modernizing public transport webinar
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TRANSCRIPT
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Dario Hidalgo, PhDAileen Carrigan, MUP
December 14th, 2010
1
Modernizing Public Transport: Lessons
Learned from Bus Reforms in Latin
America and Asia
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http://www.embarq.org/en/modernizing-
public-transportation
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Projects with very different scope
5
One corridor Several corridors
Feeder lines
Route reorganization
of the whole city
No Inte
gra
tion
Inte
gra
tion
Metrobús – Mexico (1, 2)
BRT – Beijing (1, 2, 3)
TransMilenio - Bogotá
Metrovía - Guayaquil
Jakarta (1, 2, 3)
Quito (Trole, Ecovía, North)
Transantiago
Interligado – Sao PauloMegabús - Pereira
RIT - Curitiba
Rea Vaya -Johannesburg
Janmarg – Ahmedabad
Istanbul, Turkey
Optibus – Leon, Guanajuato
Transmetro – Guatemala
Metropolitano - Lima
BRT - Guanzhou
Macrobús - Guadalajara MIO - Cali
Metrolínea- BucaramangaTransmetro - Barranquilla
Reviewed
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All the reviewed systems include BRT
components
6
Exclusive bus
lanes
Large buses with
multiple doors
Stations with prepayment
and level access
Centralized
control
Distinctive
image
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Project focus: structural change in
transit provision, not just to build and
operate BRT corridors
Traditional Operation* Transformed Operation
Private operators or associations
under permits or concessions, with
weak supervision by government
New private companies under
contracts and with strong
supervision of government
(new agencies)
* Not applicable to Beijing, Ahmedabad Sao Paulo
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Traditional Operation* Transformed Operation
Competition in the market
(“guerra del centavo” penny war)
Competition for the market
(bidding process)
or consolidation of existing
operators (direct negotiation with of
new contracts/concessions)
* Not aplicable to Beijing, Ahmedabad, partial in Sao Paulo
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Diverse Sizes
(2009)
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Varied throughput
(2009)
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Commercial speed
(2009)
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Operational productivity
(2009)
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Capital productivity
(2009)
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Capital Cost
(2009)
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User Fares
(2009)
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Common issues in Planning
• Insufficient funding for studies and design
• Lack of experience with BRT (staff and local consultants)
• Implementation focus, not adequate preparation
• Low user fares – tight financial planning
• Local implementation teams outside existing bureaucracy (latter staff of new agencies)
19
Trinary Road System-Curitiba
Trolebús en el Centro Histórico - Quito
Fo
to: U
RB
S,
20
00
Fo
to: D
. H
ida
lgo
20
06
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Decision Processes
• Political will and leadership at the top level fast implementation
• Need for regulatory and instutional changes (creation of new agencies)
• Funding from external or new sources
20
Northwestern Terminal – León, México
Metrobús Insurgentes – México DF
Fo
to: D
. H
ida
lgo
20
06
Fo
to: D
. H
ida
lgo
20
06
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Rushed implementation – most difficulties
solved within few weeks
• Incomplete infrastructure and fare collection and control systems
• Lack of training for bus operators
• Insufficient user education
• Public protests
21
Fo
to: J. E
rnst 2
00
5
Jakarta
Beijing BRT
Fo
to: D
. H
ida
lgo
20
06
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Common operational concerns
• High occupancy levels
• Long waiting times for feeder services
• Road surface maintenance
• Pick-pocketing
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The main structural problems are institutional
or regulatory
• User fares are defined after political negotiations – absence of
operational subsidies - financial stress
• Expansion is difficult after initial lines
– Opposition from existing operators
– Lack of political priority and funding for infrastructure
• Lack of dedicated funding for maintenance
• Lack of integration with normal bus services (except Santiago, which
suffered from profound planning and implementation difficulties)
23
Fotos: D. Hidalgo 2006, 2007
Megabús – Pereira Metrovía - Guayaquil Transantiago - Santiago
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Despite issues, most systems have been
succesful
• Quality and performance are better than in the systems they replaced
• Main achievement: travel time reduction and increased safety and reliability
– Efficiency gains resulted in reduced energy consumption and decreased pollutant emissions
– Improved urban environments
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Filename/RPS Number
What Went Wrong
• Rushed implementation – several components
incomplete
• Very tight financial planning – non technical user fares
• Very high occupancy levels (160 pax/bus standard for
articulated buses is not accepted by the users)
• Early deterioriation of infrastructure (lack of road surface
reinforcement or problems in design/construction)
• Implementation of fare collection systems requires
longer time tables and very tight supervision
• Insufficient user education
Common problems
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Recommendations
• Planning
• Decision process
• Type of implementation
• Implementation process
• Design and operation
• Structural issues
• Further studies
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¡Muchas Gracias!