Module 4Rebuilding

Our Societies

Lesson 1Respecting Difference

s

Friendship Line

Friendship Line• Rules:

–If you think you are pertained by the statement step forward and answer the question TRUTHFULLY.

–State FACTUAL and SINCERE information only at ALL TIMES.

Part 1• I have a friend whom I think had a hidden anger on me?–Who is that friend? What may be the cause of the anger?

Part 2• I have a friend whom I have a secret crush on. I know within myself that I wanted us to be more than friends. –What did you like the most about that friend?

Part 3• I have a friend that even so

he/she is my friend I am really intimidated when he/she is around. – Why are you intimidated? What can

he/she do to make up with the intimidation?

The Little Prince

Antoine de Saint-Exupery

The Characters• The little prince – the innocent

persona. The prince wanted to search for a friend and his innocence lead him to befriend a fox and a rose.

• The Fox – the second persona who discussed “tame” and showed the importance of real friendship. The true meaning of friendship.

Setting• The story took place in

another planet. Where there are no other human beings. The fox and the prince met in open area.

Summary• There was an unhappy prince in

search of a friend when one morning a fox greeted him and the prince offered the fox to play with him.

• The fox refused saying that for them to be friends the prince must “tame” him first. The fox explained that being tamed means to establish “ties”.

• The prince tamed the fox until such time they became friends. When the time came that the prince needed to leave, the fox cried and the prince blamed the canine for doing so.

• The fox expounded the meaning of true friendship. “it is only with the heart that one can see rightly;what is essential is invisible to the eye.”

• “It’s the time you spend on your rose that makes your rose so important.”

• “It’s the time I spent on my rose…,” the little prince repeated, in order to remember.

• “People have forgotten this truth,” the fox said.  “But you mustn’t forget it.  You become responsible forever for what you’ve tamed.  You’re responsible for your rose…”

• “I’m responsible for my rose…,” the little prince repeated, in order to remember.

WHAT IS A RESEARCH PAPER?

• A research paper is a substantial piece of academic writing, usually done as a requirement for a class, in which the author does independent research into a topic and writes a description of the findings of that research.

CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC

STEP 1: BRAINSTORM FOR IDEAS

• Choose a topic that interests you. Use the following questions to help generate topic ideas.

1. Do you have a strong opinion on a current social or political controversy?

2. Did you read or see a news story recently that has piqued your interest or made you angry or anxious?

3. Do you have a personal issue, problem or interest that you would like to know more about?

4. Is there an aspect of a class that you are interested in learning more about?

STEP 2: READ GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION

• Read a general encyclopedia article on the top two or three topics you are considering. Reading a broad summary enables you to get an overview of the topic and see how your idea relates to broader, narrower, and related issues.

• Use periodical indexes to scan current magazine, journal or newspaper articles on your topic. Ask a librarian if they can help you to browse articles on your topics of interest.

• Use Web search engines. Google and Bing are currently considered to be two of the best search engines to find web sites on the topic.

STEP 3: FOCUS ON YOUR TOPIC

• Keep it manageable. A topic will be very difficult to research if it is too broad, or too narrow. One way to narrow a broad topic is to limit  your topic.

INTEREST POTENTIAL TOPIC(NARROWED) TECHNOLOGY The influence of texting on language EDUCATION School uniforms and student behavior WILDLIFE The endangered Florida manatee

STEP 4: MAKE A LIST OF USEFUL KEYWORDS

• Keep track of the words that are used to describe your topic. Look for words that best describe your topic.

• These words will be found in the encyclopedia articles and other reading you do while selecting your topic.

• Find synonyms, broader  and narrower terms for each keyword you find in order to expand your search capabilities

• Keep a list of these words to use as keywords later as you search in catalogs and other online databases.

STEP 5: BE FLEXIBLE• It is common to modify your topic during

the research process. You can never be sure of what you may find. You may find too much and need to narrow your focus, or too little and need to broaden your focus. This is a normal part of the research process. When researching, you may not wish to change your topic, but you may decide that some other aspect of the topic is more interesting or manageable. 

STEP 6: DEFINE YOUR TOPIC AS A FOCUSED RESEARCH QUESTION

• You will often begin with a word, develop a more focused interest in an aspect of something relating to that word, then begin to have questions about the topic. 

