeches (Max. 1 min). The speech must pertain to the resolution that was just discussed.. The chairs will ask, "Are there any for or against speeches on the floor?" Delegates will then raise their placard and can only approach the podium to state their for/against speech if they are recognized by the chairs. A for speech is a speech that basically supports the resolution, whereas an against speech is a speech that opposes a resolution. When a chair recognizes you, you will rise to the podium and give a maximum of a one minute speech. Note that after a speech, delegates must entertain at least two points of information. Delegates can ask points of information to the main submitter before they discuss for and against speeches.

*Participation is mandatory 5. Amendments

a. Amendments are changes made to resolutions being discussed. They can be made anytime during the debate. Delegates wishing to make an amendment must write the amendment down on a paper, and send it to the chairs through runners, in order for them to get granted. If the amendment is granted, chairs will call upon

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the delegate wishing to make the amendment to rise to the podium, read the amendment, and speak for it (Max 1 min). The delegate will then be required to entertain at least two points of information. After the mini-debate ends, A voting procedure will take place to determine whether the amendment will be passed or denied.

6. Voting Procedure a. Once against speeches come to an end, the chairpersons will move on to voting

procedure, where each country will be called upon by the chairperson to state whether they are “for”, “against”, or “abstained” the resolution. An abstention is when the delegate is neither for or against a resolution, and is more on the neutral side. Delegates must rise with their placard when stating their vote. After the votes are counted, the chairpersons will notify the delegates whether the resolution has passed or not.

b. In the case of a placard vote, delegates should raise their placards when a stance is called (for/against/abstain) is called upon. They should keep their placards raised until the chair permits them to lower them.

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Points and Motions Points Points are made by delegates in order to address certain comfort issues or inquiries about the procedure. There are 5 major points that can be addressed during the conference:

Motions A motion is a formal proposition made by a delegate that can slightly change the procedure in the council, as it usually demands some kind of task to be implemented. There are 5 motions that can be addressed during the conference:

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Point Description

Point of information Used when a delegate wants to ask another delegate a question

Point of Parliamentary Inquiry Used when a delegate has a question about parliamentary procedures

Point of Order Used to correct an error in parliamentary procedure

Point of Personal Privilege Used when a delegate feels the need to express discomfort in the council

Right to reply Used when a delegation directly offends your country

Motion Description

Motion to Move to Voting Procedure Used when a delegate wishes to skip speeches to proceed to voting procedure

Motion to extend time for/against Adds time to either side of the debate

Motion to extend debate time Adds time to “for” or “against” sides of the debate

Motion to explain vote Used if a delegate’s vote contradicts their initial position regarding the issue

Motion to Unmoderated Caucus Moves to an informal debate, where delegates can debate amongst themselves

and parliamentary procedures do not apply

MKMUN II

Specialized Councils

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United Nations Security Council UNSC, also known as security council, has a slight alteration in its procedures. Delegates attending Security council DO NOT give opening speeches. The resolution format also differs, as delegates submit single operative clauses individually and debate them one at a time.

Veto Powers UNSC has 5 “veto” powers, each of which have a higher authority in council. The 5 veto powers are:

1. The United States of America 2. The United Kingdom 3. The People's Republic of China 4. The Republic of France 5. The Russian Federation

What is a veto? It is basically the rejections of a proposal or a decision. These 5 nations can “veto” any nations resolution if they feel it is either attacking or hurting them in any way. The chairs will decide if the veto request will be passed. If the veto passes then the resolution won’t pass automatically and will be moving to the next resolution.

Veto countries have the right to “veto” a resolution, or the right to completely reject it. If one veto country veto’s a resolution, then the resolution will automatically fail.

How to Veto a resolution? To veto a resolution, veto countries must raise their placards and simply call “Veto”. An elaboration must be followed after the vote, and must be approved by the chairpersons (only then will the Veto decision be accepted).

* Note: Veto powers cannot use their veto to pass a resolution that has not passed through normal voting procedure. The veto can only be used to stop a resolution from passing.

Opening Committee ● It is the same procedure as the general assembly except that there is no opening speeches for

UNSC. On the day Roll call will be called then will be moving to lobbying and merging.

Lobbying and merging

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● Resolutions are done individually for every single nation in that council.Members of Security Council only write one operative clause, and they must each present an individual speech supporting that operative clause.There will be voting for each of the operative clauses, and if a clause passes it is added to one big resolution that is comprised of all of the individual clauses. This results in the passing of 1 resolution per issue, drafted by the entire Security Council as a whole.

