module 2 – nfpa 1403 chapter 4 general – administration · pdf filelive fire...

Live Fire Training – Operations Level Instructor Guide

Module 2 – NFPA 1403 Chapter 4 General Page 2 - 1

Module 2 – NFPA 1403 Chapter 4 General – Administration Page

Duration 2.25 hours

Scope Statement

This module focuses on the general requirements in NFPA 1403 Chapter 4.

Terminal Learning Objectives (TLO) At the conclusion of this module, participants will be able to describe the various considerations regarding live fire training including: safety practices, permits required, student prerequisites, safety officer, extreme weather, Instructor-in-Charge and Instructors, fire control team, personal protective clothing, communication, emergency medical services, water supply, fuel materials, parking/staging, visitors and spectators, and preburn plan/briefing.

Enabling Learning Objectives (ELO)

• ELO 2-1: Describe the safety practices that must be followed during live fire training evolutions including impact of extreme weather.

• ELO 2-2: Articulate the minimum training requirements for a student to participate in a live fire training evolution.

• ELO 2-3: Describe the role and responsibilities of a safety officer for live fire training evolutions.

• ELO 2-4: Describe the roles and responsibilities of the Instructor-in-Charge and Instructors for live fire training evolutions.

• ELO 2-5: Explain the duties of the fire control team. • ELO 2-6: Determine the appropriate personal protective clothing for live fire training

evolutions. • ELO 2-7: Establish coordinated fireground communication plan including evacuation plan. • ELO 2-8: Ensure basic life support emergency medical services and reporting functions

are available for live fire training evolutions. • ELO 2-9: Determine the rate and duration of waterflow necessary for each live fire training

evolution including backup lines and reserves. • ELO 2-10: Recognize the fuel materials that are allowed in live fire training evolutions per

1403. • ELO 2-11: Assess all parking/staging areas needed for live fire training evolutions

including vehicles/equipment that are part of evolution and those not part of evolution. • ELO 2-12: Determine visitor/spectator areas to ensure safety of those not participating in

evolutions.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Remind participants that this Administration Page will not be reviewed in detail but can be referenced by participant if more information is desired on module.


Module 2 – NFPA 1403 Chapter 4 General - 2

• ELO 2-13: Determine preburn plan/briefing that covers all facets of each evolution including crew assignments, props, possibility of victims, adjacent property notifications, and safeguards for streets or highways in the vicinity of evolutions.

Resources

• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions 2012 Edition – EACH PARTICIPANT MUST BRING THEIR OWN COPY OF NFPA 1403

• NFPA compliant self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) AND structural fire gear - EACH PARTICIPANT MUST BRING THEIR OWN EQUIPMENT

• Compact disc (CD) with supplemental training materials that includes copies of specific materials as noted in the content – one per participant

Instructor to Participant Ratio

1:25

Reference List • NFPA 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions 2012 Edition • NFPA 1142, Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting 2012 Edition • NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program 2013

Edition • NFPA 1402, Guide to Building Fire Service Training Centers 2012 Edition

Practical Exercise Statement

Group hands-on activities will be conducted in modules 6 and 7 which occur on days 2 and 3 of training, respectively.

Assessment Strategy

• Observation of student participation as well as performance in group activities • Instructor facilitated verbal review of module content • Administration of post-test

Prerequisites:

• Refer to the Ohio Emergency Medical Services (OEMS) Firefighter and Fire Safety Inspector Training Subcommittee list of prerequisites included at the beginning of this manual



Icon Description

Knowledge Check: Used when it is time to assess the learners’ understanding

Example: Used when there is a descriptive illustration to show or explain

Key Points: Used to convey essential learning concepts, discussions and introduction of supplemental material

Hint: Used to cover administrative items or instructional tips that aid in the flow of the instruction

Interaction: Used for suggested small group activity or other interaction

Video: Used to prompt instructor to play a video, which has been included on the slide

Live Fire Training – Operations Level

Instructor Notes Icon Map



Module 2 – NFPA 1403 Chapter 4 General

Slide 2-1

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: This slide provides a transition from discussing NFPA 1403 Chapters 1, 2, and 3 to discussing Chapter 4 – General. This is a new section in the 2012 edition of NFPA 1403.






Slide 2-2

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Divide the class into 2 or more groups (3 to 5 participants per group). Distribute a copy of the NIOSH Report (F2000-27) to each group. (A copy of the report is included on the CD of supplemental training materials given to each instructor so ensure sufficient copies are on hand for the number of groups. It is important for instructor to be familiar with the details of this incident prior to the training class.) Have each group review the report and discuss the investigator conclusions list found in the report. Assign each group 1 or 2 of the findings. Have each group prepare a presentation on the assigned conclusions and propose solutions to each issue, identifying who might be responsible for the implementation of the solution. Remind participants to use some of the acquired knowledge of NFPA 1403 that has been discussed previously.

Allow 15 minutes for activity including time for each group to review report, create presentation and present their findings on the assigned findings.


NIOSH F2000-27 REPORT

GROUP ACTIVITY




Slide 2-3

On April 30, 2000, a volunteer fire department prepared to complete a controlled-burn training evolution. At 0700 hours, the following volunteer firefighters gathered at the fire station to discuss their plan of action: the Chief, Assistant Chief (the victim), Captain, Second Rescue Lieutenant, Chief Engineer, Third Assistant Chief Engineer, and four firefighters. At 0730 hours, they arrived on the scene of a 2½-story farmhouse which they would use to complete the controlled-burn training evolution. After completing their setup of laying out water curtains (a stream of water projected through a pipe to cool exposures) and hoselines, the firefighters walked through the structure to familiarize themselves with the layout. The Chief, victim, and Second Rescue Lieutenant entered the front door of the structure and placed hay on the floor. The firefighters ignited the hay and completed the first training evolution by extinguishing the fire. The firefighters then completed three additional training evolutions (all the same) before taking a break. The firefighters then completed additional training using gasoline-powered saws to cut holes in the interior floors and porch roof. The firefighters then regrouped and prepared to complete the last training evolution, which involved burning the structure from top to bottom. The victim, Second Rescue Lieutenant, Third Assistant Chief Engineer, and a firefighter proceeded to the attic of the structure (a room approximately 1,000 square feet with an 8-foot ceiling). The victim used a small liquid sprayer to spray diesel fuel on debris, which was spread throughout the attic. The Second Rescue Lieutenant and the Third Assistant Chief Engineer

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: The group activity will afford the opportunity to discuss the Delaware incident. This slide allows for a summary of the incident, if needed. Briefly discuss this Delaware live fire training case study that resulted in the death of the volunteer Assistant Chief. An overview of the incident is included in the content below this slide. It is important for the instructor to review the details of this case study and discuss the major lessons learned. A copy of the full NIOSH F2000-27 fatality report is included on the CD that has been given to each participant.


NIOSH FATALITY REPORT • NIOSH F2000-27 –

Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Report

• Delaware – April 30, 2000

Photo courtesy of Delaware State Fire Marshal’s Office

• Volunteer Assistant Chief dies during controlled-burn training evolution



struck a flare and ignited the debris in several places throughout the attic. The fire quickly accelerated and all the firefighters in the attic, except for the victim who was wearing full turnouts and a self-contained breathing apparatus, exited. The victim stated that he was going to stay in the attic to make sure that the fire was burning adequately. The fire intensified and smoke and heat started banking down the attic stairs. The Chief and firefighters noticed that the victim did not exit and made several attempts to locate him. The Captain and Second Rescue Lieutenant were able to locate the victim, who was unconscious on the attic floor, but were unable to remove him. Shortly after, the attic roof collapsed, forcing the firefighters to make a defensive attack. The fire was eventually extinguished and the firefighters removed the victim, who was pronounced dead at the scene.

NIOSH investigators concluded that, to minimize the risk of similar incidents, fire departments should:

• ensure that flammable or combustible liquids as defined in NFPA 30 not be used in live fire training

• ensure that proper ventilation is in place before a controlled burn takes place • ensure that fires not be ignited in any designated path of exit • ensure that an evacuation signal is communicated to all firefighters prior to ignition • ensure that a building evacuation plan is in place and all firefighters are familiar with the

plan • ensure that a method of fireground communication is established to enable coordination

among the incident commander and firefighters • ensure that a safety officer be appointed for all live fire training • ensure that each firefighter be equipped with full protective clothing and a SCBA • ensure that backup personnel are standing by with equipment, ready to provide

assistance or rescue • ensure that only one person be assigned as the "ignition officer" and it not be a firefighter

participating in the training • ensure that exterior fire attack is at a minimum during search and rescue • ensure that firefighters who enter a hazardous condition enter as a team of two or more.1

A copy of the full NIOSH F2000-27 report is included on the CD that has been given to each participant for more information on this incident.




