1st Cutting Edge Upper-Intermediate (MODULE 2)NOUNS - VERBS - ADJECTIVES - ADVERBS1. COMMON SUFIXES FOR NOUNS

SuffixUseExample

-ance / -enceOften used to form abstract nouns from adjectives ending in ant or ent

Patient patience

Tolerant - tolerance

-eeUsed to describe a person on whom an action is performed.

Employee (a person who is employed)

Trainee (a person who is being trained)

-er / -ian / -orOften used for people or things that do a particular job.Act actorFootball footballer

Music musician

-hoodUsed to form abstract nouns, especially those concerned with periods of life or relationships between people.

Child childhood

Mother - motherhood

-ismOften used to describe particular religions or ideologies, and with some abstract nouns.

Buddhism

Liberalism

Criticism

Cynicism

-istUsed to describe peoples beliefs and sometimes their occupation.

Communist

Journalist

Pianist

-ity/ -iety / -yUsed to form nouns from adjectives.Anxious anxiety

Immune immunity

-tion / -(s)sionOften used to form nouns from verbs.

Imagine imagination

Admit admission

-mentOften used to form abstract nouns from verbs.

Enjoy enjoymentMove - movement

-nessOften used to form abstract nouns from adjectives.

Happy happinessNervous - nervousness

-shipUsed to form abstract nouns, usually about relationships.Friend- friendshipMember - membership

Important

Note

Many other nouns are exactly the same as the verb form.

To comment a comment

To decrease a decrease

To drive a drive

There are more suffixes. It is more difficult to try and find rules to tell you which suffix to use than simply memorize which word takes each suffix.

Class Work No. 1 WRITE THE FORM OF THESE WORDS WHICH DESCRIBE THE PERSON "DOING IT" BY ADDING A SUFFIX:

Principio del formulario

1. teach

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INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.imparareinglese.co.uk/esercizi_inglese/bits/transparent.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 4. journal

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.imparareinglese.co.uk/esercizi_inglese/bits/transparent.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 5. travel

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INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.imparareinglese.co.uk/esercizi_inglese/bits/transparent.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 7. economy

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INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.imparareinglese.co.uk/esercizi_inglese/bits/transparent.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET Final del formulario

COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT NOUN FORM OF THE WORDS IN BRACKETS:

1. My _______________________ has a lovely park. (NEIGHBOR)2. My _______________ was full of happy times. (CHILD)3. The _____________ of that lady was unforgettable. (KIND)4. We organized a number of fun _____________for the children. (ACT)5. The _______________ of mobile phone networks in poor countries has benefitted their economies. (DEVELOP)6. ____________ of the club is open to all residents. (MEMBER)7. The charity aims to reduce _______________ after natural disasters by providing food and medicine. (SUFFER)8. Continuing ________________ in the south of the country has slowed ______________ (VIOLENT / DEVELOP)9. Male elephants might show ___________ towards human beings. (AGGRESSIVE)10. The __________ claimed he was suffering from _____________ at the time of the attack. (DEFEND / DEPRESS)11. The _____________ of snow is important to _____________ (ARRIVE / SKI)12. Please, put the correct ___________________ on the envelope. (POST)13. The _______________ paints beautiful pictures of nature. (ART)14. The _____________ will be sent by the end of the week. (SHIP)15. Your ____________ means a lot to me. (FRIEND)16. You must keep completely still as even the slightest ____________ will frighten the animals away. (MOVE)17. The ____________________ date of the new dictionary is not yet known. (PUBLISH)18. There is absolutely no _____________that my government has been involved in the sale of guns to _________ (EVIDENT / TERROR)19. ____________ at the institute now think they have discovered a link between diet and _____________ (RESEARCH / DEPRESS)20. Increasing ____________ between the two countries has led to a _____________ in trade and ____________. (HOSTIL / REDUCE / TOUR)2. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES TO FORM ADJECTIVES

a) Suffixes.-

SUFFIXESEXAMPLES

-able / -ibleMiserableResponsible

-alPhysical

Psychological

-ant / -ent / -ientPleasantViolent

Efficient

-edDepressed

Talented

-fulPowerful

Successful

-icEnthusiastic

Scientific

-ingExciting

Interesting

-iveAggressive

Intensive `

-less Hopeless (without)

Penniless

-ious / -ousAnxious

Nervous

-yHealthy

Wealthy

Important Note: There are no certain rules to use suffixes or prefixes to form adjectives. It is better to memorize them.

