module 12 - geothermal
TRANSCRIPT
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Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
The Indigenous, Renewable, Green OptionThe Indigenous, Renewable, Green Option
Dr. Silas M. Simiyu
Geothermal Development
Kenya Electricity Generating Company LTD
P.O Box 785, Naivasha Kenya
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Presentation outline
IntroductionIntroduction
Geothermal Development ProcessGeothermal Development ProcessPrinciples of OperationPrinciples of Operation
Status and development potential in AfricaStatus and development potential in Africa
Stages in Geothermal DevelopmentStages in Geothermal Development
Barriers to Geothermal development in KenyaBarriers to Geothermal development in Kenya
ConclusionsConclusions
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World Wide LocationGeothermal power plants
In the middle of crops
In forested recreation areas
In fragile deserts
In tropical forests
In game parks with fragile ecosystems In high population areas
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Benefits of Geothermal Energy
Provides clean and safe energy using little land
Is renewable and sustainable
Generates continuous, reliable baseload power
Conserves fossil fuels and contributes to diversity
in energy sources
Avoids importing and benefits local economies
Offers modular, incremental development and
village power to remote sites
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Geothermal and the Environment
Geothermal energy is clean energy and renewable
Geothermal power stations emit less greenhouse gases
compared to other sources of energy
0
500
1000
Coal
Oil
Gas
Geo
CO2
0
5
10
Coal
Oil
Gas
Geo
SO2
Emissions (kg/MWhr). From Reed and Renner, 1995
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Geothermal Fields of the World
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Rift Based Geothermal Model
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Manifestations
Sulfur
Hot Springs
Hot Ground
Geysers
Fumaroles
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Kenyas Examples
Geothermal Development Process:Geothermal Development Process:
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Geothermal Development processStage I: Exploration
Objective: Determine the viability of the resourceObjective: Determine the viability of the resource
i) Heat Sourcei) Heat Source Energy sourceEnergy source
ii) Fluid Recharge and pathwaysii) Fluid Recharge and pathways Transport mediaTransport media
iii) Reservoir conditionsiii) Reservoir conditions
--Permeability, density and heat capacityPermeability, density and heat capacity
--fluid chemistry, phase and gasesfluid chemistry, phase and gases
iii) Baseline EIAiii) Baseline EIA
Make Decision:Make Decision: GOGOororNONO--GOGO
Drill 3 Exploration wells to confirm results (Drill 3 Exploration wells to confirm results (--3,000)3,000)
--Carry out well testingCarry out well testing
--Review resultsReview results
Make Decision: GO orMake Decision: GO orNONO--GOGO
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Geothermal Development process 2Stage II: Sizing of the resource
Appraisal Drilling of6 wells ( depth 2,000 m to 3,000m)Appraisal Drilling of6 wells ( depth 2,000 m to 3,000m)Objective: Determine the size of the resourceObjective: Determine the size of the resource
--(minimum) extent of resource confirmed(minimum) extent of resource confirmed
--more accurate hydrological modelmore accurate hydrological model--Volume, geometry, boundary conditions of resourceVolume, geometry, boundary conditions of resource--Pressure, Temperature and Overall fluid ChemistryPressure, Temperature and Overall fluid Chemistry
Feasibility study to determine viability of the project &Feasibility study to determine viability of the project &Overall Economics: Plant size, type, funding and TariffsOverall Economics: Plant size, type, funding and Tariffs
Complete Environmental Impact assessmentComplete Environmental Impact assessmentIncluding public disclosure.Including public disclosure.