Slide 2-4

Slide 2-5

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Briefly explain the learning objectives for this module that appear on these slides and subsequent slides. Do not spend too much time on each objective because each of the topics will be discussed in detail on subsequent slides.


Module 2 – NFPA Chapter 4 Learning Objectives: • Describe the safety practices that must be followed

during live fire training evolutions including impact of extreme weather

• Articulate the minimum training requirements for a student to participate in a live fire training evolution

• Describe the role and responsibilities of a safety officer for live fire training evolutions

• Describe the roles and responsibilities of the Instructor- in-Charge and Instructors for live fire training evolutions


Module 2 – NFPA Chapter 4 Learning Objectives (cont.): • Explain the duties of the fire control team

• Determine the appropriate personal protective clothing for live fire training evolutions

• Establish coordinated fireground communication plan including evacuation plan

• Ensure basic life support emergency medical services and reporting functions are available for live fire training evolutions




Slide 2-6

Slide 2-7

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Continue to briefly explain the learning objectives for this module.


Module 2 – NFPA Chapter 4 Learning Objectives (cont.): • Determine the rate and duration of waterflow necessary

for each live fire training evolution including backup lines and reserves

• Recognize the fuel materials that are allowed in live fire

training evolutions per 1403

• Assess all parking/staging areas needed for live fire training evolutions including vehicles/equipment that are part of evolution and those not part of evolution


Module 2 – NFPA Chapter 4 Learning Objectives (cont.): • Determine visitor/spectator areas to ensure safety of

those not participating in evolutions

• Determine preburn plan/briefing that covers all facets of each evolution including crew assignments, props, possibility of victims, adjacent property notifications, and safeguards for streets or highways in the vicinity of evolutions




Slide 2-8

All live fire training evolutions must comply with the information presented in Chapter 4. Strict safety practices must be applied to all structures selected for live fire training evolution. There are a wide variety of permits required to burn a structure including but not limited to: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) permits, local demolition permits, water use permits, etc. All permits and their associated documents must be kept and maintained for future use.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE:

The information specified in NFPA 1403 Chapter 4 applies to all live fire training evolutions and strict safety practices must be applied to all structures selected. All written materials need to be on file prior to live fire training event. Although a few examples of permits are included in the content below this slide, more discussion on permits occurs on subsequent slides.


Chapter 4 • Application

• Permits – EPA

– Building codes

– Documentation




Slide 2-9

As noted in Chapter 4, since the EPA plays a major role in providing permits to conduct live fire training, it is important to know what EPA office has jurisdiction in your region. The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) created a document titled “Burning Down the House – How Can Your Fire Department Do It Properly?” to assist fire departments with all of the permits that must be obtained prior to a live fire training event. A copy of the document is included on the following pages. Although the OEPA handout is dated January 2010, it is the most current version available at the time of printing. It is recommended that before conducting any live fire training, visit the OEPA website and/or contact OEPA to determine if an updated version is available. Furthermore, each district may have slightly different interpretations of the EPA guidance so it is imperative to understand what those local interpretations are before conducting live fire training.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: As noted in Chapter 4, since the EPA plays a major role in providing permits to conduct live fire burns, it is important that all participants know what Ohio EPA division office covers their jurisdictions. Refer to Ohio EPA handout dated January 2010 on “Burning Down the House” that is included on the next several pages: The January 2010 version of this document is the most current version of the EPA handout at the time of printing this manual. Although it is the most current version, there are some concerns with some of the information included in the document (e.g., referencing State Fire Marshal Division instead of the Ohio Division of Emergency Medical Services (OEMS)). Furthermore, each district may have slightly different interpretations of the EPA guidance. PRIOR to training, it is important for instructor to visit the EPA website and/or contact the EPA to determine if an updated version of this handout is available as well as check on the local district interpretations. OPTIONAL - if an EPA representative is available to attend this portion of the training, invite the person to discuss EPA’s role in relation to live fire burn training in the area.


The EPA has five districts in Ohio.

OhI0

• I Environmental Protection Agency

January 201O

Burning Down the House How Can Your Fire Department Do it Properly?

For more realistic training, fire departments sometimes burn structures such as commercial buildings, residential homes and barns that are destined to be torn down. Situations where these structures are legally burned as part of a supervised fire training exercise are invaluable to fire department personnel. Unfortu- nately, due to the potential exposure to toxic fumes and hazardous materials, this can adversely affect human health and the environment. This fact sheet details the steps fire departments must take to minimize the potential impact to human health and the environment and ensure compliance with Ohio's rules.

Ohio's open burning rules prohibit the burning of any structure without first obtaining an open burning permit from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio EPA). The intentional burning of any structure (or part of a structure) is considered demolition and requires a thorough inspection to determine the presence of asbestos and other hazardous materials.

Fire departments must provide notification, follow specific work practices and ensure proper disposal of regulated material.

Fire training instruction

The first step is to determine if the burn will be used for instructional purposes. To make that determina- tion, Ohio EPA defers to the instruction in methods of fire fighting as recognized by the State Fire Mar- shal Division of the Ohio Depart- ment of Commerce and the latest guidelines set forth in the National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA) publication 1403: Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions, Chapter 4, Acquired Structures . If these instructions and guidelines are not followed, the burning is not considered fire training .

Asbestos certification

Asbestos is not destroyed by fire but the materials that bind the asbestos fibers together are. Once the binding materials are destroyed, the asbestos fibers are released and may be inhaled. It is vital that all asbestos-containing material be removed prior to burning the structure to protect the health of firefighters and citizens alike.

If the structure (this includes residential homes) meets the requirements for a fire training exercise it must be inspected by an Ohio Asbestos Hazard Evaluation Spe- cialist. The fire department or homeowner must secure an asbestos survey and hire a licensed asbestos specialist to remove any regulated asbestos-containing material, including Category I and Category II non-friable asbestos- containing material.

The Ohio Department of Health licenses asbestos specialists and maintains a listing on their Web page at www.odh.ohio.gov/ odhPrograms/dspc/asbes1/ asbestos1 .aspx.

Ohio EPA, Office of Compliance Assistance & Pollution Prevention P.O. Box 1049 Columbus , Ohio 43216-1049 (800 ) 329-7518

Pnnted on recycled paper Ohio EPAis an Equal Opportunity Employer

www epa ohiogovAX'app

Module 2 - NFPA 1403 Chapter 4 General Page 2 - 12

Instructor Guide

Note: Burning solely for purposes of urban renewal or for inexpensive disposal is not considered fire training and would be a violation of Ohio's open burning rules, thereby subjecting the violator to enforcement action.

Note: Only an Ohio Asbestos Hazard Evaluation Specialist can certify that asbestos is or is not present.

Note: The small residential exemption for asbestos abatement and demolition does not apply to a structure that is intentionally burned.


Notification Requirements

Ohio EPA requires fire departments to submit a Notification of Demolition and Renovation form at least 10 working days before any asbestos abatement or training begins. It is important to note that this form is required regardless of whether asbestos is presumed in the structure . Faxed forms or e-mail attach- ments are not acceptable as legal documents . For more information on the asbestos notification requirements, see the online fact sheet, instructions and form at www.epa .ohio.gov/dapc/atu/ asbestos/asbestos.aspx . If you have questions about the form or need more information, please refer to the contact list found at www.epa.ohio.gov/dapc/atu/ asbestos/asb_cont .aspx.

Burning of any structure in Ohio is considered open burning and requires submittal of a written application for permission at least 10 working days (excluding weekends and legal holidays) before the burn. Ohio EPA's open burning request form and the open burning contact list is located at www.epa.ohio.gov/dapc/general/ openburning.aspx. The mailing address where you need to send the completed open burning and asbestos notification applications is found on the last page of this fact sheet or at www.epa.ohio.gov/ dapc/general/dolaa.aspx.

Who do Icontact for help?

If you need help completing the form(s) , contact the Office of Compliance Assistance and Pollution Prevention (OCAPP) at (800) 329-7518 weekdays, 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. Any questions concerning open burning should be directed to the appropriate open burning contact listed at www.epa.ohio.gov/dapc/ general/openburning.aspx.

2

County open burning and asbestos contact information can also be obtained by calling Ohio EPA's Division of Air Pollution Control at (614) 644-2270.


Instructor Guide

Note: V\/hile some open burning only requires notification, open burning of a structure for fire training purposes requires an open burning permit.

Note: Under no circumstances can regulated asbestos-containing material be left in any structure being intentionally burned.

