module 1a - global perspectives 2010

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Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering University of Alaska Anchorage 1 Global Perspectives Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering “Y h hi f i d h Hi hN hi l i “Y h hi f i d h Hi hN hi l i “Y ou who this faint day the High North is luring “Y ou who this faint day the High North is luring Unto her vastness, taintlessly sweet; Unto her vastness, taintlessly sweet; You who are steel You who are steel-braced, straight braced, straight-lipped, enduring, lipped, enduring, Dreadless in danger and dire in defeat; Dreadless in danger and dire in defeat; Honor the High North ever and ever Honor the High North ever and ever UAA School of Engineering October 2010 Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives 2 Honor the High North ever and ever , Honor the High North ever and ever , Whether she crown you, or whether she slay; Whether she crown you, or whether she slay; Suffer her fury, cherish and love her Suffer her fury, cherish and love her- He who would rule he must learn to obey.” He who would rule he must learn to obey.” Robert Service, “Men of the High North”

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Page 1: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 1

Global PerspectivesGlobal Perspectivespp

Fundamentals of

Arctic Engineering

“Y h hi f i d h Hi h N h i l i“Y h hi f i d h Hi h N h i l i“You who this faint day the High North is luring“You who this faint day the High North is luring

Unto her vastness, taintlessly sweet;Unto her vastness, taintlessly sweet;

You who are steelYou who are steel--braced, straightbraced, straight--lipped, enduring,lipped, enduring,

Dreadless in danger and dire in defeat;Dreadless in danger and dire in defeat;

Honor the High North ever and everHonor the High North ever and ever

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Honor the High North ever and ever,Honor the High North ever and ever,

Whether she crown you, or whether she slay;Whether she crown you, or whether she slay;

Suffer her fury, cherish and love herSuffer her fury, cherish and love her--

He who would rule he must learn to obey.”He who would rule he must learn to obey.”

Robert Service, “Men of the High North”

Page 2: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 2

Presenter

Orson P. Smith, PE, Ph.D.

Professor of Civil Engineering

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Learning Objectives

• Understand primary physical reasons for S l i ti i th– Seasonal variations in weather,

– Heat balance of Earth and its atmosphere, and

– Long-term climate change.

• Recognize climate parameters that define cold regions

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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co d eg o s

• Learn of public sources for climate information

Page 3: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 3

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Solstices and Equinoxes

Northern hemisphere summer solstice

Vernal and autumnal equinoxes

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Northern hemisphere winter solstice

Page 4: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 4

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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• Low latitude areas

Global Heat Balance

receive excess solar energy

• Polar areas have a deficit

• North-South

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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circulation responsible for global heat balance

Page 5: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 5

Wind cells

Realistic Earth atmosphere circulation

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Hypothetical non-rotating Earth

Air Circulation and Prevailing Winds

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Page 6: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 6

Seasonal wind variations

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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July mean pressures and winds January mean pressures and winds

Sea Surface Circulation

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Page 7: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 7

El Niño and La Niña•Redistribution of heat energy in the Pacific from relaxation of trade winds•Corresponding shift of warm water westward •Areas of monsoon rains and drought are changed with disastrous consequencesT i l d t t i l

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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•Tropical and extra-tropical storms are generated with extraordinary energy.

Emission and Absorption Spectra

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Page 8: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 8

Greenhouse Effect

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Cold Regions of the World

Diemand, D. and Lever, J. April 2004. “Cold Regions Issues for Off-Road Autonomous Vehicles ” ERDC/CRREL TR-04-6 Hanover NH

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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A: Severely cold (Mean annual air temperatures are below 0°C, maximum snow depths exceed 60 cm, and lakes and rivers are ice covered for more than 180 days.)

B: Moderately cold (mean air temperatures during the coldest month are below 0°C)

Autonomous Vehicles, ERDC/CRREL TR-04-6, Hanover, NH

Page 9: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 9

Average Annual Temperature

Mean annual air temperatures

http://www.climate-charts.com/World-Climate-Maps.html#temperature

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Mean annual air temperaturesPermafrost abides where the average annual temperature is below freezing

http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/documentlibrary/clim81supp3/clim81.html

The integrated

Heating Index

The integrated number of degree-days colder than a base figure (usually 18ºC or

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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(usually 18 C or 65ºF) during a heating season

http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/documentlibrary/clim81supp3/clim81.html

Degree-days are to the base 65 F

Page 10: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 10

Mean annual "freezing index" or “freezing degree days”The integrated number of degree-days colder than 0º C during a winter

Freezing Index

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Anchorage Barrow

http://aprfc.arh.noaa.gov/frzdd_all_sites.html

the sum of differences between 0º C and the daily mean temperature of the days with means above 0º C

Thawing Index

temperature of the days with means above 0 C

Anchorage Barrow

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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http://aprfc.arh.noaa.gov/thawdd_all_sites.php

Page 11: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 11

Mean Monthly Snow Depth (inches)

LOCATION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Alyeska 26 31 35 25 3 0 0 0 0 2 7 21

Anchorage 9 10 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 8

Barrow 8 8 9 9 4 T 0 0 1 4 7 7

Bethel 8 8 8 4 T 0 0 0 0 T 3 7

Bettles 26 28 28 21 3 0 0 0 T 5 12 21

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Valdez 31 41 45 30 2 0 0 0 0 T 7 21

Whittier 37 46 52 38 8 1 0 0 0 1 6 20

http://climate.gi.alaska.edu/Climate/Precip_Snow/snowdepth_normals.html

Alaska Permafrost MapPermafrost

Chf

Cmf

Clf

Dhf

Dmf

Chr

Clr

Continuous(90 - 100%)Continuous(90 - 100%)Continuous(90 - 100%)

Extract of Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrostand

Ground Ice Conditions1997

Source DataU.S. Geological Survey

International Permafrost Association

Dmf

Dlf

Dhr

Dlr

Shf

Smf

Slf

Shr

Slr

Ihf

Imf

Ilf

Ihr

Ilr

Discontinuous(50 - 90%)

Sporadic(10 - 50%)

IsolatedPatches(0 - 10%)

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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glacier

500 0 500

KilometersCartographic Illustration:Wm. J. Lee

Page 12: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

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University of Alaska Anchorage 12

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Alaska Community and Highway Permafrost Exposure

500 0 500

Kilometers

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Source DataU.S. Geological Survey

International Permafrost Associationand

Alaska Department of Natural Resources GIS Database

Permafrost Extent Road Distance (km)

Continuous (90 - 100%) 734Discontinuous (50 - 90%) 1950Sporadic (10 - 50%) 307

Summary of Alaska Highways Susceptible to Permafrost

Highway Susceptibility

Continuous (90 - 100%)

Discontinuous (50 - 90%)

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Less than 10% 452

Permafrost Extent Total Communities Population

Continuous (90 - 100%) 87 40811Discontinuous (50 - 90 79 47140Sporadic (10 - 50%) 26 5235Less than 10% 129 396821

Summary of Alaska Communities Susceptible to Permafrost

Sporadic (10 - 50%)

Less than 10%

Community Susceptibility

Continuous (90 - 100%)$

Discontinuous ( 50 - 90%)$

Sporadic ( 10 - 50%)$

Less than 10%$

Cartographic Illustration:Wm. J. Lee

Polar Permafrost Map

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Page 13: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 13

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ol/climate/climatedata.html

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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http://climate.gi.alaska.edu/

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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Page 14: Module 1a - Global Perspectives 2010

Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering

University of Alaska Anchorage 14

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering Module 1a - Global Persepctives

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http://climate.uaa.alaska.edu/

Conclusion

UAA School of Engineering October 2010

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