For example:NARROWED TOPIC: The influence of texting on language FOCUS RESEARCH QUESTION: Does texting affect the way people write and speak?

STEP 7: RESEARCH AND READ MORE ABOUT YOUR TOPIC

• Use the key words you have gathered to research in the catalog, article databases, and Internet search engines. Find more information to help you answer your research question.

• You will need to do some research and reading before you select your final topic. Can you find enough information to answer your research question? Remember, selecting a topic is an important and complex part of the research process.

STEP 8: FORMULATE A THESIS STATEMENT

• Write your topic as a thesis statement. This may be the answer to your research question and/or a way to clearly state the purpose of your research. 

• Your thesis statement will usually be one or two sentences that states precisely what is to be answered, proven, or what you will inform your audience about your topic.The development of a thesis assumes there is sufficient evidence to support the thesis statement.

• For example, a thesis statement could be: 

• Frank Lloyd Wright's design principles, including his use of ornamental detail and his sense of space and texture opened a new era of American architecture. His work has influenced contemporary residential design. 

• The title of your paper may not be exactly the same as your research question or your thesis statement, but the title should clearly convey the focus, purpose and meaning of your research.

• For example, a title could be: Frank Lloyd Wright: Key Principles of Design For the Modern Home

YOUR TASK• Formulate your research topic using the tips and steps discussed. Brainstorm with the group, present your topic to your teacher.

CHOOSE FIVE OF THE TOPICS AND NARROW THEM DOWN. WRITE A QUESTION ABOUT EACH NARROWED-DOWN TOPIC

THAT THEY COULD ANSWER BY CONDUCTING RESEARCH.• 1. Health• 2. Environment• 3. Politics• 4. Science• 5. Technology• 6. Psychology• 7. Education• 8. Crime and Law• 9. Business• 10. Media

Cohesive Devices

Human beings use language to communicate with each other and to represent their ideas or thoughts.

Communication can be in the form of written as well as spoken discourse (stretch the paragraphs).

To do all this they use one or more word or/and more than one sentence.

The wide range of sentences can be used as a unified whole or separate unrelated sentences. In this way they produce long texts.

Cohesive DevicesCohesive device is a device which holds

different parts of a thing together.In terms of communication, cohesive

devices are typically single words or phrases that hold and hang different parts of the text.

These are basically tools of cohesion Function: The major function of cohesion

is text formation.Helps in achieving unity of text as a

semantic whole. unified whole of linguistic items.

 A text must be meaningful. A text that is not cohesive is never meaningful.

They show the logical relationship between sentences and paragraphs.

They help expand the context, such as; - whether information is completely new, - related to information in other sentences, - or is a reference to "old" information from a previous sentence.

Improves reading and comprehension skills.

Cohesive Devices used for additionalso, again, in addition, additionally, furthermore, further, moreover, as well as, what’s more, besides this/that,

Examples:◦Both/not only proteins and/but also vitamins are essential for small children.

◦The film was neither well made nor well-performed.

◦I can play the piano apart from the guitar.

CONTRAST (show two things are different)on the other hand, however, despite this, conversely, in contrast, on the contrary, although, while, though, compared with, in comparison with, rather, whereas, but, instead of, in spite of, still, nevertheless, regardless, otherwise

Examples:Although he's very smart, he

cannot pass his English class.No matter how smart you are, you

shouldn't underestimate your opponents.

He's very smart, he doesn't respect his friends though.

Regardless of age, anybody can ride this ride.

COMPARE (show two things are similar/alike):likewise, similarly, also, in the same way, in comparison to

Example: ◦I can speak Spanish; similarly, my

brother can speak Spanish.

SEQUENCE:first, second (etc.), to begin with, initially, at first, then, next, from there, and then, following this, finally, lastly

Examples:◦First the butter, then the egg following will be the margarine lastly the yeast.

CONSEQUENCE:therefore, as a result, thus, so, consequently, admittedly, so that, depending on

Examples:◦As a consequence of rising population,

people now have to cope with heavy traffic.◦It was such a great movie that I watched it

three times.◦The basketball team's introducing a

talented young player resulted in winning more games.

SUMMARY:in summary, in conclusion, overall,

in short,  in brief, to sum up, in other words, all in all, to put it differently, to summarize, on the whole,

Examples:◦In summary the results were positively

defined. ◦Overall the program went great and

organized.◦In conclusion all of the facts presented

are factual and relevant.