Environment Friendly Power Plant designEnvironment Friendly Power Plant designMake Decision:Make Decision: GOGOororNONO--GOGO
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Geothermal Development process 3Stage III: Production drilling and PlantConstruction
Drilling of 16 wells ( depth 2,000 m to 3,000m)Drilling of 16 wells ( depth 2,000 m to 3,000m)
Construction of steam gathering system and power plantConstruction of steam gathering system and power plant
Put in Place Field and Environmental Management Procedures
--MakeMakeup wells (Size, timing and location)up wells (Size, timing and location)--Reservoir monitoring (Pressure, temperature and fluidReservoir monitoring (Pressure, temperature and fluidchemistry)chemistry)
--ReRe--injection. (Maintain reservoir pressure and water mass)injection. (Maintain reservoir pressure and water mass)
--Rehabilitation. (Return the area close to what it wasRehabilitation. (Return the area close to what it was
originally)originally)Use collected data to carry out the following
-Optimization of the first plant for efficiency and productivity
-Remedial action if needed in response to reservoir effects
-Decision whether to increase capacity to second stage
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Principles of Operation:Principles of Operation:Power GenerationPower Generation
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Production WellWater and Steam
Injection WellWater
Schematic Diagram ofGeothermal system
Separators
CoolingTowers
Generator
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Type ofPlants 1:Condensing Dry Steam PowerPlant
TurbineGenerator
SteamCondensedSteam (Water)
Electricity
Steam
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Turbine Generator
Steam entry Coiled wirecylinder
Magneticfield
Turbineblades
Electricity
Steam outletto condenser
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Types ofPlant 2:Condensing Flash Steam PowerPlant
Steam
CondensedSteam (Water)Hot
Water
Turbine Generator
FlashTank
Electricity
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Condensing Flash Steam Plant(Olkaria I & II)
PRODUCTIONWELL
GASEXTRACT
OR
COOLING TOWERS
CHF
IntermediateTemperature
Col dSurfac e Water
Sur faceRock
High TemperatureRese rvo i r
GASES
CONDENSER
HOT CONDENSATE
PUMP
PUMP
TURBINEGENERATOR
SEPARATOR
WATER
STEAM
MAIN STEAM
COOLEDCCONDENSATE
STEAM FROMOTHER WELLS
FLOW DIAGRAM
POWER TRANSMISSION(TO NATIONAL GRID)
GENERATEDELECTR ICITY
CHF
Intermediate
Temperature
Co ldSur f aceW a te r
Surface Rock
High Temperat ureReservoir
CHF
Intermediate
Temperature
Co ldSur face W a te r
Surface Rock
High Temperat ureReservoir
RE-INJECTIONWELL
RE-INJECTIONWELL
STATIONTRANSFORMER
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Type ofPlant 3:Non Condensing Flash Steam Plant
SEPARATOR
BACK PRESSURESTEAM TURBINE
ATMOSPHERICDISCHARGE
CONTROL VALVE(GOVERNOR)
PRODUCTIONWELL
REINJECTIONWELL
G
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Types ofPlant 4:Binary Cycle PowerPlant
BinaryVapor Turbine Generator
Electricity
Binary Liquid
Heat Exchanger
CooledWater
HotWater
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Binary vapor outto turbine
Hot geothermalwater in from
production well
Geothermal waterout to injection well
Binary liquid infrom condenser
Binary Cycle PowerPlant:Heat Exchanger
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Binary Cycle PowerPlant:Aluto Langano Ethiopia (8MW) & Olkaria III
Kenya (13
MW
)
COOLING
WATER / AIR
PRODUCTION
INJECTION
BINARYTURBINE
Isopentane
Steam and water
HEAT EXCHANGER
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Mini-Geothermal Binary Cycle PowerPlants:Kapisya Zambia & Oserian Kenya
Kapisya Zumbu National park,
Zambia (160kW)Oserian Dev Company
Kenya (2 MW)
Binary plant owned by Oserian Flower Farm
Commissioned July 2004 Using steam and re-injecting water
Steam leased from KenGen from 1 well.
Using only one well
Binary plant owned by Zesco
Shallow drilled wells of150-200m Built in 1987 and not commissioned
Planed to use water at 90oC
Plant being upgraded by KenGen.