Asbestos-containing material can include, but is not limited to:

roofing shingles ; drywall; siding; mastic (i.e., glue, adhesives); ceiling tiles; wall plaster and joint compounds; floor tiles; water and steam pipe wraps and insulating material; plaster vermiculite insulation; furnace insulation and older types of furnace duct tape; and window glazing and caulking.

To ensure the health and safety of the community and to ensure the environment is not negatively impacted, you must remove all hazardous materials prior to the burn. If you have questions concerning specific materials that must be removed prior to the burn, contact your open burning inspector. These materials can include, but are not limited to:

vinyl siding; asphalt shingles; batteries; stored chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, paints, glues, sealers, tars, photographic reagents; stored linoleum, plastics, rubber, tires or insulated wire; smoke alarms; fluorescent lights, ballasts and transformers; thermostats; electronic devices; and hazardous wastes.



C hec k list to Co nd uct a Fire Tra ining Exerc ise

The following checklist is intended for your use to ensure that all items have been addressed in order to receive permission to conduct a fire training exercise on any structure. Forms 1 and 2 (identified below) are required in order to receive a burn per mit Remember that you must receive written per mission before the fire training exercise can begin.

-

Form 1: Ohio EPA Notification of Demolition & Renovation form - for burning any structure (for instance, a house, barn or garage) . This form certifies that no regulated asbestos is present or that all regulated asbestos including Category I and Category 1 1 non-friable asbestos-containing material will be removed pr ior to the bur n. The notification must identify the licensed Ohio Asbestos Hazard Evaluation Specialist that conducted the survey. Form must be postmarked or hand-delivered (not faxed) 10 working days prior to the burn and/or any asbestos abatement activities.

Note : This form is required any time a live fire is being set inside the structure, even for interior-only smoke training (room and content burns).

The Notification of Demolition & Renovation form is COMPLETE (for instance , all applicable lines are filled in and the form is signed by the fire department in charge of the training).

Note: The 10 working day waiting period does not start until the complete application is postmarked or hand-delivered to Ohio EPA or the applicable local air agency.

Form 2: Open Burning P ermit Application for Fire Training Exercise. This form requir es submittal by the fire department at least 10 wor king days (excluding weekends and legal holidays) before the burn

- All hazardous materials that would endanger the health and safety of the firefighters, the public and the environment have been remov ed. (If you have questions concerning specific materials that must be removed prior to the burn, contact your open burning inspector.)

- Asphalt shingles or other petroleum based materials are NOT present. (Exceptions include

interior/smoke training only where no part of the structure will be burned, when unsafe conditions prevent removal, or upon satisfactory demonstration that it is necessary to leave such items for specific training purposes . To leave asphalt shingles on the structure , however , you must first obtain approval from your open burning inspector.)

No vinyl siding is present on the structure's exterior. (Exceptions include interior/smoke training only where no part of the structure will be burned , when unsafe conditions prevent removal, or upon satisfactory demonstration that it is necessary to leave such items for specific training purposes. To leave vinyl siding on the structure , however , you must first obtain approval from your open burning inspector.)

3

Instructor Guide



Asbestos Contact List - District Offices/Local Air Agencies Jurisdiction Map

District Offices COO Central District Office

50 West Town Street, Suite 700 Columbus, OH 43215 (614) 728-3778 FAX (614) 728-3898

SEDO Southeast District Office

2195 Front SI. Logan, OH 43138 (740) 385-8501 FAX (740) 385-6490

NEDO Northeast District Office

2110 E. Aurora Rd. Twinsburg, OH 44087 (330) 425-9171 FAX (330) 487-0769

NWDO Northwest District Office

347 North Dunbridge Rd. Bowling Green, OH 43402 (419) 352-846 1 FAX (419) 352-8468

SWDO Southwest District Office

401 E. Fifth SI. Dayton, OH 45402-2911 (937) 285-6357 FAX (937) 285-6249

This map shows jurisdictional boundaries. Shaded areas represent local agencies within Ohio EPA districts.

Local Air Pollution Control Agencies

Akron Regional Air Quality Management District 146 South High SI, Room 904 Akron, Ohio 44308 (330) 375-2480 FAX (330) 375-2402

Air Pollution Control Division Canton City Health Dept. 420 Market Ave. North Canton, Ohio 44702-1544 (330) 489-3385 FAX (330) 489-3335

Dept. of Environmental Services Air Quality Programs 250 William Howard Taft Road Cincinnati, Ohio 45219-2660 (513) 946-7777 FAX (513) 946-7778

Cleveland Dept. of Public Health Division of Air Quality 75 Erieview Plaza, 2nd Floor Cleveland, Ohio 44114 (216) 664-2297 FAX (216) 420-8047

Regional Air Pollution Control Agency Montgomery County Health Dept. 117 South Main st. Dayton, Ohio 45422-1280 (937) 225-4435 FAX (937) 225-3486

Lake County General Health District Air Pollution Control * 33 Mill Street Painesville, Ohio 44077 (440) 350-2543 FAX (440 ) 350-2548

Portsmouth Local Air Agency 605 Washington st., Third Floor Portsmouth , Ohio 45662 (740) 353-5156 FAX (740) 353-3638

City of Toledo Division of Environmental Services 348 South Erie Street Toledo, Ohio 43604 (419) 936-3015 FAX (419) 936-3959

rxxJ Mahoning-Trumbull APC Agency * l..!..!I 345 Oak Hill Ave. , Suite 200

Youngstown, Ohio 44502 (330) 743-3333 FAX (330) 744-1928

*Facilities localed within these jurisdictions should file air permit applications with Ohio EPA's Northeast District Office (NEDD).

9109

4

Instructor Guide

II

D

[IIJ

D




Slide 2-10

Additional regulations and interpretations of EPA guidelines may apply to each region or to a specified area within a region. It is important to know exactly what those region specific details are prior to conducting live burn training.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Review the Central and Northeast District EPA office contact information and counties served.

Central District Office Lazarus Government Center 50 W. Town St., Suite 700 Columbus, Ohio 43215 Telephone: (614) 728-3778 Fax: (614) 728-3898

Mailing Address: Ohio EPA – CDO P.O. Box 1049 Columbus, Ohio 43216-1049 Telephone: (614) 728-3778 Fax: (614) 728-3898

Counties Served: Delaware, Fairfield, Fayette, Franklin, Knox, Licking, Madison, Morrow, Pickaway, and Union.

Northeast District Office 2110 East Aurora Road Twinsburg, Ohio 44087 Telephone: (330) 963-1200 Fax: (330) 487-0769

Counties Served: Ashtabula, Carroll, Columbia, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Holmes, Lake, Lorain, Mahoning, Medina, Portage, Stark, Summit, Trumbull and Wayne.


EPA Offices




Slide 2-11

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Review the Southeast, Northwest, and Southwest District EPA office contact information and counties served.

Southeast District Office 2195 Front Street Logan, Ohio 43138 Phone: (740) 385-8501 Fax: (740) 385-6490 Counties Served: Adams, Athens, Belmont, Coshocton, Gallia, Guernsey, Harrison, Hocking, Jackson, Jefferson, Lawrence, Meigs, Monroe, Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, Perry, Pike, Ross, Scioto, Tuscarawas, Vinton, and Washington.

Northwest District Office 347 N. Dunbridge Road Bowling Green, Ohio 43402 Phone: (419) 352-8461 Fax: (4199) 352-8468 Counties Served: Allen, Ashland, Auglaize, Crawford, Defiance, Erie, Fulton, Hancock, Hardin, Henry, Huron, Lucas, Marion, Mercer, Ottawa, Paulding, Putnam, Richland, Sandusky, Seneca, Van Wert, Williams, Wood, and Wyandot.

Southwest District Office 401 East Fifth Street

Dayton, Ohio 45402Phone: (937) 285-6357Fax: (937) 285-6249

Counties Served: Brown, Butler, Champaign, Clark, Clermont, Clinton, Darke, Greene,

Hamilton, Highland, Logan, Miami, Montgomery, Preble, Shelby and Warren.





Slide 2-12

Ohio Administrative Code (OAC) 3745-20 contains regulations for controlling asbestos emissions from demolition and renovation projects. Ohio's regulations are consistent with U.S. EPA's National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) standards for asbestos. As noted in the OEPA’s “Burning Down the House” publication included on previous pages, while some open burning only requires notification, open burning of a structure for fire training purposes requires an open burning permit. For more information on asbestos permits relating to live fire training, visit www.epa.ohio.ogv/dapc/atu/asbestos/asbestos.aspx.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Regarding EPA burn permits, be aware of specific requirements; majority of complaints received afterward are due to runoff water. Notify all neighbors and educate them on the importance of live fire training. Invite them to watch the event.