Many adjectives to describe feelings have both ing and ed forms. Ex:

Annoyed / annoying

depressed / depressing

excited / exciting

The ed form describes how YOU FEEL. Ex:

Im very tired this morning. (It describes how I feel) She feels excited when she sees her baby. (It describes how she feels) Mary is worried about her brother. (It describes how she feels because of her brother).The ing form describes what or who makes you feel that way. Ex:

Doing a lot of tasks can be tiring. (Description of the action that makes me feel tired) I think horror films are so exciting. (Description of the thing that makes me feel excited) Marys brothers worrying for her. (He is the cause why she is worried).b) Prefixes.-

PREFIXESMEANINGEXAMPLE

dis-Oppositedisloyal

displeased

il-OppositeIllegal

illiterate

im-Oppositeimmature

impossible

in-Oppositeinexperienced

insecure

un-Oppositeunhappy

unpopular

anti-Againstanti-social

anti-war

mis-Badly, in the wrong waymisunderstood

mismanaged

non-Without, notnon-stop

non-alcoholic

over-Too muchoverslept

overcooked

post-Afterpost-war

pre-Beforepre-war

pro-In favour ofpro-European

re-Againre-united

re-charged

self-Relating to itselfself-confident

selfish

under-Not enoughunderpaidundercooked

Class Work No. 2 COMPLETE THE CHART:

NOUNADJECTIVENOUNADJECTIVE

DisturbanceEnjoyment

IntuitiveDeveloped

SympathyImpression

InterestValue

SuccessEssence

AnnoyancePolitics / politician

BoredomCommitted

OrganizedArgumentative

SatisfactionCreation

ImaginationContinuity / continuation

USE THE APPROPRIATE FORM OF THE WORD GIVEN TO FILL IN THE GAPS:

1. Many famous authors were people who seemed to be

all the time. (DEPRESSION)2. Its a really ________________ movie. You should watch it. (EXCITE)3. I dont feel very _______________ about the future of the Earth and global warming. (OPTIMIST)4. Hes had a very _______________ career in banking. (SUCCESS)5. Computers are so ______________. I dont know how people lived before they were invented. (USE)6. Hes _____________________. He doesnt like the way the President leads the country. (GOVERNMENT)7. Soft drinks are ________________________ drinks. (ALCOHOL)8. Im not ____________________ in the new economical laws. (INTEREST)9. Its so ________________ to see how poor children die in Africa every minute. (FRUSTRATE)10. My sister was _______________ with all those new things she learnt at the museum. (AMAZE)11. Its not too _____________________ to drink beer every weekend. (HEALTH)12. Helen felt ______________________ of her siblings when her parents died. (RESPONSIBILITY)13. Theyve been having _________________ problems since Charles lost his job. (FINANCE)14. Hell stop at nothing to get his degree at university. Hes _______________ to finish it. (ANXIETY)15. She got _______________ when she realized that she was late for work and the traffic was heavy. (HOSTILITY) CIRCLE THE CORRECT OPTION:

1. Mi-Chan is worried / worrying about her husbands sickness / sick.2. Caroline felt so embarrassed / embarrassing because she couldnt remember the mans name.3. Its annoyed / annoying when people make noise with their mouths while theyre eating.4. Jeremy was so disappointed / disappointing when he heard his students complaining about him.5. Richards attitude is so annoyed / annoying. He doesnt want to assume his error.6. Being on a diet might be frustrated / frustrating for some people, especially if they dont lose a gram.7. I thought that Rannia was a success / successful person. I was so disappointed / disappointing when I met her.8. The students got bored / boring as soon as the teacher started talking. USE ONE WORD FROM THE LIST TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES IN THE CORRECT FORM:immunity