KenGen is putting up a 2.5 MW Mini-Geothermal binary plant at Eburru
Use both steam and water from 1 well. Condense steam to water for community
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Lake Baringo Borehole blowout
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Principles of Operation:Principles of Operation:Direct UsesDirect Uses
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Heating Heat Exchanger
Hot water outto buildings
Hot geothermalwater in from
production wellGeothermal waterout to injection well
Cold clean water into be heated
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Heat Pump in Winter
Heat iscollected from
underground & transferredto the building
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District Heating
Injection WellProduction Wells
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Geothermal Energy Utilization:Direct Use Oserian Green houses (Kenya)
i) Cut Roses Green house Heating ~100 hectares, ii) Refrigeration of cutflowersstorage and processing stores, iii) Injection ofCO2 to aid in photosynthesis, iv)Fumigation of soils and sterilization Sterilization of liquid recycled plantfertilizers
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Geothermal Energy Utilization:Direct Use II
Fish Farming Hot bath/spa
Crocodile FarmingSwimming Pool
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Geothermal Use:Geothermal Use:Status and Potential in AfricaStatus and Potential in Africa
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Geothermal Resources inAfrica
Potential in the great African Rift >7,000 MW. Kenyas geothermalpotential is in excess of 3,000 MW
Currently only Kenya(130 MW), Ethiopia (8 MW)
and Zambia (0.2 MW)
have power stations.
There are plans to
install another 1,000 MW in EasternAfrica over the next 10 years
Geothermal energy in North Africancountries is mainly for greenhouseheating and irrigation
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Kenyas Geothermal Potential
Kenyas geothermal powerpotential is estimated at over3,000 MW.
Most of Kenya's Geothermalpotential areas (>20 fields)occur within the Kenya Rift.
Current installed geothermal
power: KenGen115
MW
andIPPs 15 MW.
From above values, only asmall fraction of the estimatedresource has been harnessed.
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
YEARS
CAPACITY(
MWe)
HYDRO
WIND
GEOTHERMAL
THE
RMAL
IMPORTS
Kenyas Planned Capacity Expansion
Geothermal can meet all Kenyas capacity expansionrequirements for the next 15 years
Kenyas Geothermal Potential
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Why slow exploitation of Geothermal ?Barriers to geothermal development
Technological Constraints: Manpower(development and retention) & Equipment
Large up-front investment in exploration,appraisal and production drilling
Funding Constraints: Long financial closure
Commercial & Legislative FrameworkRisks: Country, Market, Corruption, LevelPlaying Field etc
Environmental & Social issue:P
ollution, Land
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Kenyas Experience
Overcoming Barriers:Overcoming Barriers:Financing Geothermal ProjectsFinancing Geothermal Projects
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Development requirements
It is all about
MONEY!!
Projects are only worth developing if they createadequate net through life benefit for thedeveloper, whether government or private
This requires a guaranteed revenue stream andmanageable risks in resource supply
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Financing Geothermal Development-1
Resource Exploration: Geo-scientificsurface studies and exploratory drilling.
Resource Assessment: Drilling ofappraisal wells and well testing
Power
Plant Development: Drilling ofproduction wells, steam pipelines and
Power Plant construction
In Kenya its usually the responsibility ofthe government
Both the Government & to a lesser extent private sector
Shouldered by the Government andPrivate sector
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Current/Future Policy on Funding Options:Resource Exploration and Assessment
Research and Development fund set asideby GoK
Retention of the differential in interest onon-lent funds from GoK
Contracts, consultancies and steam sales
Grants from research programs throughindividual staffs proposal writing efforts.
Carbon Credit mechanism.
Risk Guarantee Fund (GEF?)
Utilization of the fuel levy fund.
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Future Funding Options: PowerPlant Construction stage - 1
Offering competitive bidding toprivate and public institutions local & international.
Strategic alliances e.g. KenGendoes all the field developmentwork and sells steam to IPPs.
Carbon credit earned from displacing fossil fuels
Early Generating units to provide cash stream Demonstrated capacity to generate a portion of the
funds required for the investment; typically 25%
Government offloading shares to the public
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Kenyas Experience
Overcoming Barriers:Overcoming Barriers:Human Capacity DevelopmentHuman Capacity Development
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Geothermal Training in AfricaGeothermal Training in Africa
Geothermal technology -specialized field.
