module 34 stress and coping chapter 11 essentials of understanding psychology- sixth edition psy110...
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Module 34Stress and CopingChapter 11Essentials of Understanding Psychology- Sixth Edition
PSY110 Psychology
© Richard Goldman
June 7, 2006
Stress
Response to threatening or challenging events
Steps Involved in Stress
1. Perception
2. Consider ways to cope
3. Adapt to it or find a resolution
Biological Reactions to Stress Hormones (adrenaline)
Increase Heart Rate Increase Blood Pressure Constriction of capillaries
in skin More Alert (short term) Physically detrimental (long
term) Cardio-vascular disease Immune problems and
illness
Psychophysiological Disease (Psychosomatic) Headache (migraine) High blood pressure Rashes Back and neck pain Indigestion Constipation Fatigue Sleeplessness or too much sleep Cognitive problems (can’t think straight) Social problems (short with people)
General Adaptation Syndrome Model (GAS)Stages of Stress – Hans Selye
1. Alarm and Mobilization Stage (Awareness) Become aware of stressor Biological – Sympathetic nervous system energized
2. Resistance Stage (Fight or Flight) Prepare to fight (or overcome or cope) Use of physical and psychological energy
3. Exhaustion Stage Worn out (All resources are exhausted) Illness, irritability, can’t concentrate, disorientation
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) and Stress
PNI – The study of psychological factors among the brain and immune system
Physiological Effects: Increase hormone production High blood pressure Decrease in immune system functioning
Low levels of lymphocytes – Increase in disease Over stimulation of the immune system may trigger:
Arthritis Allergies
May trigger Harmful Behaviors: Drinking Smoking Drugs Poor diet & sleep
Categorizing Stress
Cataclysmic Event – Sudden disasters Not too stressful Event is behind you Social support
Personal Events – Death of family or friend, etc. Gradually tapers off over time May experience Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Background Stressor – Daily hassles - Traffic Jams, etc.
Learned Helplessness
The failure to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli.
Not allowed to make decisions for self Give up Negative health consequences (Depression)
Coping with Stress
Control the situation Reduce or eliminate the
stressor Learn to tolerate the
stressor Avoidance:
Pray that it will go away Alcohol & Drugs
Coping with Stress Defense Mechanisms
Negative: Distortion Denial Conceal from self Emotional Insulation – stop caring or feeling about
everything Positive:
Emotion Focused – Look at the brighter side Problem Focused – Deal with the stressor
Coping Styles
Hardiness traits: Commitment – throws themselves into whatever they are
doing Challenge – Change is the norm (not stability) Control – Has influence over events Resilient Good natured Independent Control over own destiny Makes the best out of a situation
Coping Strategies
Turn a threat into a challenge (I’ll show you!) Consider a threat in a different light (see the silver
lining) Change your goals Take physical action (exercise, diet, etc.) Prepare:
Plan ways to reduce encounters with stressors Strategize for ways to deal with anticipated stressors
Develop a support group Acquire a pet