module 1a - global perspectives 2010
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Module 1a - Global Perspectives Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering
University of Alaska Anchorage 1
Global PerspectivesGlobal Perspectivespp
Fundamentals of
Arctic Engineering
“Y h hi f i d h Hi h N h i l i“Y h hi f i d h Hi h N h i l i“You who this faint day the High North is luring“You who this faint day the High North is luring
Unto her vastness, taintlessly sweet;Unto her vastness, taintlessly sweet;
You who are steelYou who are steel--braced, straightbraced, straight--lipped, enduring,lipped, enduring,
Dreadless in danger and dire in defeat;Dreadless in danger and dire in defeat;
Honor the High North ever and everHonor the High North ever and ever
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Honor the High North ever and ever,Honor the High North ever and ever,
Whether she crown you, or whether she slay;Whether she crown you, or whether she slay;
Suffer her fury, cherish and love herSuffer her fury, cherish and love her--
He who would rule he must learn to obey.”He who would rule he must learn to obey.”
Robert Service, “Men of the High North”
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Presenter
Orson P. Smith, PE, Ph.D.
Professor of Civil Engineering
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Learning Objectives
• Understand primary physical reasons for S l i ti i th– Seasonal variations in weather,
– Heat balance of Earth and its atmosphere, and
– Long-term climate change.
• Recognize climate parameters that define cold regions
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co d eg o s
• Learn of public sources for climate information
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Solstices and Equinoxes
Northern hemisphere summer solstice
Vernal and autumnal equinoxes
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Northern hemisphere winter solstice
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• Low latitude areas
Global Heat Balance
receive excess solar energy
• Polar areas have a deficit
• North-South
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circulation responsible for global heat balance
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Wind cells
Realistic Earth atmosphere circulation
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Hypothetical non-rotating Earth
Air Circulation and Prevailing Winds
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Seasonal wind variations
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July mean pressures and winds January mean pressures and winds
Sea Surface Circulation
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El Niño and La Niña•Redistribution of heat energy in the Pacific from relaxation of trade winds•Corresponding shift of warm water westward •Areas of monsoon rains and drought are changed with disastrous consequencesT i l d t t i l
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•Tropical and extra-tropical storms are generated with extraordinary energy.
Emission and Absorption Spectra
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Greenhouse Effect
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Cold Regions of the World
Diemand, D. and Lever, J. April 2004. “Cold Regions Issues for Off-Road Autonomous Vehicles ” ERDC/CRREL TR-04-6 Hanover NH
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A: Severely cold (Mean annual air temperatures are below 0°C, maximum snow depths exceed 60 cm, and lakes and rivers are ice covered for more than 180 days.)
B: Moderately cold (mean air temperatures during the coldest month are below 0°C)
Autonomous Vehicles, ERDC/CRREL TR-04-6, Hanover, NH
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Average Annual Temperature
Mean annual air temperatures
http://www.climate-charts.com/World-Climate-Maps.html#temperature
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Mean annual air temperaturesPermafrost abides where the average annual temperature is below freezing
http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/documentlibrary/clim81supp3/clim81.html
The integrated
Heating Index
The integrated number of degree-days colder than a base figure (usually 18ºC or
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(usually 18 C or 65ºF) during a heating season
http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/documentlibrary/clim81supp3/clim81.html
Degree-days are to the base 65 F
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Mean annual "freezing index" or “freezing degree days”The integrated number of degree-days colder than 0º C during a winter
Freezing Index
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Anchorage Barrow
http://aprfc.arh.noaa.gov/frzdd_all_sites.html
the sum of differences between 0º C and the daily mean temperature of the days with means above 0º C
Thawing Index
temperature of the days with means above 0 C
Anchorage Barrow
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http://aprfc.arh.noaa.gov/thawdd_all_sites.php
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Mean Monthly Snow Depth (inches)
LOCATION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Alyeska 26 31 35 25 3 0 0 0 0 2 7 21
Anchorage 9 10 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 8
Barrow 8 8 9 9 4 T 0 0 1 4 7 7
Bethel 8 8 8 4 T 0 0 0 0 T 3 7
Bettles 26 28 28 21 3 0 0 0 T 5 12 21
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Valdez 31 41 45 30 2 0 0 0 0 T 7 21
Whittier 37 46 52 38 8 1 0 0 0 1 6 20
http://climate.gi.alaska.edu/Climate/Precip_Snow/snowdepth_normals.html
Alaska Permafrost MapPermafrost
Chf
Cmf
Clf
Dhf
Dmf
Chr
Clr
Continuous(90 - 100%)Continuous(90 - 100%)Continuous(90 - 100%)
Extract of Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrostand
Ground Ice Conditions1997
Source DataU.S. Geological Survey
International Permafrost Association
Dmf
Dlf
Dhr
Dlr
Shf
Smf
Slf
Shr
Slr
Ihf
Imf
Ilf
Ihr
Ilr
Discontinuous(50 - 90%)
Sporadic(10 - 50%)
IsolatedPatches(0 - 10%)
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glacier
500 0 500
KilometersCartographic Illustration:Wm. J. Lee
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Alaska Community and Highway Permafrost Exposure
500 0 500
Kilometers
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Source DataU.S. Geological Survey
International Permafrost Associationand
Alaska Department of Natural Resources GIS Database
Permafrost Extent Road Distance (km)
Continuous (90 - 100%) 734Discontinuous (50 - 90%) 1950Sporadic (10 - 50%) 307
Summary of Alaska Highways Susceptible to Permafrost
Highway Susceptibility
Continuous (90 - 100%)
Discontinuous (50 - 90%)
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Less than 10% 452
Permafrost Extent Total Communities Population
Continuous (90 - 100%) 87 40811Discontinuous (50 - 90 79 47140Sporadic (10 - 50%) 26 5235Less than 10% 129 396821
Summary of Alaska Communities Susceptible to Permafrost
Sporadic (10 - 50%)
Less than 10%
Community Susceptibility
Continuous (90 - 100%)$
Discontinuous ( 50 - 90%)$
Sporadic ( 10 - 50%)$
Less than 10%$
Cartographic Illustration:Wm. J. Lee
Polar Permafrost Map
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http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ol/climate/climatedata.html
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http://climate.gi.alaska.edu/
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http://climate.uaa.alaska.edu/
Conclusion
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