Development of a Geothermist takes many years;
On-job and focused need based training
In the world, training facilities have been offered at:
Inst. for Geothermal Res., Pisa, Italy
Kyushu, Japan
Diploma Course, Auckland University.
UNU-GTP Iceland
Short Course Training in Kenya, KenGen/UNU
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Trained v Installed MW
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Asia L. America Europe Africa
Trained
MW
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UNU Fellows from Africa by 2006
Country No. Trained Retired Available
Algeria 3 3 0
Burundi 1 1 0
Djibouti 1 1 0Egypt 3 0 3
Eritrea 3 1 0
Ethiopia 22 10 11(8 MW)
Kenya 41 5 36(130 MW)
Tanzania 1 1 0
Tunisia 6 0 6 (Low Temp)
Uganda 6 2 3
Totals 86 24 59
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Kenyans Trained at UNUKenyans Trained at UNU--GTPGTP
41 people trained
7 Geophysics
5 ReservoirEngineering
6 Geochemistry
5 Geology
3 Geothermal utilization
4 Drilling
5 Environment
3 Power Plant
36 Still active in geothermal
4 teaching at Universities
2 Out of the Country
3 Not active
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KenGens Geothermal TrainingKenGens Geothermal TrainingProgrammeProgramme (Since 1982)(Since 1982)
Progressive Graduate Technical staff training
1 year geothermal course -New Zealand (Theory)
After 2 years on job, -6 months practical training
courseIceland.
3 months specialized courses at Kyushu -Japan andPisa -Italy
Long specialized courses in USA and Japan (PhD)
All contracts/consultancies have a training component
Encourages advanced training in Geothermal Technology
Staff retention through Keeping them busy when back
Out of 26 graduate technical staff on the project, thereare 4 PhD and 15 Msc holders
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KenGens Geothermal TrainingKenGens Geothermal TrainingProgrammeProgramme (Since 1982)(Since 1982)
KenGen training policy -1 course per staffper year.
KenGen Geothermal Training School established 1988
Catering for KenGens internal training needs (esp. technicians)
Recently affiliated to United Nations University (Iceland) wherejoint short courses are offered to ARGeo members
Training centre -linked to other International Centres in USAandsupport by the Global Environmentfacility ofGEF.
The EastAfrican Rift Countries Tanzania, Djibouti, Kenya, Eritrea,Uganda and Ethiopia formed ARGeo; a regional network of
geothermal agents
Pool resources, including manpower & Equipment
Create partnering required so that trained Africans can trainothers through the training centre in Kenya
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KenGen- UNU Geothermal TrainingCentre
First course held in November 2005
Potential contribution of geothermal tonational energy needs
Geothermal project management
Focused on decision makers (PSs,CEOs etc)
Second course to be held November 2006
Geothermal resource exploration andappraisal
Participants from: Rwanda, Zambia,Burundi, Tanzania, Djibouti, Kenya, Eritrea,Uganda and Ethiopia
Facilitators:
KenGen, UNU-GTP, ArGeo and GEF
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Kenyas Experience
Overcoming Barriers:Overcoming Barriers:Lab and equipment PoolLab and equipment PoolDevelopmentDevelopment
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Introduction I
The ability to carry out exploration and development depends on;
Appropriate equipment that are easily accessible
The total costfor an optimum equipment pool exclusive of labs isabout US $ 4,249,000
This cost ofequipment was beyond our means without a revenuestream
Need for long term plan to ensure continued acquisition andavailability through maintenance and upgrade
From the Beginning KenGen determined
What were the priority equipment
Which ones were available in other accessible organizations
How much can the owner charge for the service
What are the maintenance and running costs ifwe buy
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How equipment have beenacquired by KenGen before
Started by use of limited internal resources to buy equipment in aprioritized stepwise manner (Over 5 years).