Give examples of where asbestos can be found on a structure including floor and ceiling tile, tape on drywall, heating and cooling systems, siding, etc. The picture on the slide is of transite (cement bestos) siding which contains asbestos and therefore would have to be abated before burning would be allowed. A website is included in the content below the slide for the Ohio EPA site where participants should go to get more information on asbestos permits relating to live fire training.


EPA Burn Permits • The burn permit forms are universal

throughout the state, however some regions may have specific rules to adhere to while conducting a burn.

• Asbestos abatement

is mandatory throughout Ohio.




Slide 2-13

Each jurisdiction may have specific requirements regarding many aspects of live fire burns that must be determined, including:

• Municipalities • Neighborhood Organizations • Demolition Permits/Requirements • Sewers and drains sealed • Proof of ownership • No liens • Insurance cancelled • Utilities disconnected and separated • Seal basement and perimeter drains

There may be additional permits and notifications required within your jurisdiction including:

• Bus routes • Streets closed • Demolition permits • Notifications may include but not limited to – neighbors, day care, senior care centers,

hospitals, etc.

A lawyer or city/county attorney may be needed to verify the appropriateness of any and all documents.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Besides EPA requirements, there may be other requirements for each particular region. It is important to find out the specific permit and notification requirements that apply to your jurisdiction. Some of these requirements may prevent a burn from taking place.


Be aware of specific requirements:

• Municipalities • Neighborhood Organizations • Demolition Permits/Requirements • Sewers and drains sealed • Proof of ownership • No liens • Insurance cancelled • Utilities disconnected and separated • Seal basement and perimeter drains




Slide 2-14

According to NFPA 1403, prior to being permitted to participate in live fire training evolutions, students shall have received training to meet the minimum job performance requirements for Firefighter I in NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, related to the following subjects:

• Safety • Fire behavior • Extinguishers • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Ladders • Fire hose, appliances • Overhaul • Water supply • Ventilation • Forcible entry

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Live fire training must not be the first time a participant becomes familiar with firefighting equipment. NFPA 1403 identifies the prerequisite skills and knowledge that are listed on the slide that a person must obtain before attending live fire training. Participants should be able to show either with documentation or personal experience their previous level of training.

NFPA 1001 also requires radio use, vehicle safety, search and rescue, scene illumination, tool maintenance and fire hose care and maintenance. Written evidence must be provided if the student is unknown to the AHJ. Student should be affiliated with a department or agency.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Student Prerequisites – Safety

– Fire Behavior

– Extinguishers

– PPE

– Ladders

– Fire hose, appliances

– Overhaul

– Water supply

– Ventilation

– Forcible entry

– Building construction



• Building construction

In addition, NFPA 1001 also covers radio use, vehicle safety, search and rescue, scene illumination, tool maintenance and fire hose care and maintenance. Written evidence must be provided that a student has satisfied these prerequisites, if the student is unknown to the AHJ. Ideally, a student should be affiliated with a department or agency.

For more information, see NFPA 1001 at www.nfpa.org.




Slide 2-15

Instructors and Safety Officers (SO) need a good understanding of the NFPA 1403 standard and should be aware that each structure is unique. According to OSHA 1910.120, Safety Officers shall alter, suspend, or terminate immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) activities, regardless of rank. The SO’s primary responsibilities are to prevent unsafe acts and eliminate unsafe conditions for everyone on the scene. The SO shall have no additional duties and must be knowledgeable of the safety features pertinent to the scene.

NFPA 1403 must be applied with the understanding that every training structure is different with its own unique characteristics whether it is an acquired structure or a fixed training burn building. Annex A lists some of the factors that would affect how NFPA 1403 is applied to a specific structure including:

1. Number of stories 2. Construction (concrete, concrete block, metal buildings) 3. Type and quantity of structural protective lining systems (SPLS)

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Instructors and Safety Officers need a good understanding of NFPA 1403 and should be aware that each structure is unique. The Safety Officer is always appointed by the AHJ. The instructor should emphasize the content under this slide, especially as it relates to Annex A factors that should be applied to a specific structure.

Emphasize and explain the Safety Officer’s duty to alter, suspend, or terminate immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) activities. The Safety Officer checklist is part of the Responsibilities of Personnel checklist included in the Annex and discussed in module 4. The Safety Officer portion of the checklist is highlighted in the content below this slide for you to review with the participants.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Safety Officer (SO) – Authority regardless of rank – Responsibilities include:

• Prevent unsafe acts • Eliminate unsafe conditions

– Safety of everyone on scene – No other duties – Knowledgeable in safety features – Safety assistants as needed



4. Type of temperature monitoring systems (TMS) 5. Size of rooms 6. Number of burn rooms 7. Type, size and number of windows/doors 8. Type, size and number of ventilation openings/chop outs 9. Fuel utilized in live fire evolutions (straw, excelsior, pallets, propane gas, natural gas, or

a combination) 10. Types of interior finish materials on ceiling, walls, and floors. 11. Type and number of means of egress and means of escape 12. Prevailing winds 13. Altitude

Safety Assistants may be needed to watch for signs of fire in voids. These should stop the training evolution.

The Safety Officer checklist is part of the Responsibilities of Personnel checklist included in the Annex and discussed in module 4. Below is the Safety Officer portion of the checklist highlighted.

Safety Officer 1. Prevent unsafe acts 2. Eliminate unsafe conditions 3. Intervene and terminate unsafe acts 4. Supervise additional safety personnel, as

needed 5. Coordinate lighting of fires with

instructor-in-charge 6. Ensure compliance of participants’

personal equipment with applicable standards:

□ Protective clothing □ Self-contained breathing apparatus

(SCBA) □ Personal alarm devices, where used

7. Ensure that all participants are accounted for, both before and after each evolution




Slide 2-16

Severe weather presents the potential for health and safety hazards to all persons attending and participating in the live fire training exercise. Extreme weather has a very wide range effect on the burn evolution, ranging from the increase of an actual incident occurring to the fact that high temperatures cause heat stress, wind velocity can increase fire spread, cold can cause frostbite and/or slippery conditions and storms may cause lightning.

Extreme weather warrants the careful consideration of limiting activity, waiting for the weather to pass, or postponing the training.

EPA will also have weather restrictions that must be followed such as ozone action alert.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Extreme weather must be considered when planning for a live fire training event. EPA will also have weather restrictions that must be followed. Weather is discussed in more detail later in this module.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Extreme weather

• EPA weather restrictions




Slide 2-17

The Instructor-in-Charge (IiC) must have received training to meet the minimum job performance requirements for Fire Instructor I in NFPA 1041, Standard for Fire Service Instructor Professional Qualifications. IiC is fully responsible for live fire training event including ensuring sufficient rest and rehab for participants.

The IiC must provide for rest and rehabilitation of participants including instructors operating at the scene, including any necessary medical evaluation and treatment, food and fluid replenishment, and relief from climatic conditions. The IiC must consider how lunch/refreshments will be handled during live burn evolution. Rest and rehab are discussed in more detail in module 4.

The Instructor-in-Charge and Instructor checklist is part of the Responsibilities of Personnel checklist included in the Annex and discussed in module 4. Below is the portion of the checklist highlighted to show the Instructor-in-Charge and Instructors responsibilities.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Review the Instructor-in-Charge/Instructors considerations as listed on slide. Specifically note that Instructor-in-Charge must consider how lunch/refreshments are going to be handled during live fire burn evolutions PRIOR to the event. Inform participants that rest and rehab will be discussed in more detail in module 4.

The Instructor-in-Charge and Instructor checklist is part of the Responsibilities of Personnel checklist included in the Annex and discussed in module 4. The IiC and Instructor portion of the checklist is highlighted in the content below this slide for you to review with the participants.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Instructor in Charge (IiC) and Instructors – IiC fully responsible – IiC coordinates activity – IiC assigns instructors

• 1 for each crew up to 5 participants

• 1 for each back-up line • 1 for each functional assignment

– IiC provides rest and rehab area



Instructor-in-Charge 1. Plan and coordinate all training activities 2. Monitor activities to ensure safe practices 3. Inspect training structure integrity prior to

each fire 4. Assign instructors:

o Attack hose lines o Backup hose lines o Functional assignments o Teaching assignments

5. Brief instructors on responsibilities:

o Accounting for assigned students o Assessing student performance o Clothing and equipment inspection o Monitoring safety o Achieving tactical and training

objectives 6. Assign coordinating personnel, as

needed:

o Emergency Medical Services o Communications o Water supply o Apparatus staging o Equipment staging o Breathing apparatus o Personnel welfare o Public relations

7. Ensure adherence to this standard by all persons within the training area




Slide 2-18

If you are the Instructor-in-Charge on the day of the live burn, you are responsible for everybody and everything, including spectators and media. The typical cyclical steps that the IiC will go through includes:

1. Plan and coordinate 2. Monitor activities 3. Inspect building integrity 4. Assign instructors 5. Brief instructors 6. Assign coordinating personnel 7. Ensure adherence to standard

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Review the 7 steps on slide and explain how they are interrelated. Ultimately if you get to step 7 and the standard has not be adhered to, then you must start at Step 1 again. If something would go wrong, there is one person that will be asked why and that is the IiC. The IiC is held to a higher standard of accountability.