CONCESSION (accepting/acknowledging something is true):

granted, naturally, of course, however, even though, however much, nevertheless, still, yet

Example:◦It was a very expensive holiday, the weather was bad and the people weren’t very friendly. Nevertheless, we would probably go back to the same place.

Cohesive Devices Long Quiz

Identify the cohesive devices used in the following sentences1. I could not go out last night because I was too busy.

2. I could not go with my friend so he went without me.

3. My friend went to the cinema to see a film but the film wasn't very good.

4. The cinema was full of people and they were all smoking.

5. I like people but I don't like smoke.

6. Do you want an orange juice or a beer?7. It was my birthday but he didn't send me a card.8. I didn't write to him so he didn't write to me.9. She spends a lot of money on clothes. She is also fond of buying expensive jewellery. In short, she is extremely extravagant. 10. The car is not new but it is in good condition. The price too is very reasonable. On the whole, I think it is quite a good bargain.

although because likewi

se as when

similarly thus because of

as well as such as

since insteadin

addition

at last for example

that means moreover even

sorather than

still

however for instance so in other

wordsbut

alsoconsequentl

y

1)Many aquatic plants need full uninterrupted sunlight. _______________, fish require plenty of sunlight to maintain their colouring and to grow satisfactorily. 2)We had to give up our climb and turn back _______________, the bad weather. 3)When I was eight years old I stopped taking guitar lessons and _______________, I took up the piano 4)Manchester United are now ten points clear at the top of the Premier League table. _______________, they could win the league title for a record 20th time.5)Norman Blamey, who died in 2000, was an English oil painter who painted just three paintings a year. _______________,he only ever worked on one picture at a time.

6)Something moving in the sky caught my eye. I had seen several meteors and _______________, knew this could not be one. 7)After a long search for the grave of Eric Liddell, the runner who was immortalized in the film, The Chariots of Fire, has _______________,been found in China by a Scotsman living in Hong Kong. 8)The flat was tiny. _______________,we managed to live there for 3 years. 9) _______________, the flat was tiny, we managed to live there for 3 years. 10)It makes much more sense to build a colony in space _______________,send people to other planets or the moon.

11)The flat is nicely decorated and the rent is reasonable. _______________, they may not want to rent it. 12)The police spray the protesters with water cannons and _______________,they disperse. 13) _______________, the school was not built to a high enough standard, it collapsed during the earthquake. 14)He wrote a number of well-known poems _______________, his novels. 15) _______________, snakes reach maturity they have already reached their maximum length.

16)This is not, _______________, true of the reticulated python, which goes on to grow three times longer after maturity. 17)If you’ve got the faith; _______________, if you believe in God, you can believe that anything is possible. _______________, you will realise that you can be cured of any disease. 18)On 31st August 1997 Lady Diana, the Princess of Wales, was killed in a car accident in a road tunnel by the River Seine. Emad Mohamed Al-Fayed, the heir to Harrods, and the driver were _______________, killed. 19)Graphene, the thinnest material ever created, is far stronger than steel. _______________, it conducts electricity better than copper and is as flexible as rubber.

20) _______________, I won’t know anyone at the party, I don’t really feel like going.21)In the 85th minute Van Persie had his big chance of glory, _______________, he kicked the ball straight into the keeper’s hands. 22)Emily has been active supporting causes _______________, environmental pollution, the anti-nuclear movement and gay rights.

Answer Key

Identify the cohesive devices used in the following sentences1. I could not go out last night because I was too busy.

2. I could not go with my friend so he went without me.

3. My friend went to the cinema to see a film but the film wasn't very good.

4. The cinema was full of people and they were all smoking.

5. I like people but I don't like smoke.

6. Do you want an orange juice or a beer?7. It was my birthday but he didn't send me a card.8. I didn't write to him so he didn't write to me.9. She spends a lot of money on clothes. She is also fond of buying expensive jewellery. In short, she is extremely extravagant. 10. The car is not new but it is in good condition. The price too is very reasonable. On the whole, I think it is quite a good bargain.

