modul cvs 2012_student worksheet

7/22/2019 Modul CVS 2012_Student Worksheet.

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THE ANATOMY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

I. INTRODUCTION

The circulatory system functions as a transport system that circulates nutrients and other

materials to the tissues and removes waste products. The circulatory system can be divided into

two parts: the systemic and the pulmonary circulation. The heart pumps blood throughout the

system, and the blood vessels serve as tubes through which blood flows. The arterial system

carries blood from the heart to the tissues, and the veins carry it back to the heart. The

cardiovascular system is a closed system with a right and left heart connected in series. The

systemic circulation, which is served by the left heart, supplies all the tissues except the lungs,

which are served by the right heart and the pulmonary circulation. Blood moves throughout the

circulation along a pressure gradient, moving from the high-pressure arterial system to the low-

pressure venous system.

The walls of all blood vessels, except the capillaries, are composed of three layers: the

tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima. The layers of the vessel vary with its function.

Arteries are thick-walled vessels with large amounts of elastic fibers. The walls of the arterioles,

which control blood pressure, have large amounts of smooth muscle. Veins are thin-walled,

distensible, and collapsible vessels. Venous flow is designed to return blood to the heart. It is a

low-pressure system and relies on venous valves and the action of muscle pumps to offset the

effects of gravity. Capillaries are single-cell –thick vessels designed for the exchange of gases,

nutrients, and waste materials. The delivery of blood to the tissues of the body is dependent on

pressure pulses that are generated by the intermittent ejection of blood from the left ventricle

into the distensible aorta and large arteries of the arterial system.

The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump that lies in the pericardial sac within the

mediastinal space of the intrathoracic cavity. The wall of the heart is composed of an outer

epicardium, which lines the pericardial cavity; a fibrous skeleton; the myocardium, or muscle

layer; and the smooth endocardium, which lines the chambers of the heart. The four heart

valves control the direction of blood flow.

There are changes in circulatory system at the entire human life. The circulation are

different in fetal life, after birth (neonate life), and adulthood.

II. OBJECTIVES

- know the anatomical structure of the circulatory system (the heart, major vessels and their

branches)

- know and recognize the microscopic structure of the circulatory system (the heart and vessels)



- know the changes of the circulatory system on human life (fetal life, after birth (neonate life),

and adulthood).

- know the consequences of anatomical or cellular change of the circulatory system.

III. SUGGESTED READING

Junqueira LC and Carneiro J. Basic Histology. 10 th edition. Lange Medical Books. 2003.

Paulsen DF. Histology and Cell Biology. Lange Medical Book.

Cai H and Harrison DG. Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases. The Role of

Oxidant Stress. Circ Res. 2000;87:840-844

Yang ZH and Ming XF. Recent Advances in Understanding Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis. Clinical Medicine & Research. 2006. Volume 4, Number 1: 53-65

Davignon J, and Ganz P. Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis. Circulation.2004;109;27-32

Egashira K, Clinical Importance of Endothelial Function in Arteriosclerosis and IschemicHeart Disease. Circ J . 2002; 66: 529 –533

IV. MODUL TASK

1. If by any reason, portal vein system (systema vena porta) blood can not flow to the

liver, then the blood will flow to………….. 2. Explain about the fetal circulation, neonatal circulation dan adult circulation!

3. Describe about the cardiac skeleton!

4. Explain about the cardiac tamponade, and describe the relationship between the sign

and the anatomical change.



5. Describe the characteristic of these vessels

Vesselname

functionalroles

Tunica intima Tunica media tunicaadventitia

other features

Elasticarteryor Conductingartery

Muscular arteryor distributingartery

Arteriole

Metarteriole

Capillary

venule

Medium(and small)vein

Large vein

6. The endothelium maintains the balance between vasodilatation and vasoconstriction,

inhibition and promotion of the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells,

prevention and stimulation of the adhesion and aggregation of platelets, as well as

thrombogenesis and fibrinolysis. Disruption of this tightly regulated balance leads to

endothelial dysfunction.

How endothelial dysfunction may occur?

7. Endothelial dysfunction is an important early event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis,

contributing to plaque initiation and progression.

How does endothelial dysfunction can lead to atherosclerosis?

modul cvs 2012_student worksheet

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