Chapter 4 - Instructor-in-Charge 7

Ensure Adherence to

Standard 6

Assign Coordinating Personnel

5 Brief

Instructors

1 Plan &

Coordinate

2 Monitor Activities

4 Assign

3 Inspect Building Integrity

Instructors




Slide 2-19

As part of the rest and rehabilitation of instructors, duty assignments shall be rotated. An instructor might switch from instructor position to the ignition officer and then rotate to observer and then safety officer to gain experience in each position as well as minimize exposure to the heat from the fire. During rest and rehab it is important for IiC to make sure PPE is removed to reduce thermal saturation.

As the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ), each chartered fire training program should specify the qualifications that must be met for each position. For example, the following are the qualifications from the Ohio Fire Academy’s SOP for the Instructor-in-Charge.

Instructor-in-Charge shall have an extensive background in instruction and live fire training with additional background related to management (minimum of 5 years of experience). The

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Instructor should emphasize to participants that as part of the required rest and rehab for instructors, duty assignments must be rotated AND PPE must be removed during rest and rehab to reduce thermal saturation of PPE. Rehab is discussed in more detail in module 4.

As is noted in the content below this slide, NFPA 1403 does not specify what constitutes extreme temperatures, large groups, or long durations; therefore, each chartered fire training program should specify this in their standard operating procedures (SOPs).

Review the example from the Ohio Fire Academy’s SOP on the qualifications to be an Instructor-in-Charge included in the content below this slide.


Chapter 4 – IiC/Instructors • Instructor-in-Charge (IiC) and Instructors (cont.)

– IiC rotates duty assignments of instructors • To include the removal of PPE

– All instructors are qualified by AHJ

– Additional instructors for • Extreme temperatures • Large groups • Long durations

OHIO FIRE ACADEMY POSITION DESCRIPTION FOR INSTRUCTOR-IN-CHARGE:



IiC shall have instructional live fire experience in acquired structures, fixed facilities, interior and exterior props as well as Class B type fires. The IiC shall have participated in a minimum of 150 live fire training sessions as an instructor. IiC shall be Ohio Level II Firefighter Certified with the following experience:

§ Ohio Level II Fire Instructor (minimum 5 years of experience as an instructor) § Completed training on NFPA 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions § Completed Incident Command System training § Completed Safety Officer Training Program § Completed training on Personnel Accountability Safety Systems (PASS) § Has extensive knowledge of facility operations and procedures § Held a functional role in a minimum of 150 Live fire training sessions

NFPA 1403 does not specify what constitutes extreme temperatures, large groups, or long durations; therefore, each chartered fire training program should specify this in their standard operating procedures (SOPs).




Slide 2-20

Prior to the ignition of any fire, it is the responsibility of the IiC and Instructors to ensure all personal protective clothing and equipment are being worn according to manufacturer’s specification.

Instructors must take a personal accountability report (PAR) when entering and exiting a structure or prop during live fire training evolutions. It is the responsibility of the Instructors to monitor and supervise all assigned students during the live fire training evolution.

As discussed previously, weather conditions must be considered at all times. It is the responsibility of the IiC and Instructors to be aware of weather conditions, wind velocity, and wind direction including a final check for possible changes immediately before actual ignition.

The Instructors and Safety Officer must be trained in the complete operation of gas-fueled training systems or other specialty props. The training must be performed by an individual authorized by the gas-fueled training system and specialty prop manufacturer or by others qualified to perform the training.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Although props are first mentioned on this slide, props will be covered in greater detail in subsequent modules.


Chapter 4 – IiC/Instructors • Instructor-in-Charge (IiC) and Instructors (cont.)

– PPE worn properly – PAR when entering and exiting – Monitor students – Monitor weather at all times – Trained to use props

• Gas fueled training systems • Pre trained




Slide 2-21

The Fire Control Team shall consist of a minimum of two personnel: Ignition Officer and Observer. The Ignition Officer ignites, maintains, and controls the materials being burned. One member of the Fire Control Team must have the principal function of observing the Ignition Officer while igniting or maintaining the fire. The Fire Control Team members shall rotate to prevent overheating throughout training evolutions. The Fire Control Team must recognize, report, and respond to adverse or unanticipated conditions. The decision to have the Ignition Officer ignite the training fire is made by the IiC in coordination with the SO. The Fire Control Team must wear full personal protective clothing (PPC), including SCBA. A charged hose line must be available when the Fire Control Team is igniting or tending to any fire. Before a fire is ignited, an instructor must visually confirm the flame area is clear of personnel being trained.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: The next position discussed in NFPA 1403 is the Fire Control Team. Review all bulleted items on the slide with participants. The Ignition Officer and Ignition Officer Observer must rotate to prevent overheating. The risk of heat stress increases after continual repeat exposures. No one should ever be inside the structure by themselves. Never allow anyone to say, “Go on out, and I’ll be out in a moment”.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Fire Control Team – Ignition Officer

– Ignition Officer Observer (Observer)

– Decision to ignite by IiC and SO

– Ignited by Ignition Officer

– Full PPE (including SCBA)

– Charged hose line

– Visual confirmation of all clear by an instructor




Slide 2-22

The PPC for participants and instructors shall be in serviceable condition and worn in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Dirty and/or worn gear shall not be allowed. NFPA 1851, Standard on Selection, Care, and Maintenance of Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting, 2008 edition provides guidance on PPC being of serviceable condition.

Protective coats, trousers, hoods, footwear, helmets, and gloves shall meet the requirement of NFPA 1971, Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting. SCBA should meet the requirements of NFPA 1981, Standard on Open-Circuit Self- Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services.

Synthetic materials can melt even under NFPA approved fire gear. Cotton or nomex should be required under the structural fire gear. Follow NFPA 1975, Standard on Station/Work Uniforms for Emergency Services or wear fire retardant fabrics.

Personal alarm devices shall meet the requirements of NFPA 1982, Standard on Personal Alert Safety Systems (PASS).

For more information on the NFPA standards, visit www.nfpa.org.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Personal protective clothing (PPC) is another topic covered in Chapter 4. NFPA 1851 provides guidance on PPC being of serviceable condition. Synthetic materials can melt even under NFPA approved fire gear. Follow NFPA 1975 or wear fire retardant fabrics.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Personal Protective Clothing (PPC) – All PPC properly worn

– Inspected by SO

– Meet NFPA 1971

– SCBA per NFPA 1981

– Uniforms per NFPA 1975

– PASS per NFPA 1982




Slide 2-23

It is important to remember to wear full PPC during overhaul. No one should be “toughing-it-out” and breathing smoke. Breathing air from the SCBA is necessary when the atmosphere:

• is oxygen deficient or contaminated by products of combustion, or both • is suspected to be oxygen deficient or contaminated by products of combustion, or both • can become oxygen deficient, contaminated, or both • below ground level.

The instructor is to be monitoring the participants and should require participants to wear PPC appropriately. The Safety Officer should also reinforce this rule.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: No one should be allowed to breathe smoke, toxic vapors or fumes, products of combustion, contaminated air, or exposed to oxygen-deficient atmosphere. Emphasize, as is noted in the content below this slide, to wear full PPC during overhaul.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Personal Protective Clothing (PPC) (cont.) – Breathing air from the SCBA when the

atmosphere is, suspected to be or could become: • O2 deficient • Contaminated with the products of combustion • Below ground level




Slide 2-24

During live fire training, the evacuation plan shall include an evacuation signal to be used in the event of an emergency. The signal could be a whistle, air horn or hi-low siren and is intended to STOP the training and notify everyone to meet at a specific location. A coordinated fireground communication and evacuation plan must be established. If an evacuation signal is given, everyone should be instructed to meet at a specific location. Roll call shall be taken and any missing member shall be reported to the IiC.

In the event of an evacuation, communication is critical. An evacuation plan might be implemented in the event of an emergency such as an injury. Communications should include informing dispatchers.

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) shall be incorporated into live fire training to ensure prompt medical attention is provided during an emergency situation. For acquired structures, EMS with transport capabilities shall be available on site to handle injuries. EMS shall document and take written report of any injuries.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: In the event of an evacuation, emphasize to the participants that communication is critical. An evacuation plan might be implemented in the event of an emergency such as an injury. If an evacuation signal is given (whistle, Air Horn or Hi-Low siren) everyone should be instructed to meet at a specific location. Roll call should be taken and any missing member should be reported to the IiC.