annoyance

motivation

aggression

success

finance

confidence

anxiety

boredom

hostility

value

security

encouragementefficiency

satisfaction

hooliganismwonderful

disappointmentbegging

determinationimportant

feel

sympathize

suspicion

friendly

1. _____________ is very important in everyones life. We all need people to be there for us.2. She is

when someone tries to hurt her children.3. I was so __________________________ when I found out that you had failed the final exam.4. Fernanda is very _____________________. She likes listening and helping people in troubles. 5. Tommy is very ______________ to finish his driving course. He cant stand his instructor. 6. I have a ___________________ that something good is going to happen to us.7. My sister

my mom to let her go to the party but she didnt allow her.8. People dont feel ______________ when they go to the park because all the muggers lurking in the shadows.9. I always get sleepy in my physics class because my teacher ______________ me.10. Donald was arrested for _________________. He hit a man in a bar while they were drinking beer.11. Gloria is ______________ to get the job. She is practicing for the job interview in Spanish and English.12. ______________ destroyed the windows of the shop on Brighton St. after the game had finished.13. It really _______________ me when people talk while they are eating.14. The police _____________ of that strange-looking man. He disguised as a janitor to commit the crime.15. Her _______________ system is not working properly. She needs to take some vitamins for her problem.16. Harry is not ________________ in his life. He lost his job, his car and even, his wife.17. Parents should ________________ their children to do their best at school. 18. Ms. Johnson is an ___________________ woman. She can finish a project in only two days.19. I sometimes ________________ if Im ever going to meet someone who is right for me.20. Theyve had some ________________ problems since Peter lost his job.21. You dont realize the ______________ of having a good health. You eat, drink and smoke a lot.22. Jackson doesnt want to make the speech because he isnt very ________________ that hell do it well.23. Robert says his boss _________________ him. He never listens to what he thinks and doesnt care about his new ideas.24. You should never _______________ a child to do bad things because they end up thinking that theres anything wrong with what theyre doing. 25. Shes really generous but I think she should stop trying to _________________ everybody and think about her personal problems.3. SUFFIXES TO FORM ADVERBS

a) Definition Adverbstell usin what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify verbs(here: drive), adjectives or other adverbs.

Adjectivestell ussomething about a person or a thing. Adjectives can modify nouns(here: girl) or pronouns(here: she).

adjectiveadverb

Mandy is acarefulgirl.Mandy drivescarefully.

Sheis verycareful.

Mandy is acarefuldriver. This sentence is about Mandy, the driver, so use theadjective.

Mandy drivescarefully. This sentence is about her way of driving, so use theadverb.

b) Form

Adjective +-lyadjectiveadverb

dangerousdangerously

carefulcarefully

nicenicely

horriblehorribly

easyeasily

electronicelectronically

irregular forms

goodwell

fastfast

hardhard

If the adjective ends in -y, change -y to -i. Then add -ly.happy- happilybut: shy- shyly

If the adjective ends in -le, the adverb ends in -ly.Example: terrible- terribly If the adjective ends in -e, then add -ly.Example: safe- safelyTip: Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs.

adjectives ending in -ly:friendly, silly, lonely, uglynouns, ending in -ly:ally, bully, Italy, melancholyverbs, ending in -ly:apply, rely, supply

Important: There is no adverb for an adjective ending in -ly.

c) Use of adverbs

to modifyverbs:The soccer teamplayedbadlylast Saturday.

to modifyadjectives:It was anextemelybadmatch.

to modifyadverbs:The soccer team playedextremelybadlylast Wednesday.

to modifyquantities:There arequitea lot ofpeople here.

to modifysentences:Unfortunately,the flight to Dallas had been cancelled.d) Types of adverbs

1) Adverbs of manner: quickly - kindly2) Adverbs of degree: very - rather3) Adverbs of frequency: often - sometimes4) Adverbs of time: now - today5) Adverbs of place: here - nowheree) How do know whether to use an adjective or an adverb?John is acarefuldriver. -> In this sentences we say how John is -careful.

If we want to say that the careful John did not drive the usual way yesterday - we have to use the adverb: Johndid not drivecarefullyyesterday.