Answer Key1. Many aquatic plants need full uninterrupted sunlight. Likewise/similarly, fish require plenty of sunlight to maintain their colouring and to grow satisfactorily.2. We had to give up our climb and turn back because of the bad weather.3. When I was eight years old I stopped taking guitar lessons and instead I took up the piano.4. Manchester United are now ten points clear at the top of the Premier League table. That means they could win the league title for a record 20th time.5. Norman Blamey, who died in 2000, was an English oil painter who painted just three paintings a year. Moreover, he only ever worked on one picture at a time.

6. Something moving in the sky caught my eye. I had seen several meteors and thus/so knew this could not be one. 7. After a long search for the grave of Eric Liddell, the runner who was immortalized in the film, The Chariots of Fire, has at last been found in China by a Scotsman living in Hong Kong8. The flat was tiny. Even so/However, we managed to live there for 3 years.9. Although the flat was tiny, we managed to live there for 3 years.10. It makes much more sense to build a colony in space rather than send people to other planets or the moon.

11. The flat is nicely decorated and the rent is reasonable. Still, they may not want to rent it.12.The police spray the protesters with water cannons and consequently they disperse.13. Since/As/Because the school was not built to a high enough standard, it collapsed during the earthquake.14. He wrote a number of well-known poems as well as his novels.15. When snakes reach maturity they have already reached their maximum length.

16. This is not, however, true of the reticulated python, which goes on to grow three times longer after maturity.17. If you’ve got the faith; in other words, if you believe in God, you can believe that anything is possible. For instance/For example, you will realise that you can be cured of any disease.18. On 31st August 1997 Lady Diana, the Princess of Wales, was killed in a car accident in a road tunnel by the River Seine. Emad Mohamed Al-Fayed, the heir to Harrods, and the driver were also killed.

19. Graphene, the thinnest material ever created, is far stronger than steel. In addition/Also, it conducts electricity better than copper and is as flexible as rubber.20. As/Because/Since I won’t know anyone at the party, I don’t really feel like going.21. In the 85th minute Van Persie had his big chance of glory, but he kicked the ball straight into the keeper’s hands.22. Emily has been active supporting causes such as environmental pollution, the anti-nuclear movement and gay rights.

AssignmentWriting Activity no. 1◦Have a story analysis of the little prince. Write your story line on your task notebook.

◦Prepare 3 research title for your research topic.

AgreementResearch on the

following key concepts. ◦ Alliteration◦ Allusion◦ Hyperbole◦ Irony◦ Metaphor◦ Metonymy◦ Onomatopoeia

Oxymoron ParadoxPersonificationSimileLitotesAnalogyAllegoryCeasura

Literary Devices

Literary DevicesRefers to the typical structures used by writers in their works to convey his or her messages in a simple manner to the readers.  When employed properly, the different literary devices help readers to appreciate, interpret and analyze a literary work.  (Literarydevices.net)

Literary DevicesAre narrative techniques that add texture, energy, and excitement to the narrative, grip the reader's imagination, and convey information.(Study.com)

Literary Devicesa literary or linguistic technique that produces a specific effect, esp. a figure of speech, narrative style, or plot mechanism. (Dictionary.com)

Alliteration Alliteration is a literary device where words

are used in quick succession and begin with letters belonging to the same sound group.

Whether it is the consonant sound or a specific vowel group, the alliteration involves creating a repetition of similar sounds in the sentence.

Alliterations are also created when the words all begin with the same letter. Alliterations are used to add character to the writing and often add an element of ‘fun’ to the piece

Examples The Wicked Witch of the West went her

own way. (The ‘W’ sound is highlighted and

repeated throughout the sentence.)  Janie read a book by the babbling

brook. The child bounced the ball at

the backyard barbeque. Despite their mother’s warnings,

the children chose to chew with their mouths open.

The rich man was so cheap that it was chilling.

Allusion Is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. It does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers. It is just a passing comment.

Examples “This place is like a Garden of Eden.”

This is a biblical allusion to the “garden of God” in the Book of Genesis.

“Hey! Guess who the new Newton of our school is?” – “Newton”, means a genius student, alludes to a famous

scientist Isaac Newton. It’s no wonder everyone refers to Mary as

another Mother Teresa in the making; she loves to help and care after people everywhere- from the streets to her own friends. In the example the author uses the mention of

Mother Teresa to indicate the sort of qualities that Mary has.