Review the emergency medical services requirements as listed on the slide and described in the content below the slide.


Chapter 4 (cont.) • Communication

– Between IiC, SO, interior crews, and/or exterior crews

– Building evacuation plan to include an evacuation signal that has been demonstrated

• Emergency Medical Services (EMS) – For acquired structure, basic life support crew

available on site with transportation capabilities – Designated parking area – Document injuries




Slide 2-25

The IiC and Safety Officer shall determine the rate and duration of waterflow necessary for each individual live fire training evolution, including the water necessary for control and extinguishment of the training fire, the water supply necessary for backup line(s) to protect personnel, and water needed to protect exposed property.

The minimum water supply must meet the criteria specified in NFPA 1142, Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting. Furthermore, NFPA 1403 requires a minimum reserve of additional water in the amount of 50% of the water supply calculated based on NFPA 1142 to handle exposure protection or unforeseen situations. The requirement for 50% additional water amount does not apply to permanently sited gas-fueled training systems.

Consider equipment, staffing, fire area, and topography in the needed fire flow. Have a reserve for emergencies. The intent is to prevent the loss of both attack lines and back-up lines in the event of a pump or water failure. 2 pumpers on 2 hydrants meet the requirement.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: The next major topic in NFPA Chapter 4 is Water Supply.

NFPA 1142 specifies the criteria to determine water supply. NFPA 1403 requires an additional 50% water amount for exposure protection or unforeseen circumstances. The NFPA 1403 requirement for 50% additional water amount does not apply to permanently sited gas-fueled training systems.

Consider equipment, staffing, fire area, and topography in the needed fire flow. Have a reserve for emergencies. The intent is to prevent the loss of both attack lines and back-up lines in the event of a pump or water failure. 2 pumpers on 2 hydrants meet the requirement.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Water Supply – For control, extinguishment and exposures

– Minimum 95gpm hose lines – Backup lines

– Per NFPA 1142

– 50% more than needed – Separate sources for Attack lines and

Back-up lines – Sufficient room around props to maneuver




Slide 2-26

The minimum water supply must meet the criteria specified in NFPA 1142, Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting. Furthermore, NFPA 1403 requires a minimum reserve of additional water in the amount of 50% of the total water supply (TWS) calculated based on NFPA 1142 to handle exposure protection or unforeseen situations. The NFPA 1142 formula to calculate total water supply is as follows:

NFPA 1142 gives formula specific information including the Occupancy Hazard Class Number (OHCN) and the Construction Class Number (CCN).

The following information provides more details on determining the OHCN used in the calculation of water supply requirements. Where more than one occupancy is present in a structure, the OHCN for each occupancy should be determined separately, and the OHCN for the most hazardous occupancy should be used for the entire structure.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: The NFPA 1142 general formula for calculating total water supply is given on this slide as well as in the content below this slide. Details of this formula as well as examples calculating total water supply will be discussed on subsequent slides.

Review the variables that make up the formula. Information on the Construction Class Number (CCN) and the Occupancy Hazard Class Number (OHCN) from NFPA 1142 is included below the content of this slide.


Rural Water Supply Basics (cont.)

• NFPA 1142 specifies criteria for calculating total water supply

Total water supply= Total volume x Construction Class Number (CCN) (TWS) Occupancy Hazard Class Number (OHCN)

• NFPA 1403 requires 50% increase over the 1142 total water supply

• NFPA 1403 requires separate supply for attack and back-up

TOTAL WATER SUPPLY = Total Volume x Construction Class Number (CCN) Occupancy Hazard Class Number (OHCN)



• 3 - Severe hazard occupancies having conditions similar to the following: o Cereal or flour mills o Combustible hydraulics o Cotton picking an opening operations o Die casting o Explosives and pyrotechnics manufacturing and storage o Feed and gristmills o Flammable liquid spraying o Flow coating/dipping o Linseed oil mills o Manufactured homes/modular building assembly o Metal extruding o Plastic processing o Plywood and particleboard manufacturing o Printing using flammable inks o Rubber reclaiming o Sawmills o Solvent extracting o Straw or hay in bales o Textile picking o Upholstering with plastic foams

• 4 - High hazard occupancies having conditions similar to the following:

o Barns and stables (commercial) o Building materials supply storage o Department stores o Exhibition halls, auditoriums, and theaters o Feed stores (without processing) o Freight terminals o Mercantiles o Paper and pulp mills o Paper processing plants o Piers and wharves o Repair garages o Rubber products manufacturing and storage o Warehouses, such as those used for furniture, general storage, pain, paper, and

woodworking industries

• 5 - Moderate hazard occupancies in which the quantity or combustibility of contents is expected to develop moderate rates of spread and heat release. The storage of combustibles should not exceed 12 ft. in height. Occupancies having conditions similar to the following should be assigned OHCN 5:

o Amusement occupancies o Clothing manufacturing plants o Cold storage warehouses o Confectionery product warehouses o Farm storage buildings, such as corn cribs, dairy barns, equipment sheds, and

hatcheries o Laundries



o Leather goods manufacturing plants o Libraries (with large stockroom areas) o Lithography shops o Machine shops o Metalworking shops o Nurseries (plant) o Pharmaceutical manufacturing plants o Printing and publishing plants o Restaurants o Rope and twin manufacturing plants o Sugar refineries o Tanneries o Textile manufacturing plants o Tobacco barns o Unoccupied buildings

• 6 - Low hazard occupancies in which the quantity or combustibility of contents is expected to

develop relatively low rates of spread and heat release and having conditions similar to the following:

o Armories o Automobile parking garages o Bakeries o Barber or beauty shops o Beverage manufacturing plants/breweries o Boiler houses o Brick, tile, and clay product manufacturing plants o Canneries o Cement plants o Churches and similar religious structures o Dairy products manufacturing and processing plants o Doctors’ offices o Electronics plants o Foundries o Fur processing plants o Gasoline service stations o Glass and glass products manufacturing plants o Horse stables o Mortuaries o Municipal buildings o Post offices o Slaughterhouses o Telephone exchanges o Tobacco manufacturing plants o Watch and jewelry manufacturing plants o Wineries

• 7 - Light hazard occupancies in which the quantity or combustibility of contents is expected

to develop relatively light rates of spread and heat release and having conditions similar to the following:



o Apartments o Colleges and universities o Clubs o Dormitories o Dwellings o Fire stations o Fraternity or sorority houses o Hospitals o Hotels and motels o Libraries (except large stockroom areas) o Museums o Nursing and convalescent homes o Office (including data processing) o Police stations o Prisons o Schools o Theaters without stages

The following information provides more details on determining the CCN used in the calculation of water supply requirements. Where more than type of construction is present in a structure, the CCN for each type of construction should be determined separately, and the higher CCN should be used for the entire structure.

Construction Classification Number

Construction Type

Classification Number

Description

Type I (442 or 332)

0.5

Construction types in which fire walls, structural elements, walls, arches, floors, and roofs are of approved noncombustible or limited-combustible materials. Structural members should have fire resistance ratings not less than those specified in NFPA 1142.

Type II (222, 111, or 000)

0.75

Construction types not qualifying as Type I construction. Structural members should have fire resistance ratings not less than those specified in NFPA 1142.

Type III (211 or 200)

1.0

Construction type in which exterior walls and structural members that are portions of exterior walls are of approved noncombustible or limited-combustible materials. Fire walls, interior structural elements, walls, arches, floors, and roofs are permitted to be entirely or partially constructed of wood of smaller dimensions that required for Type IV construction or of approved noncombustible, limited-combustible, or other approved combustible materials. Structural members should have fire resistance ratings not less than those specified in NFPA 1142.

Type IV (2HH)

0.75

Construction type in which fire walls, exterior walls, and interior bearing walls and structural elements that are portions of such walls are of approved noncombustible or limited-combustible materials. Other interior structural



elements, arches, floors, and roofs shall be of solid or laminated wood without concealed spaces and shall comply with the allowable dimensions specified in NFPA 1142 as well as descriptions for columns, beams, arches, splice plates, floors, and roof decks included in NFPA 1142. Structural members should have fire resistance ratings not less than those specified in NFPA 1142. Structural members should have fire resistance ratings not less than those specified in NFPA 1142.

Type V (111 or 000)

1.5

Construction type in which exterior walls, bearing walls, columns, beams, girders, trusses, arches, floors, and roofs are entirely or partially of wood or other approved combustible material smaller than material required for Type IV construction. Structural members should have fire resistance ratings not less than those specified in NFPA 1142.