○ The nations can still discuss with one another during lobbying and merging but cannot work together on the same resolution.

■ It is advisable to use the time during lobbying and merging to form alliances ○ The nations without the veto power need to find a way to benefit their country and the

veto power. Doing that will convince the veto powers not to use their veto against your resolution.

● NO Pre-ambulatory clauses are required ● ONLY 1 operative clause is allowed

Voting Procedure There are two voting procedures for UNSC one for the nation’s resolution and one for the Council

resolution. ● The Nations resolution will follow normal voting procedure if not a veto is called. If it

passes it goes to the Council resolution. ● The Council resolution is basically one whole resolution of every nations resolution. This

will be voted on once every nations resolution is done, Veto Powers still apply for the council's resolution. If the veto passes for the councils resolution then the whole resolution for the council is deleted and not used.

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International Criminal Court

The International Criminal Court, also known as the ICC, is primarily a globally engaged court, situated in The Hague in the Netherlands. The ICC has the authority to prosecute and try individuals who are charged with international crimes, be they war crimes, genocide or crimes against humanity amongst other offenses.

Roles in the International Criminal Court Advocates: Advocates serve as the lawyers in the courtroom who argue their points based on all relevant evidence prepared by the parties. In total, MKMUN will have a total of six advocates; three prosecuting advocates and three defending advocates. It is the job of the prosecuting team to make sure that justice is served. On the contrary, it is the job of the opposing party, also known as the defending advocates, to ensure that the defendant is found innocent as the concluding verdict.

Presidents: In the International Criminal Court, the presidents are the chairpersons of council, or in our case, the courtroom. They have the total authority over the courtroom, as they treat everyone fairly and equally, while being held with the responsibility of the debate conducted and the advocates’ or court members’ actions. All their decisions are final and must be obeyed by all the attendants are present in the courtroom.

Registrar: It is the responsibility of the registrar to document or record all statements given by any person speaking while court is in session for any contradictions to be spotted. It is also the a responsibility to make sure that all witnesses are sworn under oath based on their religion before any examinations by both parties take place.

Jury Members: Just as councils have delegates, the International Criminal Court has jury members. The Jury members decide the verdict after taking into account both parties’ arguments, evidence and witnesses accountability. Based on the order followed in the witness list, witnesses will be separately questioned by the jury before anyone else. When it is the witnesses’ time to enter the room, advocates are required to exit. After that, the witnesses is required to swear an oath, then the members of the jury are allowed to start questioning the witnesses. Jury members are not allowed to inquire about the case being trialed. The only questions allowed to be asked are personal questions to better know the witness. When done with questioning, the advocates return back to the courtroom, and begin their examination. After examination and cross examination by conducted by the advocates, advocates are once again asked to leave the courtroom. Presidents and Jury members will discuss all points and arguments made by both parties. When the process is over

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Evidence and Documentation

All the evidence and documentations must be submitted before the conference by both advocate parties, as well as witness list.

Witness List: A background document must be provided with each witness, and it should consist of: their name, their role in the case, and some background information such as: Date of birth, occupation, alma- mater (education), each background document must at least be half a page long in the format of bullet points. These documents aid advocates in preparing and having a solid background on the witnesses they will encounter before entering the conference.

Stipulation: The first document that carries and contains a list of facts that are submitted by both advocate parties. This document must be signed by both parties before trial.

Evidence packet: An evidence packet includes major and important evidences that both parties must submit. The packet should consist of a content page and all pages must be numbered, while also containing the heading, author, medium and date. If an evidence piece does not include citations or any sort of reference, that piece of evidence will be invalid and excluded from the case. In addition, all pieces of evidence should be in their initial form.

Court Procedures: There are certain procedures that must be followed in the International Criminal Court:

I. Roll Call II. Opening Speeches/Statements III. Rebuttals IV. Witness Examination V. Closing Statement VI. Deliberation VII. Final Judgment/ Verdict VIII.

Roll Call: The first part of the conference is roll call, where chairpersons ensure the presence and attendance of all delegates. When a delegate’s position is called upon by the chairperson, the delegate must rise and state “present”, to demonstrate his or her presence.

Opening Speeches/Statements: Each advocate of both advocate parties will present a speech after roll call, summarizing their arguments in no more than 10 minutes.