Hyperbole A hyperbole is a literary device wherein

the author uses specific words and phrases that exaggerate and overemphasize the basic crux of the statement in order to produce a grander, more noticeable effect.

The purpose of hyperbole is to create a larger-than-life effect and overly stress a specific point.

Such sentences usually convey an action or sentiment that is generally not practically/ realistically possible or plausible but helps emphasize an emotion.

Examples“I am so tired I cannot walk another inch”

“I’m so sleepy I might fall asleep standing here”.

Your suitcase weighs a ton!She is as heavy as an elephant! I am dying of shame. I am trying to solve a million issues these days.

Irony is a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. It may also be a situation that may end up in quite a different way than what is generally anticipated. In simple words, it is a difference between the appearance and the reality.

Examples “Oh great! Now you have broken my

new camera.” A man looked out of the window to

see the storm intensify. He turned to his friend and said “wonderful weather we’re having!”

The weather is as cool as a summer day in the Midwest

Metaphor Metaphors are one of the most

extensively used literary devices. A metaphor refers to a meaning or

identity ascribed to one subject by way of another.

In a metaphor, one subject is implied to be another so as to draw a comparison between their similarities and shared traits.

Examples “Henry was a lion on the battlefield”. (This

sentence suggests that Henry fought so valiantly and bravely that he embodied all the personality traits we attribute to the ferocious animal. )

My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)

The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)

It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships)

Metonymy It is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. We can come across examples of metonymy both from literature and in everyday life.

Examples England decides to keep check on

immigration. (England refers to the government.)

The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.)

The Oval Office was busy in work. (“The Oval Office” is a metonymy as it stands for people at work in the office.)

Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)

Onomatopoeia is defined as a word, which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting.

ExamplesThe buzzing bee flew away.The sack fell into the river with a splash.

The books fell on the table with a loud thump.

He looked at the roaring sky.The rustling leaves kept me awake.

the whispering of the forest trees”

“the hum of a thousand bees” “the click of the door in the nighttime” 

AgreementResearch for related articles and write ups about your research topic. Note down important details and FAQ’s about your topic.

Prepare for writing your questionnaire.

How Develop your Research Questionnaire

• Identify the goal of your questionnaire

–What kind of information do you want to gather with your questionnaire?

–What is your main objective? Is a questionnaire the best way to go about collecting this information?

• Choose your question type or types. Depending on the information you wish to gather, there are several possible types of questions to include on your questionnaire, each with unique pros and cons. Here are the types of commonly used questions on a questionnaire.– Dichotomous question: this is a question

that will generally be a “yes/no” question, but may also be an “agree/disagree” question. It is the quickest and simplest question to analyze, but is not a highly sensitive measure.

• Open-ended questions: these questions allow the respondent to respond in their own words. They can be useful for gaining insight into the feelings of the respondent, but can be a challenge when it comes to analysis of data. It is recommended to use open-ended questions to address the issue of “why.”

• Multiple choice questions: these questions consist of three or more mutually-exclusive categories and ask for a single answer or several answers. Multiple choice questions allow for easy analysis of results, but may not give the respondent the answer they want.

• Rank-order (or ordinal) scale questions: this type of question asks your respondent to rank items or choose items in a particular order from a set. For example, it might ask your respondents to order five things from least to most important. These types of questions forces discrimination among alternatives, but does not address the issue of why the respondent made these discriminations

• Rating scale questions: these questions allow the respondent to assess a particular issue based on a given dimension. You can provide a scale that gives an equal number of positive and negative choices, for example, ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.” These questions are very flexible, but also do not answer the question “why.”

• Develop questions for your questionnaire. The questions that you develop for your questionnaire should be clear, concise, and direct.–Beware of asking for private or

“sensitive” information. This can be something as simple as age or weight, or something as complex as past sexual history.

–Asking questions such as these usually require you to anonymize or encrypt the demographic data you collect.

• Restrict the length of your questionnaire. Keep your questionnaire as short as possible. More people will be likely to answer a shorter questionnaire, so make sure you keep it as concise as possible while still collecting the necessary information.

• Identify your target demographic. Is there a certain group of people who you want to target with your questionnaire? If so, it is best to determine this before you begin to distribute your questionnaire.