Here is another example:

I am aslowwalker.(How am I? ->slow->adjective)I walkslowly.(How do I walk? ->slowly->adverb)

f) Adjective or Adverb after special verbsBoth adjectives and adverbs may be used after look, smell and taste. Mind the change in meaning.

Here are two examples:

adjectiveadverb

The pizza tastesgood.(How is the pizza?)Pizza Hut can tastewell.(How can Pizza Hut taste?)

Peter's feet smellbad.(How are his feet?)Peter can smellbadly.(How can Peter smell?)

Do not get confused with good/well.

1. Linda looksgood.(What type of person is she?)2. Linda lookswell.(How is Linda? -> She may have been ill, but now she is fit again.)3. How are you? - I'mwell, thank you.One can assume that in the second/third sentence the adverbwellis used, but this is wrong.wellcan be anadjective(meaning fit/healthy), or anadverbof the adjective good.

Conclusion:Use the adjective when you say something about the person itself.Use the adverb, when you want to say about the action.

Class Work No. 3 COMPLETE THE CHART:

NOUNPERSONVERBADJECTIVE

Annoyance --------

Aggression

Begging / beggary -----------

-----To bore / to get bored

Confide

------To concentrate

------To commit

Creation

Depression-----

Employer / employee

-----To encourage

Essence----------

-----To enjoy

Education

Entertaining / entertained

Enthusiastic

Friend-----

----------Hostile

----------Homely / homeless

-----To interest

Misery ---------

Manager

Promotion

Psychology -----

Researcher

Scientist-----

Success------

Suspicion

Sympathy -----

Training

-----Tolerant

USE A WORD FROM THE BOX IN THE CORRECT FORM TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:

1. It breaks my ____________________ when Im doing a test and people are making a lot of noise.2. She felt more than _____________ to see that her son had bought her a new house.3. I have a ______________ that something bad is going to happen.4. Kevin was _______________ with the guests. He didnt say hello when he got into the room and didnt talk to anyone.5. Because of the high unemployment rate, there are more ____________ people in the streets.6. I cant wait to see the __________ of the documentary on Global Warming that didnt finish last night.7. What she did was really ____________! She took his last dollar and left him in the street.8. Johns wife wants a divorce because she feels that he is too _____________ with her when they argue.9. Janeth started acting ____________ towards me when she found out I had cheated on her.10. It is said that chocolate and vitamins might increase your _________________.11. You dont realize the ________________ of having a good salary. You can have a comfortable life.12. They say that hes a mommas boy because he ______________ on his mom for everything.13. I felt so _____________ at the party last night that I fell asleep on the sofa.14. Ronald is very _________________ with his studies. He doesnt mind studying in the dawns. 15. I think that people that have money but not love arent really ________________ in life.16. Helping old people cross the street is a sign of ______________.17. A lot of people were at the supermarket because there was a ______________ on all dairy products.18. After the police left the crime scene, they went directly to a building where they believed that one of the _______________ lived.19. They stopped assisting ballet classes because they felt that their instructor didnt ___________ them enough. 20. Dont be late to class because the teacher locks the door after the bell. He doesnt _____________ people who come late. CIRCLE THE CORRECT CHOICE:1. I wanted to major in psychological / psychology when I went to university but I chose Law instead.2. The new project that the police department is starting will definitely reduce / reduction crime.3. He had to go through a lot of pain and suffering / suffer in order to achieve his goals.4. His member / membership was cancelled when they found out that he had AIDS.5. My sister dreams of living in a world full of happy / happiness and harmony.6. AH1N1 is a virus that if not treated carefully can develop into a deadly illness / ill. 7. The students didnt understand the last active / activity. Well Ill do another one similar to it.8. The develop / development of the cure for the flu might be ready in about 50 years.9. There was an outbreak of violent / violence at the soccer match last night.10. It is evident / evidence that people in this country need a change.11. I didnt really want to behave / behavior that way but his attitude really made me angry / anger.12. People that criticism / criticize the government will be punished / punishment severely.13. The doctor says that his neck pains are due to stress / stressful.14. His latest achieve / achievement has made him very famous.15. The group of people that are very rich in this country is a minor / minority.16. His commitment / committed with his job is very impressing / impressive. 17. She got very desperation / desperate when her son didnt arrive home on time.18. Rodrigo is not organized / organize in his life. His attitude is very disappointed / disappointing.19. The interesting / interest I have in this project is not your business!20. Helen is very success / successful in her life. Shes got a good job and a happy family. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT WORD:

1. They will ____________ the students to find out if teachers are doing a good job.2. I didnt have a good ______________ at the gym yesterday. I felt really tired.3. I felt really tired after the gym because I had a _____________ routine.4. They say that poor people are usually __________, but I disagree with that because Im poor and happy!5. There was a lot of ____________ towards tourist after those two visitors had tried to steal the diamond.6. Georges parents _______ him during his childhood thats why he doesnt think much of himself.7. There are many professionals that cant cope with_________. They hate when people point out their failures.8. The majority of Ecuadorians _________________ watching soccer with friends on Sundays.9. My grandfather doesnt have many friends because he is a ________________ person.10. After he lost his job, he didnt want to do anything. He just wanted to ___________ in front of the TV. REWRITE THE SENTENCES WITHOUT CHANGING THE MEANING. DO NOT USE MORE THAN FIVE (5) WORDS:1. He wasnt happy as a child. (childhood)He didnt

2. The teacher doesnt motivate his students enough. (motivation)The teacher doesnt

to his students.3. Eating hamburgers isnt good for your health. (healthy)It isnt

hamburgers.4. Romina and I are very good friends. (friendship)Romina and I

5. As a teacher, you must have a lot of patience. (be)As a teacher,

6. Being home alone on a weekend depresses me. (is) I think that being home alone

7. I think they pay the employee too much. (over-paid)I think that

8. There was a lot of excitement during the game. (very)The

9. The president showed aggression during his last interview. (aggressive)The president was

interview.10. My little daughter is very creative. (has)My little daughter

11. I got bored with the interview. (was)The interview

12. The same routine bores me. (get)I_

routine. 13. She is interested in dancing and singing. (for)Dancing and singing

14. My neighbors were arguing during the meeting. (an)My neighbors had

meeting.15. My friends boss does not value him. He never listens to his opinions. (by) My friend is_

16. Eating vegetables and fruits is good for your health. (to)It is_

fruits.17. I think you really should buy those sandals. (better)Youd _

18. Laws arent harsh, so people dont follow them. (would) If_

follow them.19. There was a lot of excitement during the movie. (very)The movie_

20. It annoys me when there is too much noise in my bedroom. (for)Too much noise in _

me.21. I was very responsible with my homework when I was a child. (used to)I_

______

with my homework when I was a child.22. Smoking and drinking is very unhealthy. (to)It _

and drink.23. You need to have qualifications to work in that industry. (be)You _

to work in that industry.24. I feel depressed when I watch the news. (is)It _

watch the news.25. It can be difficult to move into a new neighborhood. (moving)_

can be difficult.26. I cant stand people that swear in public. (swearing)I _

in public.27. They were so annoyed with her attitude. (them)Her attitude_

28. To work as a doctor you need to be very committed. (a lot of)You need _

work as a doctor.29. They are paying too much to the actor for that movie. (being)The actor _

movie.30. I find burping in public very disgusting. (stand) I _

in public. MAKE COMPLETE AND ELABORATED QUESTIONS FOR THESE ANSWERS:

1. Because he is misbehaved.

_

?

2. Loneliness makes me feel totally depressed.

?

3. One thing that makes me feel embarrassed is I say the wrong thing at the wrong time.

_

?

4. It just puts me in a really great mood.

_

?

5. He was given a life sentence for the murder of two young women.

_

?

6. Since Ronalds company closed down, he has lived a life of misery in this city.

_

?

7. How annoying!

_

?

8. I think you must be really worried.

_

?

9. Because it is a profession in which people are underpaid.

_

?

10. It really drives me mad!

_

?

11. Never mind!

_

?

12. Being positive has one very important side-effect: its catching.

_

?