Types I, II, and III (typically made of brick, steel, or concrete) are the most fire restrictive with Types IV and V (typically made of wood) being less fire restrictive. According to NFPA 1142, for dwellings, the maximum construction classification number shall be 1.0.2

For more information on OHCN and CCN values, visit www.nfpa.org, specifically on NFPA 1142.




Slide 2-27

It is important to remember that NFPA 1403 requires, at a minimum, 1 attack line at 95 gallons per minute (gpm), 1 backup line at 95gpm and 1 ignition team line at 95gpm.

NFPA 1142 requires a minimum of 2500 gallons of water if no exposure hazards exist and 3000 gallons of water if there are exposure hazards. NFPA 1403 will require an additional 50% more to the minimum or 3750 to 4500 gallons of water. A decision has to be made as to how this water will be made available (i.e., fire hydrants on a city water main, or department tankers and drop tanks).

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Review the example given on slide and emphasize content below the slide regarding the minimums specified in NFPA 1403 and 1142.


EXAMPLE – Total Water Supply (TWS)

• 24’ X 40’ Single story wood frame structure – Flat roof, no basement, no exposures – Typical small ranch home

• NFPA 1142 TWS = Volume x CCN OHCN

• NFPA 1142 TWS = (24 x 40 x 10) x 1.5 = 2,057 gallons 7

• NFPA 1403 requires 50% increase – Total required water supply = 2,057 x 1.50 = 3,086 gallons




Slide 2-28

ACTIVITY: Calculate the total water supply (in space below) needed for the structure pictured on slide which is a two story dwelling with first floor 40x25 with 8ft ceiling, second floor 25x25 with 8ft ceiling, and attic that covers the length of house. There is no basement in this structure.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Instruct the participants to use the example given on the slide and calculate the total water supply needed. Using the formulas provided previously the calculation should figure to be: volume of first floor = 8000ft3 + volume of second floor = 5000ft3 + attic = 4000 ft3 = 17,000ft3

Total water supply – 17000 x CCN (Type V)/OHCN (7) = (17000 x 1.5) / 7 = 3,643gallons + 50% per 1403 = 3,643 + 1,822 = 5,465 gallons.


Simple Calculation Example • Typical size, two story, simple calculation

– 40 x 25 first floor (8ft ceiling) – 25 x 25 second floor (8ft ceiling) – 40 x 25 attic area (8ft at peak)

TOTAL WATER SUPPLY NEEDED =




Slide 2-29

A copy of the Excel spreadsheet “Water Supply Calculator” is included on the supplemental training materials CD provided with course materials.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: The PowerPoint slide contains a hyperlink to an Excel spreadsheet (e.g., water supply calculator) that easily allows one to input the known data with the resultant total water supply calculated automatically. Review the data that is required to be input into the spreadsheet including square footage and height for all floors, construction class and occupancy hazard (via drop down boxes) then everything else will be calculated automatically. Enter the data from the example on the previous slide to confirm results using the water supply calculator.

A copy of the “water supply calculator” is included on the supplemental training materials CD given to each participant.


Simple Calculation Example using Excel Tool




Water Supply Activity for Fixed Burn Facility

• Determine Delivery Rate


Total Water Required Rate Capability < 2,500 gal 250 gpm

2,500 - 9,999 gal 500 gpm

10,000 - 19,999 gal 750 gpm

> 20,000 gal 1,000 gpm

Slide 2-30

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: NFPA 1142 provides a table from which delivery rate can be determined based on total water required.




Slide 2-31

NFPA is very strict on what can be burned or used as a fuel. Natural wood is the best choice because it will burn evenly and predictably. “Treated” material will usually produce noxious smoke. If you do not know what an item is made of, do not burn it.

Flammable or combustible liquids, as defined in NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, should not be used in live fire training evolutions. Combustible liquid with a flash point above 100° can be used in a live fire training structure or prop that has been specifically engineered to accommodate a defined quantity of the fuel.

Debris or other unidentified materials found in or around the training structure or prop that could burn in unanticipated ways, react violently, or create environmental or health hazards, should not be used.

Propane lighters, butane lighters, fusees (safety flares), kitchen-type matches, and similar devices are permitted to be used to ignite training fires if the device is removed immediately after ignition of the training fire.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: The discussion is now going to focus on the next major topic in NFPA Chapter 4 which is Fuel Materials. Review the restrictions on fuel materials as listed on slide as well as subsequent slides. Note that wood only fuel materials do not apply in gas-fired training structures.


Chapter 4 (cont.) • Fuel Materials

– Wood only – pine excelsior, wooden pallets, straw, hay, other wood based products

– No treated wood, rubber, plastic, foams, upholstered furniture or chemically treated hay or straw

– No flammables or combustibles per NFPA 30*

– No unidentified materials

– Lighters, fusees, matches permitted to light fires (but must be removed immediately)




Slide 2-32

Incidents of injuries and deaths indicate that fire growth dynamics were not considered. NFPA is trying to prevent unforeseen problems in fire growth caused by a build-up of unburned fire gases. The intent is to make each burn predictable.

Fuel materials should only be used in the amounts necessary to create the desired fire size. Excessive fuel load can result in a ventilation controlled fire which can result in flameover or flashover. This can lead to death and injury.

The IiC and SO should assess the selected fire room environment for factors that can affect the growth, development, and spread of fire. Heat release characteristics, pre-heating, combustibility of walls/ceilings, and room geometry can affect flashover possibility. The arrangement of the initial materials to be ignited, particularly the proximity to walls and ceilings, and ventilation openings are important factors to be considered when assessing the potential fire growth.

The IiC and SO should document fuel loading including all of the following:

• Fuel materials • Wall and floor coverings and ceiling materials • Type of construction of the structure, including type of roof and combustible void spaces • Dimensions of the room

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Continue to review the fuel materials requirements as listed on the slide.

Emphasize that NFPA is trying to prevent unforeseen problems in fire growth caused by a build-up of unburned fire gases. The intent is to make each burn predictable. The items listed on this slide help to prevent fire growth issues.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Fuel Materials (cont.) – Minimal amounts

– Limited to avoid flashover or backdraft

– IiC and SO to assess fire room for factors that could affect growth development or spread

– IiC and SO document fuel loading • Fuel material • Wall, floor and ceiling materials • Type of construction including roof and voids • Room dimensions



Plot expected avenues of fire spread and the time factors for expected buildup of the fire for the safety of the participants. Voids can result in sudden spread of the fire and lead to entrapment so it is important to designate alternate exits for participants in the training.




Slide 2-33

When the IiC or the SO determines that the combustible nature of the environment represents a potential hazard, the training exercise should be stopped immediately. Training should not resume until actions have been taken to reduce the hazard(s).

The use of flammable gas (e.g., propane and natural gas) are permitted only in live fire training structures specifically designed for their use. When either stored propane or natural gas is released, the difference in the storage and atmospheric pressures can cause the liquid to convert quickly to a gas. Propane, for example, has a 270 to 1 expansion ratio when converted from liquid to gas. With such a high expansion rate, a leaking liquid propane pipe has the potential to cause the space to reach an explosive level.

All props that use pressure to move fuel to the fire should have remote fuel shutoffs outside of the safety perimeter but within sight of the prop and the entire field of attack for the prop. Person manning the remote shutoff should have the authority to shut it down whenever they deem it is needed (e.g., prop malfunction, out of control fire, extinguishment team in jeopardy, etc.). During the entire time the prop is in use, the remote shutoff should be continuously attended by safety personnel who are trained in its operation and who have direct communications with the safety officer and instructors. It is critical that liquefied petroleum gas props be equipped with all safety features as described in NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, and NFPA 59, Utility LP-Gas Plant Code. If a failed safety feature is experienced, the failed part should be located downstream from the correctly functioning safety feature.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Continue to review the fuel materials requirements as listed on the slide.

Emphasize that the person attending the remote shutoff should have the authority to shut it down whenever they deem it is needed.


Chapter 4 (cont.) • Fuel Materials (cont.)

– IiC or SO to stop evolution immediately

– Reduce hazards that caused the above stoppage

– Flammable gases only in burn buildings • No liquefied compressed gases at prop

• Remote shutoffs must be visible

• Remote shutoff must be continuously attended

• Per NFPA 58 and 59

• Failed safety feature must be downstream from correctly functioning safety feature




Slide 2-34

Measures should be taken to prevent flammable or combustible liquid runoff from contaminating the surrounding area. Oil separators should be used for cleaning runoff water.