• Ensure you can protect privacy. Make your plan to protect respondents’ privacy before you begin writing your survey. This is a very important part of many research projects. – Consider an anonymous questionnaire. You

may not want to ask for names on your questionnaire. This is one step you can take to prevent privacy, however it is often possible to figure out a respondent’s identity using other demographic information (such as age, physical features, or zipcode).

Agreement

• Develop a functional questionnaire for you research. It can be typewritten. Your questionnaire should be one page only.

Developing a Research

Questionnaire

Your Task

• Develop a functional research questionnaire that will serve as your research instrument.

• Follow the guidelines and step discussed, in developing a questionnaire.

• Make sure to cover all the necessary details of your research.

Assignment

• Research for Victor Hugo’s Biography. Take note of the significant information about the author.

• Research for Chapter VII of the story Les Miserables or Les Miserav.

• Take note of the story synopsis and the overview of the literary piece.

Literary DevicesPart II

Oxymoron The word oxymoron is in itself an

oxymoron. It comes from the Ancient Greek word oxumoron, a compound of the words oxus, meaning “sharp” or “keen” and moros, meaning “dull” or “stupid.” Therefore it means something akin to wise foolishness.

Oxymora are often pairs of words, such as the adjective-noun combinations of a “new classic” or a “big sip,” or a noun-verb combination such as “the silence whistles.” Oxymora can also be found in phrases or sentences that have a juxtaposition of contradictory concepts.

Examples controlled chaos kill with kindness old news small giant original copy even odds elevated subway “It’s a step forward although there

was no progress.” – President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt

Paradox The term Paradox is from the Greek word

“paradoxon” that means contrary to expectations, existing belief or perceived opinion.

It is a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly but may include a latent truth. It is also used to illustrate an opinion or statement contrary to accepted traditional ideas. A paradox is often used to make a reader think over an idea in innovative way.

Examples Your enemy’s friend is your enemy. I am nobody. “What a pity that youth must be

wasted on the young.” – George Bernard Shaw

Wise fool Truth is honey which is bitter. “I can resist anything but

temptation.” – Oscar Wilde

Difference of Paradox and Oxymoron

It is important to understand the difference between a paradox and an oxymoron.

A paradox may consist of a sentence or even a group of sentences.

An oxymoron, on the other hand, is a combination of two contradictory or opposite words.

A paradox seems contradictory to the general truth but it does contain an implied truth. An oxymoron, however, may produce a dramatic effect but does not make sense. Examples of oxymoron are found both in casual conversations and in literature.

Personification Personification is a figure of speech in

which a thing, an idea or an animal is given human attributes. The non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings.

Examples Look at my car. She is a beauty, isn’t

it so? The wind whispered through dry

grass. The flowers danced in the gentle

breeze. Time and tide waits for none. The fire swallowed the entire forest.

Simile A simile is a figure of speech that

makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as”. Therefore, it is a direct comparison.

ExamplesOur soldiers are as brave as lions.

Her cheeks are red like a rose.He is as funny as a monkey.The water well was as dry as a bone.

He is as cunning as a fox.

Litotes Litotes, derived from a Greek word

meaning “simple”, is a figure of speech which employs an understatement by using double negatives or, in other words, positive statement is expressed by negating its opposite expressions.

ExamplesHe’s not the friendliest person. It wasn’t a terrible trip.She’s not unkind.They aren’t unhappy with the

presentation.Not too shabby!The two concepts are not unlike

each other.She’s no spring chicken. It’s not exactly a walk in the park.

AnalogyAn analogy is a comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it. It aims at explaining that idea or thing by comparing it to something that is familiar.

Examples GREEN : COLOR :: ORCHID : FLOWER SCIENTIST : EINSTEIN :: MUSICIAN :

MOZART HUMAN : FINGERNAIL :: TIGER : CLAW

Allegories Allegories can be understood to be a

type of extended metaphor. An extended metaphor develops a certain analogy to a greater extent than a simple comparison. An allegory, meanwhile, uses a particular metaphor throughout an entire plot.

The word “allegory” comes from the ancient Greek for “to speak so as to imply something other.” The definition of allegory makes sense coming from this term, as an allegory always has some hidden meaning below the surface.

Examples The Tortoise and the Hare from Aesop’s Fables:

From this story, we learn that the strong and steady win the race.