13. The wax models are so lifelike that you almost feel you could talk to them!

_

?

14. He is someone whose job is to save people from drowning in the beaches.

_

?

15. It can give a more optimistic outlook to those who see only darkness.

_

?

16. Most people succeed because they are determined.

_

?

17. As long as you are enthusiastic and persistent.

_

?

18. Dont worry. It doesnt matter.

_

?

19. It is a non-smoking public place.

_

?

20. Because they had an awful row.

_

?

21. Those programs provide viewers with an imaginary set of friends.

_

?

22. It is caused by low self-esteem.

_

?

23. Come on! Pull yourself together!

_

?

24. His illness made him to behave that way.

_

?

25. That baby is underfed because his parents dont have enough money.

_

?

26. I absolutely detest them.

_

?

27. On the other hand, its very useful.

_

?

28. Unless Tom begs, his parents will never let him go alone.

_

?

For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example:

STEADILY

For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example:

CENTRAL

Part 3

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sympathy motivationimmunehostilityconcentrate

suspicionreduceaggressionsatisfyfeel

kindhappinessfriendcriticizecommitmentboredomreliablecrueltycontinueimportantwonderrelaxhomedisappointmentpenny

miseryunder-valuesurveyhostileimmunityfancy

strenuousbad-temperedwork-outvegetationwaistline criticize

Exercise No. 1

REAL CAMBRIDGE FCE EXAM EXERCISES

Exercise No. 2

Exercise No. 3

0

The Warrumbungle National Park

The Warrumbungle National Park is (0) ......................... increasing in

(25) .................. with visitors to Australia. Walking, camping and rock climbing are the favourite leisure-time (26) ................. in this area, but the landscape and wildlife, which are (27) ............. varied, also attract (28) .......... and naturalists throughout the different seasons of the year. Visitors share the park with hundreds of native animals, such as kangaroos and koalas.

The wonderful (29) ........................ in Warrumbungle National Park is the result of (30) ............... volcanic activity over a massive area. This produced the many (31) ............ rock formations and numerous lakes visible today, and also the rich soil which enables the abundant vegetation to grow and flourish.

Walking tracks in the park are clearly marked, and visitors are (32) ..................... to keep to these. Many of the walks can be done by children and some are (33) .......... for pushchairs and wheelchairs. A relatively easy, but highly rewarding, walk is the 5-kilometre trek up to Belougery Spilt Rock, where visitors may be lucky enough to see eagles flying overhead. More (34) ............. walkers can try the more demanding 15-kilometre walk to Camp Pincham. The view there is unforgettable, but it will take even the fittest walker four or five hours to get there.

STEADY

POPULAR

OCCUPY

EXTRAORDINARY

PHOTOGRAPH

SCENE

POWER

SPECTACLE

COURAGE

SUIT

ENERGY

Exercise No. 4

0

City centre traffic problems

The amount of traffic in the crowded (0) ............ districts of some of our largest cities is a major problem these days. Over the years, (25) .............. schemes of traffic management have been tried, none of which can be said to have been entirely (26) .............. In order to (27) ............. people to leave their cars at home, especially on shorter trips, it is becoming increasingly common for cities to impose a fee on those drivers who choose to come into the city centre.

Some schemes take advantage of the latest technology - for example, in one city (28) ........... is made by a card on the car's windscreen which is scanned (29) .......... This is meant to speed up the flow of traffic, but the scheme has a major (30) ........... as the amount that drivers have to pay changes during the day and, as a result, it is not (31) ........... for long queues to build up just before a cheaper charging period comes into (32) .............. However, the system is gradually gaining in (33) .......... with motorists, although it has to be admitted it may not provide a total (34) .............. to the problem of traffic congestion.

CENTRE

VARY

SUCCESS

COURAGE

PAY

AUTOMATIC

ADVANTAGE

USUAL

OPERATE

POPULAR

SOLVE

vegetation to grow

five hours to get there.

STEADY

POPULAR

OCCUPY

EXTRAORDINARY

PHOTOGRAPH

SCENE

POWER

SPECTACLE

COURAGE

SUIT

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