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Rebuttals:

Both parties will argue on the evidence submitted by the opposite party. There will be 2 sessions, in which each advocate team will have 10 minutes to argue on the other party’s evidence packet. A 5-minute break will take place in between each argument so that each team discuss and plan out their rebuttal. The defending advocates begin their arguments first in both rounds.

Witness Examination:

Based on the order followed in the witness list, witnesses will be separately questioned by the jury. Both parties have their own witness list, yet the witnesses will alternate from one party to its opposition. When it is the witnesses’ time to enter the room, advocates are required to leave and exit. After that, the witnesses must give an oath, then the jury starts questioning the witnesses. When done with questioning, the advocates return back to the courtroom, and begin their examination.

Closing Statements:

Each party will be given 10 minutes to restate all the points brought up in the courtroom, and new arguments could be discussed in the statement if necessary.

Deliberation:

Only the Presidents, Jury and Registrar are allowed in the court. The jury and presidents will discuss all the points and arguments made in the courtroom. When that process is over, each jury will vote on the solutions. The solution receiving the most votes is considered as the final verdict/ Judgment.

Final Judgment/ Verdict:

The final decision or verdict made to resolve and close the case.

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United States Senate Dear Delegates, With MKMUN II fast approaching, preparations and research for your respective councils and committees are now well under way. We wanted to provide an overview of how procedure will work within our committee. For the most part the regular MUN procedures will be followed. However, below you will find a guide to some changes we have made in order to better capture the spirit of the U.S. Senate. Any new aspects of the procedure not mentioned here will mean in the result of normal MUN procedure. 1) Opening Committee

All normal MKMUN II procedures will be used throughout the opening committee, The rules regarding roll call will remain the same like the general assembly councils. 2) Choosing a party leader

There Are two sides to the UN Senate, Republicans and democrats. These two sides will pick their leaders and whips through speeches and voting. The Groups are given a certain period of time to pick their leader and whip, if not done in that time will result in random pickings of leader and whip.

● Voting procedure for Leaders and Whips Each group will vote on who they want to be either their leader and whip, this

will be done by having a secret ballot voting system. Party Whips: Party whips are the people who rack up the votes. They are responsible for counting votes and making sure that a measure has enough support to pass. They advertise for the resolution in order for it to pass. Racking up votes takes place during lobbying and merging, as well as, through for-and-against speeches during debate sessions.

Minority/Majority Leaders: Democrats and Republicans, either one can be minority or majority. The Majority/Minority leaders are the one’s writing the bill. While each leader may be involved in the bill writing process, we expect other Senators within the committee to be given the opportunity to take the lead on the writing. Instead, the majority and minority leaders should be active in attempting to find compromises with the other party so that a bill can achieve bipartisan support.

Procedure of the Committee:

● After debate is opened, we will entertain requests to speak on the topics at hand. In order to speak, a Senator must raise their hand and wait to be recognized.

● Senators will be limited to 3 minutes (It is fine if the senator doesn’t use up all the time). A knock will be signed at 2 minutes and another knock at around the closing time. This is just an indicator for the speaker.

● After the speech has been done the senator will have to take 2 mandatory points of information. (Can do more Point of Informations if asked by the chair)

● As soon as the senator is done answering questions the senator will be dismissed, then the chairs will pick another senator from the parties.

Voting procedure: Voting procedure is simple, it follows all MMKUN II procedure where majority of the votes are

needed in order to pass the bill (Resolution).

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Russian Organized Crime (ROC)

Russian organized crime (ROC) is composed of several transnational criminal organizations operating worldwide. Unlike other international criminal groups, ROC is involved in almost every criminal activity, like money laundering, kidnapping, prostitution, fraud, drug trafficking, human trafficking, weapons smuggling, extortion, auto theft, counterfeiting and, of course, murder.

Structure of the Committee Each mafia gang in Moscow will be represented by a number of delegates embodying leadership positions.

1) Opening Committee All normal MKMUN II procedures will be used throughout the opening committee, The rules

regarding roll call will remain the same like the general assembly councils. But the opening speeches will consist of a brief introduction of the ambitions of the leadership position that is being represented by the delegate, and the general point of view towards the issue at hand.

2) The Procedure of the council The council’s procedure will work based on the chair's discretion. The chairs will be the leaders of the mafia and will have the greatest power in all of the committee.

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