Anumber ofagencies, assisted KenGen to buy equipment.
Some acquisition were tied to projectfunding/contracts/research
Equipment is handed over after the project Equipment is abandoned after the project
Lead to a wide array ofworking and non working equipment.
Depending on the contract, some issues were overlooked
Equipment Compatibility with existing ones
Equipment maintenance and spare availability
Environmental working conditions of the equipment
Data sharing, processing and interpretation
KenGen ended up with many un-serviceable equipment
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Low availability of equipment:Identified Causes
Lack ofproper maintenance and Service caused by
Poorly trained maintenance staff
No budgetfor equipment maintenance
Lack ofaccountability by equipment custodian
Lack ofplanning for equipment upgrade
Under-utilization ofmany of such equipment
Projects occur once in a while
Lack of coordination ofactivities in thecountry/region
Lack of knowledge ofexistence ofpotential users
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Our Experience
Developed service, maintenance and upgrade schedules
Did proper recruitment of trainable staff& allowedthem to make mistakes
Trained our technicians in instrument maintenanceand Service
Every equipment was amortized, had a budget andwas ensured that it made money
Insisted on accountability by equipment custodian Tried to get more users ofour services in the country
Buy equipment as a business
Increased utilization of equipment More money
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Kenyas Experience
Overcoming Barriers:Overcoming Barriers:Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues
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Environmental Issues I
Carry out Baseline Environmental conditions assessment at Stage I
-Determine the in-situ condition
-High-light and assess the sensitivity of the area to possible
development
-Cost the possible environment impact and mitigation measures
-Determine the potential Social Economic Impacts of the project
-Gather data on the potential Volcano Seismic hazards of the area
-Use the data as a basis for a GO orNO GO decision making
Carry out a full EIA with disclosure at Stage II-Use it as a basis for planning monitoring and management
-Requirement for licensing of the project
-Part of the feasibility study
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Environmental Issues II
Put in Place and Enforce Sound Field and EnvironmentalManagement Procedures
-Community based Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)program (1% of net Profit)
Water for grazing, health and school facilities,
--Reservoir monitoringReservoir monitoringPressure and temperaturePressure and temperature
Fluid chemistryFluid chemistry
Mass changes using gravimetryMass changes using gravimetry
ReRe--use condensed steam for coolinguse condensed steam for cooling
--ReRe--injection.injection.
Maintain reservoir pressure and fluid mass rechargeMaintain reservoir pressure and fluid mass recharge
Avoid contamination of ground water & SubsidenceAvoid contamination of ground water & Subsidence
--Rehabilitation of disturbed areas during constructionRehabilitation of disturbed areas during construction
Return the area close to its natural beautyReturn the area close to its natural beauty
--Ecological monitoring and friendly designs of all works.Ecological monitoring and friendly designs of all works.
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Kenyas Experience
Overcoming Barriers:Overcoming Barriers:Commercial and LegislativeCommercial and Legislative
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Local & Foreign
Sources of Financing
KENGEN or IPPs
GeothermalDevelopment
Company
Geothermal Prospects
EA B C D
$Geothermal Resource
Assessment & Development
$ $ $ $
KPLC PRIVATE 1 PRIVATE 2
Power Purchase Agreement
Steam Supply Agreement
Development Strategy
GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE DEVELOPER
Exploration Drilling
Appraisal Drilling
Production Drilling
Steam Gathering Facilities
Reservoir Management
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Conclusions
Geothermal Energy will play a leading role in provision ofAfricasenergy needs and governments should provide;
Adequate human capacity through focused specialized training
Carefully prioritized Equipment and other resources required.
Funds for initial high risk investment stages ofgeothermaldevelopment
There is need to pool together in order to optimize use ofresources and accelerate development ofGeothermal Energy
Incentives such as tax holidays and an enabling Legal environmentwill go a long way in attracting and retaining private investors inthe Geothermal power industry.
Encourage public-private partnership participation.
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THANK YOU