The story of Icarus: Icarus fashions wings for himself out of wax, but when he flies too close to the sun his wings melt. This story is a message about the dangers of reaching beyond out powers.

Yertle the Turtle by Dr. Seuss: This story about a turtle who yearns for too much power is actually an allegory about Adolf Hitler and the evils of totalitarianism.

CeasuraA caesura is a complete stop in a line of poetry. A caesura can be anywhere in a metrical line—it is called an initial caesura if it occurs at or near the beginning of the line, a medial caesura if it is found in the middle of the line, and a terminal caesura if it occurs near the end of the line.

The definition of caesura can be further classified either as masculine or feminine, depending on the syllable following the caesura.

A stressed syllable following a caesura denotes a masculine caesura, whereas a feminine caesura is followed by an unstressed syllable. Caesurae are usually marked by a pair of parallel lines (“||”), called a “double pipe” sign. 

Examples “We hold these truths to be self-

evident || that all men are created equal.”—Declaration of Independence, United States of America 1776

My country ’tis of thee || sweet land of liberty || of thee I sing.Land where my fathers died || land of the Pilgrim’s pride,From every mountainside || let freedom ring!—“My Country, ’Tis of Thee” by Samuel Francis Smith

Primary and Secondary

Sources

Primary source A primary source (also called original source or evidence) is an artifact, a document, a recording, or other source of information that was created at the time under study.

It serves as an original source of information about the topic. Similar definitions are used in library science, and other areas of scholarship, although different fields have somewhat different definitions.

Examples of Primary sources Narrative sources or literary sources tell a

story or message. They are not limited to fictional sources (which can be sources of information for contemporary attitudes) but include diaries, films, biographies, leading philosophical works and scientific works.

Diplomatic sources include charters and other legal documents which usually follow a set format.

Social documents are records created by organizations, such as registers of births and tax records.

Secondary sourcesSecondary sources are documents written after an event has occurred, providing secondhand accounts of that event, person, or topic. Unlike primary sources, which provide first-hand accounts, secondary sources offer different perspectives, analysis, and conclusions of those accounts.

Examples include: Journal and magazine articles News reports Encyclopedias Textbooks Books

Why use secondary sources? Secondary sources can provide you with

background information and offer analysis of the event or work by those removed one or more steps from the event or work itself. 

Scholarly articles are written by experts studying in a particular field, offering credibility to your research by providing interpretation of material by scholars. Secondary sources look beyond a particular event or artifact and can broaden your perspective and research.  

They can also provide historical perspective based on other events that have taken since the original event or work.

How can I tell if something is a secondary source? Authors How does the author know what he/she knows? Does his/her knowledge stem from personal experience

or having read about and analyzed an event? Does the author cite several other (published) reports? Content Why is the information being provided or the article

written? Are there references to other writings on this topic? Is the author interpreting previous events? Does the information come from personal experience or

others' accounts?

Encyclopedias Encyclopedias in the Undergrad Library and the UIUC Online

Collection are a great place to get started with research and find secondary sources. Here is a sampling of encyclopedias that are good starting points on a variety of topics. In addition to the encyclopedia entries, use the bibliographies or references lists at the end of the entries to find additional sources on your topic. For additional resources, ask a librarian:

Countries and Their Cultures The Greenwood Guide to American Popular Culture Encyclopedia of Sociology Encyclopedia of American Social History St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture Encyclopedia of Communication and Information Encyclopedia of Bioethics

Books Use the Library Catalog to find

books on a particular subject. Enter your subject term in the search

box Select Subject from the Search by

drop-down menu 

Articles The Undergraduate Library’s Find Articles Guide provides resources to search magazines, newspapers, and other sources using databases such as Academic Search Premier (EBSCO). More specific subject databases will be found under specific categories on the list. Articles in many of these databases provide an analysis of data and historical events. Many provide the secondary sources that will help you broaden your topic and add credibility to your research.

Some good starting points include: JSTOR - historical perspective in many

subjects (History) MLA International Bibliography (Literature) SocINDEX  (Sociology) America History and Life - historical

perspective on North America (History) Historical Abstracts - historical perspective

on the rest of the world (History)

List down 15 examples of primary and secondary sources. Make a list of the different primary sources that can be found within the school. Name one specific topic for each material that you may find.

Example: Secondary source: Ing Martsa Topic: CRHS Intramurals idinaos.