It is important to remember when using vehicles as props that bumper compression cylinders need to be ventilated or removed, air bags and igniters need to be disengaged. All fluid reservoirs, tanks, shock absorbers, drive shafts, batteries, brake shoes (asbestos) and other gas-filled closed containers should be removed, vented, or drained prior to any ignition of a vehicle prop. The oil pan, transmission, and differential drain plugs should be removed and the fluids drained and properly disposed.

For flammable metal fires, there should be sufficient quantity of the proper extinguishing agent available so all attack crews have the required supply as well as 150% reserve for use by the backup crews.

All possible ignition sources, other than those under the direct supervision of the Ignition Officer, should be removed from the operations area.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Continue to review the fuel materials requirements as listed on the slide

There are many things to consider when using vehicle props as noted on the slide as well as in the content below the slide.


Chapter 4 (cont.) • Fuel Materials (cont.)

– Prevent runoff of flammable liquids • Oil separators required

– Vehicles used as props must have all fluids, reservoirs, tanks, shock absorbers, drive shafts, and other gas filled closed containers removed vented or drained

– For metal fires sufficient extinguishing agent for attack plus 150% more for back-up

– No other ignition sources in area




Slide 2-35

It is important that all areas used in live fire training evolutions for staging, operating, and parking fire apparatus be clearly designated. Any vehicles or fire apparatus that are not part of the evolution should be clearly designated as well so as not to interfere with the live fire training. The apparatus that might be called into service to respond to an emergency should be located in an area that allows for a prompt response. Parking areas for police and media should be designated as such.

The entire area needs to be well organized and uncongested to reduce confusion and accidents. Ingress and egress routes should be clearly designated, identified, and monitored during the live fire training to facilitate prompt response in the event of an emergency. Each area should be identified on the site plan and monitored to ensure adherence to the pre-plan.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: The next major topic in NFPA 1403 Chapter 4 is Parking/Staging. Review the parking/staging considerations as listed on slide. Emphasize that the entire area needs to be well organized and uncongested to reduce confusion and accidents. Each area should be identified on the site plan and monitored to ensure adherence to the pre- plan.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Parking/Staging – Designated parking and staging areas

– Special area for apparatus not part of the training

– “In-service” apparatus area

– Police parking area

– Ingress and egress routes monitored




Slide 2-36

Visitors and spectators must be protected from the hazards that exist in the area of the live fire training. The Safety Officer must establish an operations area perimeter to restrict spectators from getting too close to the live fire training evolutions. Control measures such as clearly marked lines, hazard tape, rope, fences, and/or signs should be used to indicate the operations area perimeter. Visitors who are allowed in the operations area must be escorted at all times and must wear appropriate person protective clothing. Appropriate PPC is determined by the IiC and SO in accordance with the AHJ’s SOP.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: The next major topic in NFPA 1403 is Visitors and Spectators. Review the visitor and spectator considerations as listed on slide. Visitors and spectators must be protected from the hazards that exist in the area as specified in the AHJ’s SOP.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Visitors and Spectators – Kept outside operations area

– Use control measures to identify operations area

– Visitors in operations area must be escorted

– Visitors must wear PPC

– Control measures to protect pedestrians




Slide 2-37

The preburn plan should document all features of the training area, many of which have been discussed previously. The IiC with the SO must share the preburn plan in total with all participants prior to burning. Every person involved in the live fire burn training must be aware of the plan with no exceptions. It is during the preburn plan briefing session where assignments are made for all crews participating in the training session. The possibility that mannequins may be used as victims should be discussed during the preburn plan briefing; however, the exact locations of the mannequins does not have to be revealed.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: The final major topic to be covered from NFPA 1403 Chapter 4 is Preburn Plan/Briefing. There are checklists for preburn planning/briefing that will be discussed in subsequent modules.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Preburn Plan/Briefing – Prepared and utilized

• Indicate all features of the training area

– Preburn briefing by IiC and SO for all participants

– Discuss all aspects of each evolution

– Assign crews

– Discuss the possibility of victims but not required to disclose location of mannequin(s)




Slide 2-38

During the preburn briefing, any prop(s) being used for the evolution should be reviewed with participants. Participants must conduct a walk-through of the acquired structure, burn building, or prop in order to have knowledge of and familiarity with the layout of the structures and/or props. The knowledge and familiarity will help to facilitate any necessary evacuation. It is important to verify that neighbors are aware of the plan and the date and time of the training and who to contact if they have any concerns. Safeguards such as street closings, traffic rerouting, signs, and police control should be taken to eliminate possible hazards to motorists as a result of the live fire training.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Continue the discussion on preburn plans as detailed on the slide.


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Preburn Plan/Briefing (cont.) – Participants must be familiar with all props

– All participants must perform walk-through

– Identify adjacent property that may be affected by smoke

– Inform responsible person at adjacent property

– Survey streets and highways for effects

– Eliminate hazards to motorists




Slide 2-39

The NFPA issued a Tentative Interim Amendment (TIA) 12-1 effective 11/11/13 related to the Preburn Plan/Briefing section of 1403. Specifically a new section was added addressing the use of victims. The new section added is as follows:

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: The NFPA issued a Tentative Interim Amendment (TIA) 12-1 effective 11/11/13 related to the Preburn Plan/Briefing section of 1403, specifically adding a new section on victims stating that no live victims shall play the role of a victim and any mannequins used shall not be in firefighting PPC. If we train with mannequins that are dressed in firefighting PPC, it may confuse the recruit as to what a real victim might look like. This TIA was issued after a situation occurred where a firefighter was lost in a training structure. When the recruits were asked, they said they thought the victim was a mannequin and did not remove him.

Some participants may already have this section as part of their copy of the NFPA 1403 and eventually it will be become part of everyone’s copy.

4.16 Victim(s)

4.16.1 No person(s) shall play the role of a victim inside any live fire training structure or acquired structure

4.16.2 Victims (rescue mannequins) shall not be dressed in fire fighting PPC


Chapter 4 (cont.)

• Preburn Plan/Briefing (cont.) – Tentative Interim Amendment 12-1

adds new section

4.16 Victim(s) 4.16.1 No person(s) shall play the role of a victim inside any live fire training structure or acquired structure.

4.16.2 Victims (rescue mannequins) shall not be dressed in firefighting personal protecting clothing.



The NFPA issues tentative interim amendments because of the standards-making procedures. It is interim because it is effective only between editions of the standard. A TIA automatically becomes a public input of the proponent for the next edition of the standard; as such, it then is subject to all of the procedures of the standards-making process.




Slide 2-40

As an Ohio chartered fire training program, that conducts Firefighter I and Firefighter II training, all live fire burn documentation must be included as part of the training course file records. Your training records will be audited by OEMS at least once within the chartered period.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Remind participants that as a chartered fire training program, the OEMS will audit the training records at least once within the chartered period.


Ohio EMS Documentation For

Mandated Training • All the previous documentation will be

required to be in your class packet for your required live burn

• Required live burns are conducted in the FFI & FFII and must follow 1403

• Documentation packets are audited by OEMS




Slide 2-41

Slide 2-42

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Review the learning objectives of this module and ask participants to provide examples for each objective to ensure each has been discussed.


Module 2 – Review of Learning Objectives

• Describe the safety practices that must be followed during live fire training evolutions including impact of extreme weather

• Articulate the minimum training requirements for a student to participate in a live fire training evolution

• Describe the role and responsibilities of a safety officer for live fire training evolutions

• Describe the roles and responsibilities of the Instructor- in-Charge and Instructors for live fire training evolutions



• Explain the duties of the fire control team

• Determine the appropriate personal protective clothing for live fire training evolutions

• Establish coordinated fireground communication plan including evacuation plan

• Ensure basic life support emergency medical services and reporting functions are available for live fire training evolutions




Slide 2-43

Slide 2-44

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE: Review the learning objectives of this module and ask participants to provide examples for each objective to ensure each has been discussed.



• Determine the rate and duration of waterflow necessary for each live fire training evolution including backup lines and reserves

• Recognize the fuel materials that are allowed in live fire

training evolutions per 1403

• Assess all parking/staging areas needed for live fire training evolutions including vehicles/equipment that are part of evolution and those not part of evolution



• Determine visitor/spectator areas to ensure safety of those not participating in evolutions

• Determine preburn plan/briefing that covers all facets of each evolution including crew assignments, props, possibility of victims, adjacent property notifications, and safeguards for streets or highways in the vicinity of evolutions



1 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program. Volunteer Assistant Chief Dies During a Controlled- Burn Training Evolution – Delaware. NIOSH F2000-27.

2 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 1142). Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban

and Rural Fire Fighting 2012 Edition. www.nfpa.org.

module 2 – nfpa 1403 chapter 4 general – administration · pdf filelive fire...

Documents